by Nisid Hajari
Mukherjee, Shyama Prasad, 147
Multan, 78
Mumbai attacks, xx
Munshi, K. M., 240–41, 251
Musharraf, Pervez, 259–60
Muslim League: Bihar riots and, 61–62, Boundary Commission and, 130–31, Direct Action Day and, 12–15, 49, early years, 23, 28, 29–30, elections and, 33, 46–47, Great Calcutta Killing and, 17, 19–20, 168, n.59; interim government in India and, 22, 50–53, 57–58, 111–12, Khizar and, 44–45, Nehru’s NWFP visit and, 50–52, Noakhali riots and, 54–57, Pakistan demand and, ix, 42, 46, Partition and, 92–93, 98–99, 111–14, Partition timetable and, 104–6, Punjab civil disobedience and, 71–73, Punjab elections and, 46–47, Punjab legislature and, 77, Punjab Partition and, 122–23, Punjab sectarian violence and, 78, 85, 108, 110, self-rule/independent India and, 36, self-rule/independent Pakistan and, 37, 42, 77, Sikhs and, 82–83
Muslim League National Guards, 41, 63–64, 71, 78, 81, 85, 95, 132, 180
Muslims: Bihar riots and, 40, 59–64, 60–64, 66–67, 82, 134–35, 157, Boundary Force and, 124–25, Congress and, 23, 33–34, Delhi and, 41, 149–50, 153–57, 223, East Punjab and, 121, 164–65, 174, 231, Great Calcutta Killing and, 16–20, 168, n.43; Hindu-Muslim divide and, 13, 24, 34–35, Hyderabad and, 115, 176, 233–34, 240–41, 248, 253–54, independence day and, 133–34, Ittehad and, 172, 193, 206–7, 233–35, Jammu and, 209, Junagadh and, 162, Kashmir and, 117, 183–84, 186, 188, 198, 215, 238, Lahore and, 79, 108–10, Noakhali riots and, 51–60, 62, 64, 69–70, Pakistan as homeland for, 9–10, 36–37, Pakistan Special derailment and, xv–xviii, 123, 126–28, 130, Partition timetable and, 105–6, political officials and, 34, population exchange and, 120–21, 147, 157, population statistics and, 9, 128, 148, Punjab and, 44–47, 51, 121, 164–65, 174, 209, 231, Punjab Partition and, 122–23, Punjab sectarian violence and, 76–78, 80–85, 98–99, 101, 107–11, 120, 124, 131–34, 137–45, 165–66, Rawalpindi riots and, 78, 80–81, 85, refugees and, 156, 158–59, 164–65, 169, 176, religious prejudice against, 13, self-rule/independent Pakistan and, 75–77, Sikhs and, 78, 80–85, 87–88, 110, 121, 137, 189, Unionist coalition and, 44–47, 51
N
Naidu, Padmaja, 25, 32–33, 205, 253
Naidu, Sarojini, 22, 25, 32, 56
National Conference, 118, 180, 204, 207, 210
Nehru, Jawaharlal: Abdullah and, 118–19, 179–81, 184, 191, 204, 256, Asian Relations Conference and, 89, assassination threats against, 227–28, Attlee and, 5–6, 68, 222, Attlee declaration and, 76, background, 1–3, Bihar riots and, 60–62, 134–35, 157, Boundary Commission and, 122, 130, Britain’s relationship with, 1–2, 4–8, British compromise and, 48–49, 65–71, characteristics of, xxii, 2, 8–9, 30–31, 250, Congress and, 2, 4, 10, 32, correspondence and, 94, coup fears and, 150–51, 170, 228, cross-border warfare and, 220–22, Delhi sectarian violence and, 155–57, 169–70, elections and, 30, 33, 46, Gandhi and, 2–4, 31, 70, 169, 224–25, 229–30, on Great Calcutta Killing and, 18, homes of, 2, 31, 90–91, 119, 157, Hyderabad and, 233, 240–42, 244, 248, independence day and, 133–34, India as dominion and, 93, 96, 103–4, Indian Army and, 151, interim government and, 2, 5, 10–11, 22, 36, 50–53, 57–58, jail and, 31–32, 42–43, Jinnah and, 10–12, 42–43, 83, 145–47, 175, 250, Joint Defence Council and, 197–98, 219–20, Kashmir and, 118–19, 176–77, 181, 184, 190–91, 197–99, 204–5, 222, 242, 252–53, Kashmir conferences with, 195–96, 208, 212, 216–17, 219–20, Kashmir emergency administration and, 192, 207, 215–17, Kashmir negotiations and, 212, 215, 219, 246, Kashmir overreach and, 208, 210, Kashmir partition and, 252–53, Kashmir plebiscite and, 176, 207, 256, Kashmir sectarian violence and, 209–10, 216, leadership role of, 1–5, Liaquat and, 253, Lucknow Pact and, 269, n.14; marriage of, 31–32, moral issues and, 204–5, 230, 250, multiculturalism and, 10, 13, 35, 135, 157, 169–70, 174–75, 204, 217, Muslims and, 33, 156–58, 169–70, 250, nationalism and, 2, 4–5, 31–32, 223, 250, Noakhali riots and, 54, 57–58, 60, NWFP visit and, 50–52, Padmaja Naidu and, 32–33, 205, Pakistan demand and, ix, xviii, 9–10, 39, 45–46, 80, Partition announcement by, 106–7, Partition mechanics and, 105, 111–12, Partition plan and, 96–97, Partition timetable and, 103–4, Patel and, 156–57, 164, 169–70, 173, 175, 222, 223, 229, personal actions by, 61, 119, 157–58, 163–64, 170, 174–75, 225, political rise of, 30–34, as prime minister, xviii, 50, 119, 135, 146, 156–57, 256, princely states and, 117–19, 163, 173, 176, Punjab Boundary Force and, 146, Punjab sectarian violence and, 78–79, 109–10, 135–36, 139, 144–47, 164–65, on Raj officials, 102, Raj financial reserves and, 212, 217–219, refugee camps and, 109–10, RSSS and, 170, 208–9, 222, 227–28, satyagraha and, 31–32, 38–39, self-rule/independent India and, 8, 31–32, 36, 90, Sikhistan and, 166–67, Sikhs and, 122, on United Nations and Kashmir, 212, 217, Wavell and, 1–2, 4–5, 10, 12, 21, 50–53, World War II and, 35–36. See also India
Nehru, Kamala, 31–32
Nehru, Motilal, 25, 31, 109, 158
Neville, Robert, 119
Nishtar, Abdur Rab, 161
Noakhali, 51–60, 62, 64, 69–70
Noel-Baker, Philip, 227, 230
Northwest Frontier Province (NWFP): Afghanistan and, 236, British compromise and, 47–48, civil disobedience in, 85, 185, Congress and, 68–69, 79–80, 85, governors of, 51–52, 74, 183, 185, Hindus and, 95, lashkar from, 184–88, 196–97, 199–200, 203–4, 206–8, 210–11, 214–15, 217–18, Muslim League and, 50–52, Muslim League National Guards and, 85, 95, Nehru visit and, 50–52, Pakistan demand and, ix, 37–38, 45, Partition and, 111, Pathan tribes and, 38, 52, 63, 150, 183–84, 189, 236, sectarian violence in, 52, 64, 95, Soviets and, 258
nuclear weapons, xx, xx–xxi, 196, 258–59, 261
NWFP (Northwest Frontier Province). See Northwest Frontier Province (NWFP)
O
Office of Strategic Services (OSS), 42, 189
“Operation Madhouse,” 64–65, 274, n.65
Osman Ali Khan Siddiqi Asaf Jah VII, 115
P
Pakistan: as acronym, 36–37, aid/loan requests from, 161, 175, 195, 218, 227, 233–35, arms and supplies for, 218, Attlee statement and, 76, Bangladesh and, xx, 257, border conflicts and, xix–xx, Boundary Commission and, 107, 122–23, 129–31, 137, 180–81, 211, 276, n.16; British aid/loans and, 161, 168, 171, 174–75, 187, British compromise on, 47–49, 65–71, 92–95, Cold War and, 258, coups d’état and, 95, 257, 259–60, covert operations and, 196, cross-border warfare and, 220–22, as dominion, 70, 93, 95, economy of, xvii, xix, 9, 24, 46, 80, 92, 111, 141, 174, 260–61, fears of India and, xix–xxii, 105–6, 160–61, 164, 167, 211, 251–53, 255–57, 260–61, finances and, 218–19, 227, governor-generalship and, 113–14, independence day and, 129–30, India’s wars with, xix–xx, 257, 261, Islamization of, 257–60, Karachi, xvi, 118, 128, Kashmir accession and, 117–18, 179–82, 210, 214, Kashmir as moral issue, 219–20, Kashmir Line of Control and, 255, 260–61, Kashmir war and, 109, 182–90, 193–97, 199–204, 206–8, 210–11, 214, 237–39, 253–54, 259–60, lashkar and, 184–88, 196–97, 199–204, 206–8, 210–11, 214–15, 217–18, 220, 242, maps of, x–xii; as multicultural state, xvii–xviii, 72, 83, 85, 128–29, 135, 157, as Muslim homeland, 9–10, 36–37, official languages and, 236–37, Partition timetable and, 103, post-Jinnah politics and, 256–60, proxy wars and, 180, 196, 256, 258–60, self-rule/independent, 37, 42, 70–73, 77, 85, Soviets and, xvii, 8, 47, 105, 258, Taliban and, 196, 220, 260, united India plan and, 20–21, 46, 69, 71, 90, 94–95, 99, U.S. and, 8, 39, 161, 195, 218, 230, 235, 258–59. See also Partition; princely states; and specific cities and states
Pakistan Air Force, 171, 232, 252
Pakistan Army: Anwar and, 180, 182, 199, 214, arms and supplies for, 187, 218, British officers and, 194, intelligence reports and, 184, ISI and, xx, 259–60, Kashmir and, 196, 201, 212, 214–16, 231–32, 238–39, 244–46, 254, 257, nuclear weapons and, xx–xxi, 196, 258–59, 261, politics and, 256–60, Punjab sectarian violence and, 137, Rawalpindi and, 180, 182, 199,
214, 231–32, weapons and stores for, 182–83
Pakistan Navy, 171, 252
Pakistan Resolution, 37
Pakistan Special, xv–xviii, 123, 126–28, 130, 167–68
Pandit, Vijayalakshmi “Nan”, 105, 119, 198–99, 256
Parsis, 10, 24–26, 36
Partition: announcement of, 106–7, Bengal and, 92, 96–97, 111, Boundary Commission and, 107, 122–23, 129–31, 180–81, 211, 276, n.16; Congress and, 80, 96–97, 99, 103–6, Hyderabad and, 96–97, 115–16, 172, 176, Indian Army and, xviii, 99, Ismay and, 95–97, 100, Jenkins and, 80, 92–93, 98–99, Junagadh and, 161–63, 170–74, 176, 179–81, 206, 208, 211, 227, League and, 92–93, 98–99, maps and, x–xiii; Menon and, 96–97, Nehru’s approval of, 96–97, NWFP and, 111, Pakistan demand and, ix, 37–39, 42–49, 44–47, 79, 94, Pakistan Special derailment and, xv–xviii, 123, 126–28, 130, Patel’s approval of, 96–97, princely states and, 115–19, Punjab and, xvii, 79, 92, 96, 111, 276, n.16; sectarian violence and, xviii–xix, 43–44, 100, 137–43, timetable for, 102–6, 114, 119–23, U.S. and, 95, 116, 126. See also India; Pakistan; refugees
Patel, Vallabhbhai “Sardar”: Boundary Commission and, 130, characteristics of, 66, Congress and, 66, 169, coup fears and, 150–51, 170, Delhi sectarian violence and, 155–57, 169, Gandhi and, 66, 169, 224–25, 228, health of, 239–40, Hyderabad and, 233, 239–40, 242, 248, 251, intelligence reports and, 151, 183, Jinnah and, 66–67, 95, 236, Kashmir and, 181, 183, 190–91, 200, 206, 211, 223–24, Nehru and, 156–57, 164, 169–70, 173, 175, 222, 223, 229, Partition plan and, 96–97, population exchange and, 149, 157, 169, princely states and, 162–63, 170–72, Raj financial reserves and, 212, 218, 224, Raj’s government tasks and, 112, refugees and, 149, 169, 174, RSSS and, 66, 222–23, 229, sectarian violence and, 66, 149–50, 176, on self-rule/independent Pakistan, 129, Sikhs and, 157, 167, 176
Pathan tribes, 38, 52, 63, 150, 183–84, 189, 236. See also lashkar
Patiala, 83–84, 139, 165–66
Patiala, Yadavindra Singh of, 83–84, 87–88, 98, 166, 209
Patna, 60
Peshawar, 50, 184, 186, 232, 238
Petit, Dinshaw, 24
politics: Akali Dal and, 73, 77, 83–84, 98, class in India and, 23, 28, Gandhi and, 26–28, Hindus as officials and, 34, India’s role in British politics and, 67, 69, Jinnah and, 22–26, 26–30, 27–28, 33–34, 34–35, 41–43, Muslims as officials in, 34, Nehru and, 3, Pakistan Army and, 256–60, Pakistan post-Jinnah, 256–60, religion and, 27–28, 34–35
Poona, 37–38, 42, 228
Poonch, 179, 181–85, 205, 210, 215–17, 220, 239, 252–53
Potter, I. L., 141
princely states, ix, 115–19, 149, 161–62, 171–74, 176. See also specific princely states
Punjab: acronym “Pakistan” and, 36–37, Boundary Commission and, 107, 122–23, 129–31, 137, 180–81, 211, 276, n.16; Boundary Force, 124–26, 134, 137–39, 141, 144, 146, 150, British aid and, 168, British compromise and, 47–48, 92, 95, camps for refugees in, 109–10, 175–76, 202, Congress and, 78–79, 108, 122–23, cross-border warfare and, 221, economy of, 99, elections and, 35, 46–47, government of, 79, 140, 236, Hindus and, 148–49, 165, 209, history of, xvii, 74, independence day and, 133–34, Indian Army and, 45, 48, 78, 101, 107–8, 110–11, 124–25, 150, 165, 201, 210, 221, 232, Kashmir war and, 183, 188, 196, 209, 211, 221, 238, Muslims and, 44–47, 51, 121, 164–65, 174, 209, 231, Muslim League National Guards and, 78, 81, 132, Pakistan demand and, ix, 44–47, 79, Partition and, xvii, 79, 92, 96, 107–11, 121–23, 130, 135, 236, 276, n.16; Partition timetable and, 119–23, population exchange and, 120–21, 147, 157, population statistics and, 148, 179, refugees and, 109–11, 141, 145–46, 148–49, 155–56, 164–65, 164–67, 165, 174–76, 202, 209, 238, sectarian violence in, 64, 73, 75–85, 89, 98–99, 101–2, 107–11, 124–25, 131–36, 137–45, 139–45, 150, 163, 165–68, 176, 231, Sikh migration in, 166–68, Sikhs and, 121–23, 124, 148–49, 165, 166–67, 167–68, 209, Unionist coalition in, 44–47, 51.See also East Punjab; Lahore; Sikhs; West Punjab; and specific cities and states
Punjab Boundary Force, 124–26, 134, 137–39, 141, 144, 146, 150
Q
Qayyum Khan, Khan Abdul, 186
Quaid-i-Azam, 41
Quetta, 247, 249
Quit India campaign, 40, 59
R
Radcliffe, Cyril, 122–24, 129–30, 137, 179, 181
Rai, Dewan Ranjit, 199–200
railways: Calcutta-Lahore Mail derailment and, 136–37, “corpse trains” and, 141, 167, Pakistan Special and, xv–xviii, 123, 126–28, 130, 167–68, refugee trains and, xviii, 141, 167–68, sectarian violence and, xviii, 134, 141, 151, 167–68
Raj: overview of, 6, Afghanistan and, 184, Attlee statement and end of, 75–76, Congress and, 23, 40, 111–14, correspondence and, xxii, 2, financial reserves distribution and, 175, 212, 217–19, 227, Muslim League and, 41, Pakistan compromise and, 47–49, Partition mechanics and, 105, 111–14, Quit India campaign and, 40, 59, sectarian violence and, 102, Simla and, 96–97, 152. See also Great Britain
Rajkot, 173
Rashtriya Swayam Sevak Sangh (RSSS). See RSSS (Rashtriya Swayam Sevak Sangh)
Rawalpindi: Indian Army and, 45, 78, 80, 121, 194, 197, Kashmir war and, 197, Pakistan Army and, 180, 182, 199, 214, 231–32, 252, sectarian violence and, 78, 80–81, 110, 121, 137, 189
Razakars, 233–34, 241, 244, 248, 254
Razvi, Qasim, 193, 206–7, 233–34, 241, 244, 251
Rees, T. W. “Pete,” 125, 134–35, 138, 146, 151
refugees: camps for, 64, 109–10, 148–49, 155, 158–59, 169, 175–76, 202, Delhi and, 110, 148–49, 155–56, 158–59, 169, 174, 223, 225–26, Gandhi and, 109–11, 159, Hindus and, 109–10, 164–65, 226, Kashmir and, 186, 188, 190, 199, 208–10, Muslims and, 156, 158–59, 164–65, 169, 176, Punjab and, 109–11, 131, 141, 142, 145–46, 155–56, 164–65, 174–76, 202, 208, 209, 238–39, Sikhs and, 109–10, 164–65, 167, 226, trains for, xviii, 141, 167–68
Reid, Colin, 93–94
religion: politics and, 27–28, 34–35, prejudice and, 10, 13, 24–26, 36
Roosevelt, Franklin Delano, 38–40
Royal Indian Air Force (Indian Air Force): British staff conflicts and, 171, Kashmir and, 191–93, 197, 199–200, 205, 216, 230–31, 242, Partition and, 54, 61, 174, princely states and, 171, 174
Royal Indian Navy (Indian Navy), 171–74
RSSS (Rashtriya Swayam Sevak Sangh): assassination plots and, 123, 226–29, Delhi and, 153–54, 223, 226–29, estimates of size, 59, 148, 222, Kashmir war and, 183, 208–9, 222, Patel and, 66, Punjab and, 71, 77, sectarian violence and, 63, 98, 108–9, 148, 170, 253–54, United Provinces and, 59, 63. See also Hindu Mahasabha
Russell, Wilfrid, 188
S
Sarhadi, Ajit Singh, 139
Sarwar, Ghulam, 54–55
satyagraha: Gandhi and, 3, 26–27, 31, 36, 39, Jinnah and, 27, Nehru and, 31–32
Savage, Gerald, 123
Savory, Reginald, 88–89, 151, 173
Schomberg, R. C. F., 189
Sen, L. P. “Bogey,” 200–201, 215, 242
Shahalmi Gate, 109–13
Sharma, M. S. M., 214
Sheikhupura, 143–44, 147
Shone, Terence, 175, 207–8, 212, 221–22
Short, John McLaughlin “Billy,” 67–68
Sikhs: Akali Dal and, 73, 77, 83–84, 98, Boundary Commission and, 107, 122–23, 137, 211, Calcutta-Lahore Mail derailment and, 136–37, Delhi sectarian violence and, 153–57, 223, 225–26, East Punjab and, 121, 124, 139–40, 144, 166–67, history of, 73–74, Indian Army and, 74, 120–21, 165, 209, 217, Ismay and, 121, Jenkins and, 120–21, Jinnah and, 82–83, 121–22, Kashmir and, 192, 195, 199, 209, 215, 217, militias, 97, 99, 107, 111, 120, 138–40, Muslims and, 74, 78, 80–85, 87–88, 97–99, 110, 121, 123, 137, 189, Nehru and, 122, 167, NWFP sectarian violence and, 64, 95, Pakistan Special and, xv–xviii, 123, 126–28, 130, 167–68, Partition decision and, 97–99, Patel and, 157,
167, 176, population exchange and, 120–21, 147, 166–67, princely states and, 83–84, 87–88, 98, 139–40, 165–67, Punjab and, 44–47, 51, 121–23, Punjab Boundary Force and, 124–25, Punjab sectarian violence and, 72–74, 76–78, 80–85, 89, 98–99, 107–8, 110, 120, 127, 129, 132–45, 160–61, 165–66, 176, 182, Rawalpindi riots and, 78, 80–83, 85, 121, 137, 189, refugees and, 109–10, 164–65, 167, 226, self-rule/independent Pakistan and, 77, 82–83, 87–88, Sikhistan independence and, 84, 121, 165–66, 165–67, Unionist coalition and, 44–47, 51, West Punjab and, 148–49, 165, 167–68, 209, World War II and, 74, 120–21. See also Punjab
Simla, 96–97, 140, 152, 159
Sind, 36–37, 41, 45, 47–48, 80
Singh, Baldev, 83–84, 96, 106, 150, 181, 200, 216, 240
Singh, Dalip, 208, 210
Singh, Giani Kartar, 84, 87, 121, 135
Singh of Kashmir, Hari, 118, 179–81, 183, 186–94, 198, 209–10, 214, 222
Singh, Mohan, 121, 138–39
Singh, Sampuran, 145, 168
Singh, Sant, 81–82
Singh, Swaran, 166
Singh, Tara: assassination plots and, 98, 123, background, 73, Punjab sectarian violence and, 77, 82–84, 107, 120, 127, 129, 135, 142, 165, 182, self-rule/independent Pakistan and, 77, Sikh fighters under, 73–74, Sikhistan and, 83–84, 165–67
Singh of Faridkot, Harinder, 83–84, 88, 98–99, 120, 126, 139–40, 167
Singh of Patiala, Yadavindra, 83–84, 87–88, 98, 166, 209
Smith, Arthur, 47
Smith, Nicol, 189–90
Smith, Sydney, 188–89
Smuts, Jan Christiaan, 26–27
Snow, Edgar, 39
Soviets (USSR or Union of Soviet Socialist Republics): Afghanistan and, 211, 258–59, Britain and, xvii, 7–8, 47, Cold War and, xvii, 258, India and, xvii, 7–8, 47, 67, Kashmir and, 195–96, NWFP and, 258, Pakistan and, xvii, 8, 47, 105, 258, U.S. and, 7–8, World War II and, 185