originalism and, xv–xvi, 124–25, 127, 129–30, 131–32, 174
Scalia’s opinion on, xiv, xvi, 121–27, 130, 137, 143, 148, 149, 159, 171, 174, 198, 243
Stevens’s dissent on, 127–28
Helmke, Paul, 144
Henry, Patrick, 18, 37–39, 195, 200
Constitution criticized by, 37–39
Madison’s run for Congress opposed by, 45–46, 47
militia raised by, 8, 37
on militias, 38–39, 62
“that every man be armed” quote of, 101, 129
Heritage Foundation, 113
Heston, Charlton, 95–96, 97, 102
Hickenlooper, John, 156
high-capacity magazines, 156, 158
Hightower v. City of Boston, 233
Hofstadter, Richard, 89
Holmes, Oliver Wendell, 104–5, 106–7, 128
Homer, 24
Hoover, J. Edgar, 82
House of Representatives, U.S., 45–46, 74
Bill of Rights ratified in, 50–56
Committee of the Whole of, 56
Second Amendment marked up in, xiv
Howard, Jacob, 74
hunting, 32, 56, 78, 89, 166
Hurricane Sandy, 168, 242
Iliad (Homer), 24
Illinois, 80
immigrants, 78, 79
incarceration rates, 155
Indiana, 80
Indian Queen Tavern, 20
Indians, 32
individual rights, xiv
militia interpretation vs., xv, 67–68, 80, 97–98, 99, 123–24, 126, 127, 143, 177, 190, 221
as new interpretation of Second Amendment, xv–xvi, 58–59, 97–98, 99, 117–19, 126, 143, 148–49, 158, 168, 169
responsibilities vs., 147
as “trumps,” 234
industrialization, 81
inner city neighborhoods, 142
insurance, 133, 165
Interior Department, U.S., 91
intermediate scrutiny, 146
Jackson, Andrew, 211
Jackson, Robert, xvi, 110
Jackson, Thomas, 54
Jacksonian democracy, 67–68
Jacob, Mary Ann, 141–42
Jacobs, James, 164
James II, King of England, 54, 59
James Madison Program, 136
Japan, 87
Jay, John, 41, 61, 195
Jefferson, Thomas, 95, 111, 206
“bear arms” in writing of, 63
Bill of Rights announced by, xiii, 57
Bill of Rights desired by, 43
Declaration of Independence written by, 11
Madison sent books on republicanism by, 20
militia revived by, 66
“One loves to possess arms” quote of, 101, 222
on weakness of militias, 16
Jews, 92
Jews for the Preservation of Firearms Ownership, 120
Johns Hopkins University, 162
Johnson, Andrew, 73
Johnson, Lyndon, 83
judicial activism, 117–18
judicial minimalism, 108, 133
judicial restraint, 104, 149
judicial review, 103–4
judicial right, 103
Justice Department, U.S., 117–19, 120, 134, 241
individual right to bear arms seen by, 118–19
Kachalsky v. Cacace, 147
Kagan, Elena, 152
Kansas, 70
Karlan, Pamela, 111
Kates, Don, 98, 101
Katzmann, Robert, 147
Kavanaugh, Brett, 150–51
Kelly, George “Machine Gun,” 81
Kennedy, Anthony, 120, 126, 133, 134
Kennedy, Robert F., 83, 142
Kentucky, 68
King, Martin Luther, Jr., 83, 93, 95, 142
Knox, Neal, 90
Kopel, David, 98
Ku Klux Klan, 75, 171
Labunski, Richard, 46
Lane, Charles, 77
LaPierre, Wayne, 94–95, 144, 154, 168, 242
reaction to Sandy Hook shooting, 168–69
Lawrence, Kans., 70
Lee, Charles, 15, 193
Lee, Richard Henry, 195
Lee, Robert E., 71–72
Levinson, Sanford, 99
Levy, Leonard, 111
Levy, Robert, 119, 158
Lewinsky, Monica, 150
Lexington, Mass., 10, 13
Lexington Alarm, 3–4, 5
Liasson, Mara, 201
liberals, Heller decision and, 130
liberty of contract, 104
Lincoln, Abraham, 70, 71, 73, 175
living constitutionalism, 115, 129–30, 137, 174, 176
Lochner v. New York, 104
Locke, John, 63, 115, 208
Longfellow, Henry Wadsworth, 4
“Lost Constitution,” 133
Lott, John, 162–63, 240
Louisiana, 76, 152–53, 164–65
Loyalists, 16
Ludwig, Jens, 165
Lund, Nelson, 33–34, 198–99
Lynch, Gerald, 147
McCain, John, 129
McConnell, Mitch, 152
McDonald, Otis, 144
McDonald v. Chicago, 143–45, 148, 150, 159, 166, 232
Machiavelli, Niccolò, 7
machine guns, 81, 88, 156
McReynolds, James Clark, 83
McVeigh, Timothy, 95
Madison, James, xiv, 43, 195
“bear arms” in writing of, 63
in bid for House seat, 45–47
Bill of Rights proposed by, 48–55, 58, 60, 204
Bill of Rights rejected by, 26
Bill of Rights supported by, 47–48, 202
at Constitutional Convention, 19–20, 21, 24, 25
Constitution defended by, 30, 38, 40, 41–42, 48
as House leader, 48–49
on militias, 25, 62, 124, 200
religious exemption to Second Amendment in draft of, 122–23
republicanism studied by, 19–20, 26
Maier, Pauline, 30, 36, 112, 195
Malcolm, Joyce Lee, 58–59, 98, 100
Malloy, Dan, 154
Manchin, Joe, III, 156
mandatory minimums, 84, 155
Marbury v. Madison, 104
March on Washington, 95
Markowitz, Marty, 242
Marshall, John, 103–4
Martin, Luther, 31–32
Mary II, Queen of England, 59
Maryland, 26, 32, 37, 67, 197, 209
Mason, George:
bill of rights proposed by, 26, 47
on militias, 24–25, 38, 62, 200
Massachusetts, 198
constitution of, 12
Constitution ratified by, 36
militias in, 12
Mayors Against Illegal Guns, 175
Mead, Walter Russell, 211
Meadville, Pa., 146
Meese, Edwin, 108–10, 112–13, 116–17, 118
Memphis, Tenn., 72
metal cartridge ammunition, 87
Michigan, 80
microstamping, ballistic, 165
Middlesex, Mass., 4, 36
militias, American, xiv–xv
African Americans and, 74, 208
in American Revolution, 4, 13–16, 38
armies vs., 6, 7–8, 12, 31–32, 54, 56–57
catalogue of guns of, 66
civic republicanism anchored by, 6–7
crumbling of, 65, 78, 167, 171
discussed in Constitutional Convention, 22–23, 24–25, 62
election of officers in, 8
individual rights vs., xv, 67–68, 80, 97–98, 99, 123–24, 126, 127, 143, 177, 190, 221
Jefferson’s revival of, 66
lampooning of, 67
limits of, 12–16
modern-day, 94, 95
origins of American, 8
responsibility for arming of, 38–39, 41
as “school for political democracy,”
192
in Second Amendment, 52, 53, 55–57, 58, 60–64, 65, 85, 96
spotty enlistment in, 66
training day of, 9
Uniform Militia Act and, 65–66
as universal in colonial America, 6
in War of 1812, 67
Washington’s skepticism of, 13–14
Whig, 10
militias, British, 6, 7–8
Milk, Harvey, 157
Mill, John Stuart, 115
Miller, Jack, 82–83
Miller v. Texas, 80, 97, 125, 129
Million Mom March, 151
Minute Men, 4–5, 10
organization of, 5
Miracle at Philadelphia (Bowen), 24
Miranda v. Arizona, 106
Mississippi, 72, 74, 75
Missouri Compromise, 69
Monmouth, Battle of, 193
monopolies, 43
Monroe, James, 46, 47
Montana, 214
Moore v. Madigan, 233
Moral Majority, 91
More Guns, Less Crime (Lott), 162–63
Morgan, Edmund, 9
Morris, Gouverneur, 24
Morrison, Alan, 228
Moscone, George, 157
MSNBC, 159
murders, 136–37, 157
of freedmen, 72, 74, 76
mass, 137, 142
in New York, 79–80
U.S. rates of, 162, 172
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), 120
National Board for the Promotion of Rifle Practice, 87
National Consumers League, 104
National Firearms Act (1934), 81, 88
National Guard, xiv, 78, 80, 87
National Institutes of Health, 163
National Labor Relations Act (1935), 105
National Opinion Research Center, 161
National Research Council, 240
National Rifle Association, xv, 83, 154, 175, 177
Bush backed by, 118
Civil Rights Defense Fund of, 98
Clinton opposed by, 94, 95
FDR’s gun bill opposed by, 82
Heller case and, 119, 126
Heston made president of, 95–96
insurrectionist tone of, 94–96
legal articles and, 98, 220
membership boosted by Clinton’s election, 93
Minute Men and, 5
National Firearms Act and, 81, 88
1964–1981 tripling of membership in, 92
Obama opposed by, 159
origins of, 87–88
Project Exile lauded by, 164
Reagan endorsed by, 93
“Revolt at Cincinnati” in, 90, 91
rightward shift of, 90–91
Second Amendment supported by, 90–91, 92–93, 96
Smith & Wesson boycotted by, 151
suits against gun laws filed by, 143
votes scored by, 152
National Shooting Sports Foundation, 141–42
natural rights, 58, 63
neoconservatives, 92
Newark, N.J., 89
Newburgh Conspiracy, 17, 41, 194–95
New Deal, 81, 82, 83, 133
First, 105
New Hampshire, 37, 80, 198
New Jersey, 21, 36, 80
New Orleans, La., 72
New Orleans Times, 76
New Republic, 131
Newtown, Conn., hunting in, 141–42
Newtown school shooting, xvi, 137, 141, 142, 154, 168–69, 221
New York, 30, 156
Constitution ratified by, 37, 40–42
gun control in, 32, 78–80, 147–48
New York, N.Y., community policing in, 164
New Yorker, 127
New York Independent Journal, 41
New York Post, 169
New York Times, 79, 110, 113, 119, 128, 163, 227
New York Times v. Sullivan, 106
Ninth Amendment, 62
Nixon, Richard, xv, 84, 108
Norquist, Grover, 201
North Carolina, 42, 160, 197
North Dakota, 80
NPR, 201
NRA v. ATF, 233
Obama, Barack, 34, 129, 152, 159–60, 209
gun control and, 154, 155
O’Connor, Sandra Day, 116
Ohio Territory, 65
Oklahoma City, Okla., federal building bombing in, 95
Olin Foundation, 113
Olson, Ted, 119
O’Malley Gang, 82
O’Neill, Tip, 94
Oregon, 80
originalism, 103, 108–11, 134, 136, 144, 148, 174, 176, 225, 230
Brennan’s deriding of, 110
in Heller decision, xiv, xv–xvi, 124–25, 127, 129–30, 131–32, 174
New Deal decisions and, 133
Rakove on, 58, 99–100
of Scalia, 114–16, 124–25, 127, 129, 132, 137, 158, 171
shift in meaning of, 111–12
Taney’s use of, 70
Original Meanings (Rakove), 99–100, 112
Oswald, Lee Harvey, 88–89
Packet (Philadelphia), 29
Palmer Raids, 82
Paris, Treaty of, 17
Parliament, British, 7, 8, 10, 59
Patriots, 16
Pennsylvania, 32, 54, 66, 191, 197, 229
Constitution ratified by, 34–35, 167
gun inspection in, 33
males given vote in, 12
Pew Research Center, 162, 167
Philadelphia, Pa., march on, 17
Philadelphiensis, 31
pistols, 81
Pitt, William (the Younger), 48–49
Plato, 115
Plessy v. Ferguson, 125
police, 147, 172
policing strategies, 84
Popular Front, 11
Posner, Richard, 108, 131–32, 148–49, 229, 234–35
Powell, Lewis, 107–8
precedent, xiv, xv, 106, 108, 115, 117, 120, 125, 127, 133, 135, 167
press, freedom of the, xiii, 43
Presser v. Illinois, 80, 97, 143
Princeton University, 136–37
privacy, right to, 106
Procter & Gamble, 91
Progressive Era, 21, 104
Prohibition, xv, 81
property, 6
Proposition 13, 91
Protestants, 59, 60
Provincial Congress, Massachusetts, 10
Provisional Army, 67
Public Enemy, The (film), 82
Publius, 30, 41
Quakers, 34, 40, 54, 167, 200
“quasi-war,” 67
Quinn, Pat, 149
radical egalitarianism, 109
Radical Republicans, 73–74, 75, 111, 144, 174
Rakove, Jack, 58, 99–100, 112
Randolph, Edmund, 20
Randolph, George, 38
Rawls, John, 115
Reading Law (Scalia and Garner), 132
Reagan, Ronald, 84, 91, 92, 109, 117, 130
Bork nominated to Supreme Court by, 110
Scalia nominated to Supreme Court by, 113
shooting of, 84, 93, 142
Reagan Democrats, 92
Reconstruction, 75–76
Regulation, 114
Regulators, 18–19
Rehnquist, William, 114, 116
religious liberty, xiii, 19, 31, 43, 47
Republican Party, U.S., 76
gun owners in, 167
in South, 91
republics, 20
returns (early gun registry), 66
Revere, Paul, 3–4
“Revolver Acts,” 80
Reynolds, Glenn, 98, 101, 204
Reynolds v. Sims, 106
Rhode Island, 18, 32–33, 42
Richmond, Va., 72
“Right to Keep and Bear Arms, The,” 117
right to rebel, 99
Roberts, John, xvi, 116, 120, 133, 134–35
Roe v. Wade, 106, 116, 131
court-packing plan of, 105
Roosevelt, Theodore, 78, 133
Royster, Charles, 15
Rush, Benjamin, 13
sagebrush rebellion, 91
St. Clair, Arthur, 65, 208
Samaha, Adam, 165
same sex marriage, 135, 176
Sandy Hook, Conn., see Newtown school shooting
“Saturday Night Special” handguns, 90
sawed-off shotguns, 81, 88
Scaife Foundation, 113
Scalia, Antonin, 100, 120, 152
background of, 113–14
confirmation hearing of, 114
DOMA ruling dissent of, 135
Heller opinion of, xiv, xvi, 121–27, 130, 137, 143, 148, 149, 159, 171, 174, 198, 243
originalism of, 114–16, 124–25, 127, 129, 132, 137, 158, 171
Princeton speech of, 136–37
Supreme Court nomination of, 113
Voting Rights Act provisions overturned by, 134
Scarborough, Joe, 159
Schwartz, Bernard, 57
Schwarzenegger, Arnold, 165
Second Amendment:
as applying only to Congress, 76–77, 80
as applying outside of home, 147–49
as applying to states, 76–77, 80, 97, 106, 143, 144
civic republicanism and, 63
as concession to popular discontent, 174
debates over meaning of, xiv, 6, 58, 60–64
and fear of disarmed militias, 124
individual rights as new interpretation of, xv–xvi, 58–59, 97–98, 99, 117–19, 126, 143, 148–49, 158, 168, 169
individual vs. militia interpretation of, xv, 67–68, 80, 97–98, 99, 123–24, 126, 127, 143, 177, 190, 221
Kagan and, 152
lack of understanding of, xiii
marked up in House of Representatives, xiv
military weapons and, 125
militia clause in, 52, 53, 55–57, 58, 60–64, 65, 85, 96
NRA’s support for, 90–91, 92–93, 96, 97–98
odd syntax of, xiv, 5, 60–62
original phrasing of, 52
proposal of, 52, 53
public debate leading to, 23
public opinion on, 119
religious exemption in drafts of, 40, 52, 53–55, 122–23
remaking of, 68–69
renewed importance of, xiii
review of articles on, 97–98, 117
revisionist wave of, 97–102
and right to rebel, 99
second draft of, 53–55
Sotomayor and, 152
in United States v. Miller, 82–83, 97
Second Amendment Foundation, 90
Second Continental Congress, 13
segregation, 104
self-defense, xiv, 32, 33, 56, 62–63, 92–93, 148, 166
of African Americans, 72, 74
Selma, Ala., 134
semiautomatic weapons, 141, 156, 165, 167
Senate, U.S.:
Bill of Rights ratified in, 56–57
gun show loophole and, 156
Heller discussion in, 156–58
Judiciary Committee of, 117, 155–56
powers of, 51
Seventh Circuit Court of Appeals, 148
Seven Years War, 13
The Second Amendment Page 30