loss of U.S. popularity for, 245–246
popularity of, in U.S. (1943), 108
Spanish Civil War and, 162–163
Communist Party USA (CPUSA)
Hollywood Ten and, 219
League of Struggle for Negro Rights, 150
nightclub fundraising by, 173
in 1930s, 157–158
platform (1948), 260
Conant, James B., 229
Congress of Industrial Organizations
(CIO), 158
Conkling, Roscoe, 35, 49
Conley, Jim, 105–106
Connor, Bull, 280
“Contrabands,” 15
Coolidge, Calvin, 129–130
Copacabana, 221, 229
Corliss, Richard, 312
Cort Theater (New York City), 117–118
Costigan-Wagner antilynching bill, 158
Cotton Club, 131–132, 154–156
Coué, Émile, 138
Council on African Affairs, 242, 243
Cravath, Reverend Erastus M., 22
Crisis (NAACP)
on African American soldiers in World War I, 80
on Communism, 150
founding of, 70–71
“Massacre at East St. Louis,” 84
surveillance of, 74
“The Negro Speaks of Rivers” (Hughes), 117
Wilkins and, 168
writing of, 132–134
Crogman, William H., 22
Crosby, Bing, 307
Crowe, Thomas, 47
Crusade for Citizenship, 268
Cugat, Xavier, 221
Cumming, Kate, 13–14
Curry, Connie, 272–274
Daily Worker, 222–223, 245–246
Dale, Alan, 120
D’Alessio, Kitty, 249
Daniels, Jonathan, 299–300
Daniels, Maurice C., 256, 267–268
Daughters of the American Revolution, 167
David T. Howard High School, 113
Davis, Benjamin J., Jr., 187, 214
Davis, Benjamin J., Sr., 101, 110, 157, 187
Davis, Jefferson, 54
Day, Dorothy, 266
Debs, Eugene, 75, 76
Dee, Henry Hezekiah, 298
Deep in Our Hearts (Cason, Curry), 272–274
De Grasse (French ship), 151
Delta Sigma Thetas, 276–277, 280–281, 282
Democratic Party
Democratic National Convention (1924), 130
Dixiecrats and, 228, 259
1936 platform of, 161
platform (1944), 216–217
platform (1948), 258
during Reconstruction, 35–37
United Colored Democracy (“Black Tammany”) and, 67–68
Dewey, Thomas E., 217
Dix, John A., 71
Dixiecrats, 228, 259
Dixon, Thomas, 75
“Dr. Homer Nash’s Death Ends and Era for Atlanta” (Atlanta Constitution), 319
“Dr. Max,” 280
“Don’t Take Your Love from Me” (Victor Records), 172
Dootsie Williams, Inc., 266
Dorsey, George, 255–256
Dorsey, Mae Murray, 255–256
Douglass, Charles, 15–16
Douglass, Frederick, 15–17, 29–31, 43–44, 49, 58–59
Douglass, H. Ford, 46
Drew, Charles, 210
Duberman, Martin Bauml, 82–83, 222
Du Bois, W. E. B.
in Africa, 296
at Atlanta University, 52–53, 91, 100
on China-Japan relations, 156
on Communism, 150
Crisis founding and, 70–71 (See also Crisis (NAACP))
death of, 283
Du Bois Institute, Atlanta University, 317
education philosophy of, 19–20, 48–49, 93, 108
Fast and, 226
on Freedmen’s Bank, 30
Horne’s political views and, 219
HUAC and, 242, 243
Lena Calhoun Smith and, 4–5, 52, 58
“Massacre at East St. Louis” (The
Crisis), 84
NAACP contract of, 228–229
Pan-African Congress, 140
on race relations, 89–90
on Reconstruction, 158
senate race of, 240
on “Talented Tenth,” 5, 63–64, 91
Theodore Roosevelt and, 76
W. E. B. Du Bois Collection, Atlanta University, 310
Duke Is Tops, The (film), 164
Dula, Clarence, 319
Eckford, Elizabeth, 271
Edison, Thomas, 42, 121
education
of African American soldiers (World War I), 113–114
American Missionary Association (AMA) and, 4–5, 17–19, 20–23, 218
Atlanta public education (early twentieth century), 108–111, 109–111, 113, 139
Brooklyn Board of Education and (early twentieth century), 81
Chautaqua Literary and Scientific
Circle (CLSC), 138–139
desegregation (1950s) and, 262–268
Douglass on, 16–17
Freedmen’s Bureau and, 17–19
Freedom Schools, 298
Graves, Sr., as principal of Gate City Colored Public School, 53–54, 96, 201–202
of “hand” versus “head,” 19–20, 48–49, 93, 108
per student spending (1930), 149
during Reconstruction, 17–21, 27–29, 37–39, 44, 48–49, 51–54
Rosenwald Fund schools, 145–146
United Negro College Fund, 218
Eighth U.S. Colored Troops, 19
Eisenhower, Dwight, 243, 263
Ellington, Duke, 174, 236
Eloise (Thompson), 245
Emancipation Proclamation, 1, 15, 16, 17, 295
Emperor Jones, The (play), 130
employment
of African Americans, in 1930s, 150
post-World War II, 253–254
wage disparity, 158–159
Washington on, 92
Entratter, Jack, 229, 230
Errol, Leon, 73
Ethical Culture, 82, 127
Europe, James Reese “Jim,” 73, 85, 86, 87, 118, 119
Evansville Journal, 32
Evening World (New York City), 120
Evers, Medger, 282–283
Evers, Myrlie, 283
Executive Order 9981, 258
Ezzard, William, 11
Fair Employment Practices Committee, 192, 242, 258
Fairmont Hotel, 232
Farley, John Murphy (archbishop of
New York), 68
Fast, Howard, 224–226, 245
Fauset, Jessie, 117
FBI, 284, 287, 289–290
Federal Council of Negro Affairs (“Black Cabinet”), 150, 166–167
Field, Marshall, III, 173
Fifteenth Amendment, 1, 8–9, 37, 321
Fifteenth New York National Guard
Regiment (“Harlem’s Own”), 85–87
organization of, 72
Fifty Club (speakeasy), 129
Fifty-Fourth Massachusetts Regiment, 15–16
Fight for Freedom (NAACP), 263
First Congregational Church (Atlanta)
“Circles of Ten,” 95–96
founding of, 22, 35, 40
Moses and Atlanta Cahoun, death records, 58
Nash and Grave family weddings, 114, 115
Proctor, 92, 93, 95–96, 101–102, 105, 115, 153
Fisk, Clinton Bowen, 18, 20
Fisk University, 4, 19, 22, 38–39, 52, 58
Following the Color Line (Baker), 90–91
Forrest, Nathan Bedford, 26–27
Fort Des Moines, 113, 114
Fort Pillow, massacre at, 26–27
Fortune, Timothy Thomas, 66–67, 68
Fort Valley High and Industrial School (Fort Valley State University) (Georgia), 134, 145, 157
Fourteenth Amendment, 1, 8–9, 32–33, 37, 321
France<
br />
acceptance of African Americans in, 130
French Line (ships), 238–239
Horne in, 226, 236–237, 240, 246
treatment of black soldiers by, 79–80, 85–87
Franks, Leo, 105–108
Free at Last (Southern Poverty Law Center), 284
Freed, Arthur, 174–175, 190, 303
Freedman’s Savings and Trust Company (Freedman’s Bank), 29–31
“freedmen,” defined, 17
Freedmen’s Bureau, 17–19
Freedom Schools, 298
From Canal Boy to President (Alger), 43
Frye, Catherine. See Nash, Catherine Grave
Frye, Joseph “Joe,” 206, 252, 319–320
Gable, Clark, 211–212
Gale, Zona, 131
Gam, Rita, 289
Garfield, James A., 42–44, 49–51, 228
Garfield Scholarship Fund (Atlanta
University), 51
Garrison, William Lloyd (father), 29, 70
Garrison, William Lloyd (son), 104
Garvey, Marcus, 139–140
Gate City Colored Public School
(Houston Street School), 53–54, 96, 201–202
Georgia. See also Atlanta (Georgia)
Board of Education, 264–265
political representation of African
Americans, during Reconstruction, 37
Secession Convention, 2, 10, 13
State Prison Commission, 107
Gilded Age, 41–42
Gilpin, Charles, 130
Girls High School (Brooklyn), 152, 154
Gish, Lillian, 307–308
Goodman, Andrew, 298
Goodman, Benny, 172
Goodwin, Reginald, 191–192
Gore, Albert, Sr., 265
Grade, Leslie, 237
Grade, Lew, 237
Grady (hospital), 94
Grant, Ulysses S., 27, 36, 42–43, 44
Grant, U. S., 13
Graves, Antoine, Jr. “Judge”
career of, 105, 132, 140
childhood of, 89, 94–95, 96, 102
death of, 163–164, 203
marriage of, 115, 140
Graves, Antoine, Sr.
career of, 94, 101, 157, 201–202
children of, 89, 140
death of, 202–203, 261
education of, 103
legacy of, 297
marriage of, 5, 53, 54
Nash, Sr. and, 114–115
Graves, Catherine “Kate” (Antoine Graves, Sr.’s daughter)
career of, 140–141, 163
childhood of, 89
education of, 140–141
marriage of, 215–216
photo of, 104–105
Graves, Catherine “Katie” Webb (Moses Calhoun’s niece; Antoine Graves, Sr.’s wife)
activism by, 261–262
Atlanta lifestyle of, 138–139
childhood of, 4, 24, 27
Cora Calhoun Horne’s letter to, 79
death of, 261
family of, 89, 96, 206
family’s prominence, during Reconstruction, 39–40
marriage of, 53, 54
photo of, 104–105, 203
“The Nutt Family as Written by Nutt No. 5” (Brown), 204–205
Graves, Marie Antoinette. See Nash, Marie Antoinette Graves (Homer Nash, Sr.’s wife)
Graves, Nellie. See Brown, Nellie Graves
Graves, Pinkie Chaires, 115, 140, 206
Greater Liberia Act, 150
“Great Lady Makes Her Exit, A”
(Horne), 312
Green, Adolph, 286–287
Greenlee, Gus, 160
Greenwich Village Follies, The, 121
Gregory, Dick, 282
Griffith, Andy, 249, 276
Guiteau, Charles, 49, 50
Gumm, Harold, 174
Hammond, John, 160, 172, 186
Hampton Institute, 48
Handbook of Information for Negroes, A, 138
Hansberry, Lorraine, 281
Harding, Warren, 76, 124
Harlan, John Marshall, 60
Harlem Merchants’ Association, 156
Harlem Renaissance, 117–136
advent of, 61, 117–118
Blake and Sissle, 117–120, 121
Cotton Club and, 131–132
effect of Prohibition on, 132–133, 155
Mills, 120–122
nonmusical theater, 130–131
poetry, 132–134
Harper’s Weekly, 65, 66
Harris, Catherine. See Nash, Catherine
Grave
Harris, John S., 252–254, 319–320
Harris, Karen, 253, 318
Harris, Ralph, 232
Harrison, J. Loy, 255
Hart, Michele, 238
Hartsfield, William B., 264–265
Harvard University
HUAC and, 229
treatment of women by, 244–245
Hastie, William H., 211
Hatcher, Callie, 45–46
Haverstraw (Horne), 285
Hayden, Tom, 271, 273
Hayes, Lucy Ware Webb, 36
Hayes, Rutherford B., 36–37, 43–44, 50
Hayton, Lennie
characterization of, 230
death of, 303
marriage to Horne, 170, 190–191, 193, 223, 226–227, 233, 240
music direction by, 190, 195, 198
Sinatra and, 287–288
on stepdaughter’s marriage, 288–289
wife’s activism and, 280–281
wife’s Broadway career and, 247–248
wife’s nightclub career and, 232
Henson, Reverend Josiah, 39
Herndon, A. F. (Atlanta Life Insurance Company president), 97
Herndon, Angelo (Communist), 157
Herron, Matt, 299
Hershey, Lewis B., 215
Hewlett, Bub, 147, 155
“He Won’t Stay Put” (Horne), 285
Hine, Darlene Clark, 185
Hinton, W. A. (Mrs.), 94
Hobson, Hallie, 318
Holiday, Billie, 172, 180
Hollowell, Donald L., 256–257, 265
Hollywood Canteen, 192–193
Hollywood Independent Citizens Committee of the Arts, Sciences, and Professions (HICCASP), 192, 242
Hollywood Reporter, 308
Hollywood Ten, 219
Holy Rosary Church (Brooklyn), 127
Homer G. Phillips Hospital (St. Louis), 261
Hood, John Bell, 14, 15
Hoover, Herbert, 264
Hoover, J. Edgar, 256–257
Hopkins, Charles T., 101–102
Hopkins, Miriam, 180
Horn, Callie Hatcher, 45–46
Horn, Nellie Douglass, 45, 46
Horne, Cora Calhoun
activism by, 68, 77, 81, 82–83, 122, 124, 129–130, 261–262
childhood of, 1–2, 4, 5, 16, 24, 27, 39–40
children of, 59
death of, 152–154
education of, 47–48
family’s move to Birmingham, 54–57
granddaughter (Lena Horne) raised
by, 87–88, 122–130, 134, 143, 151
marriage of, 33, 56–57, 77, 82, 122–123
move to New York City by, 63–64
religious views of, 46, 68–69, 82, 127, 135, 153–154
as Robeson’s mentor, 82, 124, 174
as young adult, in Atlanta, 51
Horne, Edna Scottron
daughter’s career and, 159–160
daughter’s childhood and, 122–123, 126, 128, 135–136, 141, 152–154, 312
on daughter’s opinion of Joe Louis, 186
marriage to Horne, Jr., 70, 80–82, 87–88
move to Cuba by, 144
second marriage of, 152
Horne, Edwin, Jr. “Ted” (Lena Horne’s father)
birth of, 63–64
characterization of, 69–70, 147–148
daughter
’s childhood and, 122–123, 125, 126, 128, 135, 143, 145–148, 151
daughter’s film career and, 157, 175, 182
daughter’s marriage to Jones, 160–161
daughter’s nightclub career and, 155, 171
death of, 302
grandchildren at home of, 170
Joe Louis and, 186
marriage of, 80–82, 87–88
Pittsburgh Courier on, 154
Horne, Edwin F. (Lena Horne’s grandfather)
career of, 32–33, 45, 51
death of, 168
Douglass and, 58–59
early marriages of, 45–46
Edna Horne and, 154
in Fort Valley, Georgia, 147
granddaughter’s childhood and, 125–127, 128–130, 134–135, 152
marriage to Cora Calhoun, 5, 56–57, 77, 82, 122–123
move to New York City by, 63–64
name change by, 66
political views of, 42–43, 67, 71–72
Horne, Errol, 59, 63–64, 69, 78–80, 114, 125, 262
Horne, Frank
career of, 125, 134, 234–235, 243–244
characterization of, 144–145
childhood of, 69
in Federal Council of Negro Affairs (“Black Cabinet”), 166–167
Fort Valley High and Industrial School (Fort Valley State University) (Georgia), 157
at Fort Valley High and Industrial
School, 141, 145–148
HUAC and, 234–235, 243–244
marriage to Frankye Bunn, 146, 148, 156–157, 167
National Committee against Discrimination in Housing, 284–285
niece’s childhood and, 141, 144–148
Opportunity article by, 158–159
poetry of, 132–134, 156–157, 285
political views of, 219
second marriage of, 235, 243, 244, 285
Horne, Frankye Bunn, 146, 148, 156–157, 167
Horne, Irene, 87, 128–129, 147–148, 170
Horne, John Burke
career of, 162–163
childhood of, 69
marriage of, 189
niece’s childhood and, 123, 124, 125, 128, 134, 136, 151
Horne, Lena Mary Calhoun
activism by, 192, 276–277, 280–282, 285–288, 289–290
albums by, 246
characterization of, 230–233, 305–306, 313–314
childhood of, 81–82, 87–88, 122–130, 134–136, 141–145, 152
children of, 164 (See also Buckley, Gail Lumet; Jones, Edwin
Fletcher “Little Teddy”)
on daughter’s first marriage, 288–289
death of, 310–311
death of family members, 152–154, 302–303
diet pills used by, 232
Du Bois’ writing about, 52
early career of, 154–156, 159–160, 164–166
education of, 152, 154
films of, 174–175, 178–180, 181–185, 189–197, 226, 231, 232, 236, 304
international career of, 226–227, 236–237, 238–239
legacy of, 3, 310, 311–314
love life of, 186–187
Luau (Beverly Hills restaurant)
incident, 276
marriage to Hayton, 170, 190–191, 193, 223, 226–227, 233, 240
The Black Calhouns Page 35