at Southern Negro Youth Congress, 257
Robinson, Clarence, 171
Rollock, Laura, 151–152
Romanoff, Mike, 193
Romanoff’s, 193
Roosevelt, Eleanor, 158, 166, 167, 195–196, 225, 237
Roosevelt, Franklin D.
antilynching bill and, 264
“Black Cabinet” of, 149–150
diversity in administration of, 81
Federal Council of Negro Affairs
(“Black Cabinet”), 150, 166–167
NAACP and, 158
Nash, Sr. and, 215
Roosevelt, Theodore, 64, 75–76, 112
Rosenwald Fund schools, 145–146
Royal Poinciana Sextet, 118
Rutledge, Edward, 243
Sanbonmatsu, Yoshiro, 237
Sands Hotel (Las Vegas), 229–231
Saving the Soul of Georgia (Daniels), 256, 267–268
Savoy-Plaza Hotel, 176–177, 179
Schlitz, 254
Schurz, Carl, 20
Schwerner, Michael, 298
Scottron, Cyrus, 81
Scottron, Edna. See Horne, Edna
Scottron
Scottron, Samuel, 81
Screen Actors Guild, 192
Screen Writers Guild, 219
segregation. See also civil rights movement
Civil Rights Message (Truman) and desegregation, 228
desegregation of military, 210–212, 213–214, 256, 258 (See also U.S. Army)
interracial marriage laws, 227–228
Jim Crow laws and, 46–47, 51, 78, 90, 92–95, 108, 167–168
northern migration and, 108
Wilson and, 75–76
Selma-to-Montgomery march, 298–299
Selznick, Danny, 193
Selznick, Irene Mayer, 193
Shack, Dorothy Nash, 204, 208
Shack, William, 208
Shakespeare, William, 195–196
Shaw, Artie, 170, 172
Sherman, William, 13–15, 18
Show, 285–286
Shuffle Along (play), 117–118, 119, 121
Sidney, Robert, 229–230
Siegel, Benjamin “Bugsy,” 221
Silent Protest march (July 28, 1917), 84
Sinatra, Frank, 287–288, 303
Sissle, Noble, 87, 118–120, 121, 122, 159–160, 171–172
sit-in movement, 269–275
Sixteenth Street Baptist Church (Birmingham, Alabama), bombing of, 283–284, 286
Slapsie Maxie, 197–198, 199
Slaton, John M., 107
slavery. See also Civil War; Reconstruction
“Contrabands,” 15
Emancipation Proclamation, 1, 15, 16, 17, 295
“freedmen” and, 17
house slaves, 10, 11
sale of family members, 12–13
Slave Schedule (1850), 10–11
Uncle Tom’s Cabin (Stowe) on, 39
Smart Set Athletic Club (“Grave Diggers”), 69–70
Smith, Edwina, 58, 172, 178, 181–182, 194
Smith, Ellison DuRant “Cotton Ed,”
161
Smith, Frank, Jr., 58, 128
Smith, Gerald L. K., 287
Smith, Jerome, 282
Smith, Lena Calhoun
childhood of, 1–2, 4–5, 16, 23–24, 39
child of, 172
death of, 202–203
Du Bois and, 4–5, 52
education of, 4–5, 52
family’s prominence, during Reconstruction, 39–40
marriage of, 56, 58
move to Birmingham by, 56
Smith, M. Hoke, 96
Smith, Sam, 25
Smith, W. Eugene, 279
Snipes, Maceo, 255
Society of Friends (Quakers), 237–238
Society Orchestra, 118, 159–160
Sojourner Truth Housing Project
(Detroit), 82, 212
Sokolsky, George, 243
Souls of Black Folk, The (Du Bois), 91, 226
Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC), 267, 269–275, 291, 301
Southern Negro Youth Congress, 257
Southern Poverty Law Center, 284
Spanish-American War, African
American soldiers in, 64
Spanish Civil War, 162–163, 225
Spartacus (Fast), 225–226
Special Field Order No. 15, 15
Spellman, Francis Cardinal, 275
Spingarn, Joel, 113
spirituals, 38–39
Stanton, Edwin M., 15
Steichen, Edward, 121
Stevenson, Adlai, 239, 263
Storey, Moorfield, 70
Stormy Weather (film), 226
“Stormy Weather” (Arlen), 154
Storrs, Reverend Henry Martin, 20, 22
Storrs School, 4, 20, 24
Stowe, Harriet Beecher, 18–19, 20, 39
St. Peter Claver Church and School
(Brooklyn), 311
St. Peter Claver School (Brooklyn), 127
Strayhorn, Billy, 282
Strong, George Templeton, 65
Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC), 269–275, 282, 287–288, 291–293, 298–299
Styne, Jule, 286
Sumner, Charles, 31–32, 51
Suspense (radio show), 194
Sutton, Percy, 211–212
Swig family, 232
Tablet (Brooklyn), 310–311
Taft, William Howard, 76
“Talented Tenth,” 5, 63–64, 91, 138
Taney, Roger B., 2, 37
Thirteenth Amendment, 1, 8–9, 15–16, 32–33
Thirty Years of Lynching in the United States (NAACP), 88, 116
This Is the Army (play), 180
Thompson, Blanche B. S., 202
Thompson, Kay, 184–185, 190, 197, 245, 276, 277
369th Regiment (“Harlem Hellfighters”), 72, 85–87
Thurmond, Strom, 259
Tilden, Samuel, 35–36
Till, Emmett, 265
Time, 312
Time Inc., 277–280
Today (NBC), 283
“Tom” shows, 39
Tony Awards (1983), 310
Torn, Rip, 281
Trotman, Minta, 151
Truman, Harry, 217, 228, 256, 258–260
Truth, Sojourner, 212
Turner, Mary, 116
Tuskegee Airmen, 214, 278, 311–312
Tuskegee Institute, 48–49, 108
Tuskegee University, 300
Twain, Mark, 2, 18, 38, 89, 275
Twichell, Sarah Jane, 23, 35
Two Girls and a Sailor (film), 190
Uncle Tom’s Cabin (Stowe), 20, 39
Union Mutual Insurance Company, 92–94
United Colored Democracy (“Black
Tammany”), 66, 81
United Negro College Fund, 218
University of Georgia, 27, 104, 265–266
University of Maryland, 265
University of Mississippi, 281
University of Wisconsin at Madison, 269–270
Urban League, 82, 132–134, 159
U.S. Air Force, advent of, 211
U.S. Army. See also Civil War; Vietnam War
Air Corps, first African American squadron, 211
Dental Officers’ Reserve Corps, 140
education during Reconstruction and, 17
segregation of, 210–212 (See also segregation)
369th Regiment (“Harlem Hellfighters”), 72, 85–87
Vietnam War and, 279, 298
World War I and treatment of
African American soldiers, 72, 78–80, 84–87, 113–114
World War II and treatment of
African American soldiers, 170, 187–189, 191–192
U.S. Colored Troops (USCT), 19
U.S. Constitution
Thirteenth Amendment, 1, 8–9, 15–16, 32–33
Fourteenth Amendment, 1, 8–9, 32–33, 37, 321
F
ifteenth Amendment, 1, 8–9, 37, 321
USO, 192
U.S. Senate Committee on Finance, 30–31
U.S. War Department, 113, 211, 213–214
Vanderbilt, Gloria, 289
Vanderbilt, William H., 42
Van Horne, Harriet, 283
Van Vechten, Carl, 187
Variety, 119
Victor Records, 172
Vietnam War
military integration during, 298
protests against, 279
Villard, Oswald Garrison, 70
voting rights
in Atlanta, 96, 111
civil rights movement and, 254–255, 258–260, 265, 266–267, 291–301
Crusade for Citizenship, 268
Mississippi Summer voter registration project, 298
modern-day threats to, 321
Reconstruction and, 25–26, 37
suffrage of African American men, 16–17, 21, 25–26, 37
suffrage of women, 68
Voting Rights Act of 1965, 300
Waddel, Catherine Calhoun, 10
Waddel, Moses, 10
Wadleigh Secretarial School (Bronx), 154
Wagner, Robert, 243
Walker, “Gentleman” Jimmy, 131
Walker and Williams, 72
Wallace, Henry, 228, 259
Walton, Carrie, 51
Ward, Samuel Cutler, 31, 50
Ware, Edmund Asa, 4, 20–23, 35, 38, 48, 51–52
Ware, Edward Twichell, 103, 104
Washington, Booker T., 19–20, 48–49, 59, 70, 92, 93, 108
Washington Bee, 51
WAVEs, 189
Weaver, Robert C., 166
Webb, Katie. See Graves, Catherine “Katie” Webb (Moses Calhoun’s niece; Antoine Graves, Sr.’s wife)
Webb, Preston, 13, 21, 24
Welch, Elisabeth, 236
Welles, Orson, 186, 234
Wells-Barnett, Ida, 51
Wells-Barnett, Ida B., 109
WERD (radio station), 260
Wesley, Cynthia, 283
Western Reserve Eclectic Institute, 42
What Do We Want? (Horne), 71–72
White, Mildred, 309–310
White, Walter
Anderson and, 167
characterization of, 182–183
childhood of, 98–100
death of, 263–264
on Democratic Party platform
(1944), 216–217
on Detroit riot (1943), 213
in Federal Council of Negro Affairs
(“Black Cabinet”), 166
on Franks case, 106
Horne’s film career and, 175, 182–183
Horne’s political views and, 219
marriages of, 264
NAACP Atlanta chapter and, 109–111
Truman influenced by, 256
on Turner’s lynching, 116
White Citizens’ Councils, 263
White Paper (NBC), 293
Wilkins, Roy, 168, 294, 297
Wilkinson, Ed, 311
Willard, Jess “Great White Hope,” 108–109
Williams, Bert, 64, 72–73
Williams, Robert, 294
Willkie, Wendell, 175, 182
Wilson, Josephine, 45
Wilson, Woodrow, 75–76, 77, 82, 84
Winters, Aida, 238
With Malice Towards Some (Sidney), 229–230
Wiz, The (film), 304
“Wobblies,” 92, 158
women
African American working mothers, 90
suffrage of, 68
treatment of, in workplace (1960s), 278–280
Woodward, C. Vann, 47, 167
WOR (radio station), 173
World Telegram, 283
World War I
African American officers’ training and, 113–114
African American soldiers in, 72, 78–80, 84–87, 113–114
Crisis on, 80
369th Regiment and, 72, 85–87
World War II
Du Bois on, 156
Nazis influenced by Jim Crow, 167–168
Wormley, James, 31
Wormley Compromise, 36–37
Wormley House (Washington), 31
X, Malcolm, 298
Yale University, 18, 20–21, 104
YMCA, 77, 272–273
Young, Charles, 78
Young, Reverend Andrew, 300–301, 310
Young Americans for Freedom (YAF), 272
“You’re My Thrill” (Bluebird Records), 172
YWCA, 77, 272–273
Ziegfield Follies, 73
The Black Calhouns Page 37