16. Queen at Last
1 Lili‘uokalani, Hawaii’s Story, 108.
2 Adler, “Rosenberg,” 56.
3 Emma to Peter Ka‘eo, December 17, 1875, quoted in Kanahele, Emma, 306–7. Lili‘uokalani too in her turn would allow herself to be influenced by the mysterious Fräulein Wolf. Kuykendall, Hawaiian Kingdom, 3: 544.
4 James Campbell, Vertical File, Honolulu Historical Society.
5 Kuykendall and Day, Hawaii: A History, 153.
6 MacLennan, “Hawai‘i Turns to Sugar,” 102.
7 www.sunyatsenhawaii.org/en/research/a-humanities-guide/101-sun-yat-sen-and-hawaii.
8 See Soong, “Sun Yat-sen’s Christian Schooling,” 151 ff.
9 Nellist, Women of Hawaii, 206.
10 Greer, “Sweet and Clean,” 33–51.
11 Nordyke and Lee, “Chinese in Hawai‘i,” 200–203.
12 Rowland, “Contract Labor Question,” 254.
13 Daws, Shoal of Time, 230–31; Kuykendall, Hawaiian Kingdom, 3: 86–91.
14 Quoted in Kuykendall, Hawaiian Kingdom, 3: 91.
15 Gibson, Walter Murray, Office Record, HSA.
16 Fuchs, Hawaii Pono, 78.
17 Silva, Aloha Betrayed, 104–7.
18 Kuykendall, Hawaiian Kingdom, 3: 348–49.
19 The accompanying pillbox hat and one of the queen’s massive koa trunks are on display at the Hulihe‘e Palace.
20 Lili‘uokalani, Hawaii’s Story, 148.
21 Ibid., 156–57; Giles St. Aubyn in Edward VII Prince & King (New York: Atheneum, 1979), 249, allows that the future kaiser survived the meal, but was so “furious” at being seated with what he took to be Africans that he quit the gathering early “in a huff.” Loomis, For Whom Are the Stars?, 33, notes how purposeful Lili‘uokalani’s selective memory could be, citing the example of her claim of having no option but to sign the controversial lottery bill before the coup that deposed her.
22 The rapidly tumbling kaleidoscope of events is recounted in Kuykendall, Hawaiian Kingdom, 3: 356–67; Daws, Shoal of Time, 243–49.
23 Ashford, 25–29, quoted in Kuykendall, Hawaiian Kingdom, 3: 367.
24 Daws, Shoal of Time, 250.
25 Bayard’s protestation of America’s innocent intentions was a masterpiece of diplomatic molasses: “No ambiguity or obscurity in that amendment is observable, and I can discern therein no subtraction from Hawaiian sovereignty over the harbor to which it relates, nor any language importing a longer duration for the interpolated Article II than is provided for in Article I of the supplementary convention.… I can see no cause for any misapprehension by your Government as to the manifest effect and meaning of the amendment in question. I therefore trust that it will be treated as it is tendered, in simple good faith, and accepted without doubt or hesitation.” Kuykendall, Hawaiian Kingdom, 3: 396–97.
26 What occasioned Wodehouse’s actual removal was his voicing his doubts over a later supplement to the Pearl Harbor agreement, which would have allowed the United States to land troops under certain circumstances. Tate, “Hawaii: A Symbol of Anglo-American Rapprochement,” 563.
27 Quoted in Morgan, Pacific Gibraltar, 26.
28 Emma to Peter Ka‘eo, September 2, 1873, quoted in Kanahele, Emma, 277.
29 The codicil of Emma’s will that contained her intention to donate the items to the museum that Bernice envisioned had not been legally witnessed, but the trustees of the Queen’s Hospital, her primary beneficiary, willingly agreed to the transfer. Kent, Charles Reed Bishop, 290–91.
17. The Coup
1 Quoted in Siler, Lost Kingdom, 179.
2 Bishop to Lili‘uokalani, March 5, 1891, reproduced in Kent, Charles Reed Bishop, 346.
3 Krout, Hawaii and a Revolution, ix.
4 Population of remaining native Hawaiians (including mixed-race) were 58,765 in 1866, 51,531 in 1872, 47,508 in 1878, 44,232 in 1884, 40,662 in 1890. Kuykendall and Day, Hawaii: A History, 298. Kalakaua’s efforts to restore native culture had had its effects, one of which was that people felt more free to eschew haole doctors and return to native practitioners. The queen’s friend and Bernice Pauahi’s widower, Charles Reed Bishop, wrote her soon after her accession, “The decrease of the Hawaiians which the recent census shows is still going on, in the adults, at least—is caused mainly by two things: intemperance, and the influence of Kahunas. Is there no hope of winning the people to wiser and better habits? The children are better cared for and are doing better than in times past, but the adults and old people are behaving badly.” Kent, Charles Reed Bishop, 346.
5 For a biography of this mercurial figure, see Andrade, Unconquerable Rebel.
6 Lili‘uokalani, Hawaii’s Story, 240. Russ, Hawaiian Revolution, 62–65, depicts the queen as more active in securing the bills’ passage. This is the most detailed and documented account of the revolution.
7 This is suggested in Siler, Lost Kingdom, 193–94.
8 Loomis, For Whom Are the Stars?, 34–36. From none of the sources is there an indication that Lili‘uokalani had any suspicion that Fräulein Wolf was playing her.
9 Kuykendall, Hawaiian Kingdom, 3: 544.
10 Thurston, Memoirs of the Hawaiian Revolution, 23–32. Among them, Stevens, Blaine, and Tracy were taking the point in effecting a policy that would be too risky for Harrison to be seen advocating, given the lack of broad public support for establishing an American empire. See Baker, “Benjamin Harrison and Hawaiian Annexation,” 302–3.
11 Young, The Boston at Hawaii, 161–63.
12 Kuykendall and Day, Hawaii: A History, 176.
13 “Of the occurrences of January 14 and the three following days, in which were involved the queen, the cabinet ministers, the diplomatic representatives of foreign governments, Captain Wiltse of the U.S.S. Boston, and various members of the civilian population, there are available, in print, accounts by nearly all.… None of these is complete, and there are between and among them a large number of discrepancies, some irreconcilable differences, and a good many actual contradictions.” Kuykendall, Hawaiian Kingdom, 3: 583. Kuykendall’s treatment therein, pp. 582–605, is the clearest.
14 Daws, Shoal of Time, 272.
15 Mahan, “Hawaii and Our Future Sea Power,” in The Interest of America in Sea Power, 35.
16 Quoted in Daws, Shoal of Time, 273–74.
17 Young, Boston at Hawaii, 187.
18 Jennings, ed., Chronology, 79–83.
19 Lili‘uokalani, Hawaii’s Story, 387–88.
18. The Inscrutable Mr. Blount
1 Krout, Hawaii and a Revolution, 106.
2 Papers Relating to the Foreign Relations of the United States, appendix 2 (Washington: USGPO, 1895), 400, quoted in Heffernan, “From Independent Nation to Client State,” 209.
3 Harrison to C. C. Hines, February 3, 1893, quoted in Kuykendall, Hawaiian Kingdom, 3: 615.
4 Cleghorn to Ka‘iulani, January 28, 1893, quoted in Siler, Lost Kingdom, 226.
5 Webb and Webb, Ka‘iulani, 111.
6 T. E. Evans to Lili‘uokalani, February 25, 1893, quoted in Siler, Lost Kingdom, 231.
7 New York Times, January 31, 1893. 978-0-312-60065-5.
8 Mahan, “Hawaii and Our Future Sea Power,” in The Interest of America in Sea Power, 49.
9 McWilliams, “James H. Blount,” 29–30.
10 See generally Calhoun, “Morality and Spite,” 292 ff, and McWilliams, “James H. Blount,” 29–30. One close scholar found no dissonance between his temper and his policy. Stevens, American Expansion, 245–46. This Gresham should not be confused with the Texas Congressman, Walter Gresham, of the same era. See Tyler et al., eds., New Handbook of Texas (Austin: Texas State Historical Society, 1996), 3: 333.
11 Fuchs, Hawaii Pono, 32.
12 Krout, Hawaii and a Revolution, 144.
13 Blount Report (not paginated). www.hawaiiankingdom.org/blounts-report.shtml.
14 Krout, Hawaii and a Revolution, 169.
15 In his summary of Hawai‘i history, Blount also heavily cri
ticized the Great Mahele for having disempowered the common people. Blount Report.
16 Judd to Dear James and Sophie, April 8, 1893, Mission Houses Museum, Children’s Collection.
17 Blount Report. Other passages of Blount’s report did fall into a predictably patronizing assessment of the native Hawaiians (“In person they have large physique, good features, amid the complexion of the brown races. They have been greatly advanced by civilization, but have done little towards its advancement”) but his respect and sympathy for them are by far the more salient feature of his report.
18 Hoar, Autobiography of Seventy Years, II, 264.
19 Russ, Hawaiian Revolution, 249.
20 Quoted in Kuykendall, Hawaiian Kingdom, 3: 629.
21 Devine, “Foster and Annexation,” 35.
22 Report of the Committee on Foreign Relations, United States Senate, with accompanying testimony, and Executive documents transmitted to Congress from January 1, 1883 to March 10, 1894, 1253 ff.
23 See http://c250.columbia.edu/c250_celebrates/remarkable_columbians/john_burgess.html. Burgess (1844–1931) was the author of the highly influential Political Science and Comparative Constitutional Law (1890) which Dole would have seen, and several other books written after the time of the Hawaiian coup.
24 Burgess, “The Ideal of the American Commonwealth,” Political Science Quarterly 10 (1895): 407. Burgess was the founder of the journal.
25 Castle, “Advice for Hawaii: The Dole-Burgess Letters,” 28.
26 Russ, “The Role of Sugar in Hawaiian Annexation,” 349, citing Thurston to Dole, 10 March 1894, United States, Ministers and Envoys to Washington, Hawaii State Archives.
27 Ibid., 341.
19. Countercoup and Annexation
1 Quoted in Daws, Shoal of Time, 280.
2 Hawai‘i Judiciary History Center, “Trial of a Queen,” 7–8.
3 “Résumé of Editorials and Newspaper Articles,” May 31, 1895. Insurrection of 1895, Hawaiian Newspapers Translations, Hawaii State Archives.
4 Lili‘uokalani, Hawaii’s Story by Hawaii’s Queen, 364–65.
5 Silva, “The 1897 Petitions Protesting Annexation,” Digital Collections, University of Hawaii Manoa, http://libweb.hawaii.edu/digicoll/annexation/pet-intro.html.
6 Vertical files, James Campbell, Alice Campbell, Hawaii Historical Society; www.campbellfamilyfoundation.org/james_abigail.cfm; http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abigail_Campbell.
7 Joseph Nawahi was well acculturated to American values, having been raised by Hilo missionaries David Lyman and his wife. Nellist, Women of Hawaii, 205.
8 Silva, Aloha Betrayed, 192.
9 Kuykendall, Hawaiian Kingdom, 3: 607.
10 San Francisco Morning Call, September 30, 1897.
11 Silva, Aloha Betrayed, 157–58.
12 While the junta did not prevent Lili‘uokalani from traveling to the United States, they engaged in considerable discussion whether the effort at annexation would be furthered by retiring the ex-queen on a generous pension, and how much it might cost to buy her out. At least one member of the hui aloha aina lent some credibility to the notion that she might have been not altogether unwilling. “Queen Liliuokalani want only money.… She did not help our delegation. We do not want her. We want our young princes.” Loomis, For Whom Are the Stars?, 221.
13 The Ku‘e petitions are preserved online at http://libweb.hawaii.edu/annexation/petition.html. See also Senate Journal of December 9, 1897.
14 Thurston, “Report of Lorrin A. Thurston,” 10.
15 Thurston, Hand-Book on the Annexation of Hawaii, 50, 42.
16 Ibid., 71–72.
17 Ibid., 37–38.
18 The explosion may have been the result of spontaneous combustion in a coal bunker, touching off a powder magazine, as concluded by a 1976 study by Adm. Hyman Rickover. A 1999 expedition to the wreck site by the National Geographic Society discovered inward distension of hull plates, evidence that the initial explosion had indeed been external—a mine—and not internal.
19 The various aspects in which sugar advantage did not play a part are fleshed out in Osborne, Empire Can Wait, 17–27.
20 Champ Clark went on to become Speaker of the House during World War I. Quoted in Daws, Shoal of Time, 290.
21 Hoar, Autobiography of Seventy Years, 2: 265.
22 Ibid., 2: 307–9.
23 Summarized in Kuykendall and Day, Hawaii: A History, 186–87.
24 Morgan, Pacific Gibraltar, 211–13. Roosevelt had lectured at the Naval War College during Mahan’s tenure; they were warm friends, and TR was intimately familiar with the strategic import of Hawaii. It is clear that he was also thinking in larger, even imperial, terms, as he embraced the fates of both Hawai‘i and Samoa with the envisioned canal across Panama in American defense. Anderson, “Pacific Destiny,” 52.
25 Hoar, Autobiography of Seventy Years, 2: 311.
26 Loomis, “Summer of 1898,” 97.
20. Angry Luaus
1 Webb and Webb, Ka‘iulani, 199–200.
2 Newspaper clipping, Vertical File, Alice Kamakila Campbell, Hawaii Historical Society. Kuaihelani the matriarch of the clan could be equally proud of her other daughters’ outcomes. Muriel married William Charles, High Chief Ke‘eaumoku V of Maui, and Alice Kamakila Campbell became a linchpin of dissent in the Americanization of the islands.
3 Prince Edward died without children in 1953, making successivees presumptive of his sisters, Princess Abigail Kapi‘olani (1903–61) and Princess Lydia Lili‘uokalani (1905–69). http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Kawānanakoa.
4 Omandam, “Kuhio’s Advice Still Relevant Today,” Honolulu Star-Bulletin, September 20, 1999, archived at http://archives.starbulletin.com/1999/09/20/news/story4.html. Kuhio’s complicated and frustrating tenure in Congress is summarized in Fuchs, Hawaii Pono, 167–72.
5 Daws, Shoal of Time, 298–99.
6 See Frazier, “True Story of Ko‘olau the Leper,” 1–41.
7 Quoted in Haley, Wolf, 247–48.
8 Webb and Webb, Ka‘iulani, 208.
9 Charmian London, Jack London and Hawaii (London: Mills & Boon, 1918), 51.
10 The whole episode is explored in much more detail in Daws, Shoal of Time, 319–27.
11 Joesting, Uncommon History, 323.
12 Hershinow, “John Dominis Holt: Hawaiian–American Traditionalist,” 70–71.
13 Ibid., 61.
14 Ireland, “Remembering and Forgetting at the Waikiki War Memorial Park,” 53 ff.
15 Park, “A Hawaiian in Connecticut,” in Biological Anthropology, 7–10.
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