by Anita Hill
16. Martin Gilens, “Race and Poverty in America: Public Misperceptions and the American News Media,” Public Opinion Quarterly 60, no. 4 (Winter 1996): 514–15, 521. [back]
17. U.S. Department of Labor, Office of Policy Planning and Research, “The Tangle of Pathology,” chap. 4 in The Negro Family: The Case for National Action (Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Labor, 1965), www.dol.gov/oasam/programs/history/moynchapter4.htm. [back]
18. Dorothy Height, in President’s Commission on the Status of Women, Report of Consultation on Problems of Negro Women, April 19, 1963, 35, quoted in U.S. Department of Labor, “Tangle.” [back]
19. Thomas Pettigrew, A Profile of the Negro American (Princeton, NJ: Van Nostrand, 1964), 16, quoted in U.S. Department of Labor, “Tangle.” [back]
20. Pauli Murray, “The Right to Equal Opportunity in Employment,” California Law Review 33, no. 3 (September 1945): 388–433. [back]
21. Justice Thurgood Marshall, dissenting opinion, Milliken v. Bradley, 418 U.S. 717 (1974). [back]
22. Frank Rich, “Theater: ‘Raisin in Sun,’ Anniversary in Chicago,” New York Times, October 5, 1983, www.nytimes.com/1983/10/05/theater/theater-raisin-in-sun-anniversary-in-chicago.html. [back]
23. Margaret B. Wilkerson, “ ‘A Raisin in the Sun’: Anniversary of an American Classic,” Theatre of Color Issue, Theatre Journal 38, no. 4 (December 1986): 447. [back]
24. Kristin L. Matthews, “The Politics of ‘Home’ in Lorraine Hansberry’s A Raisin in the Sun,” Modern Drama 51, no. 4 (Winter 2008): 578. [back]
Chapter 5. Blame It on the Sun
1. Luken and Vaughan, “Be a Genuine Homemaker,” 1603–25. [back]
2. Adam Gordon, “The Creation of Homeownership: How New Deal Changes in Banking Regulation Simultaneously Made Homeownership Accessible to Whites and Out of Reach for Blacks,” Yale Law Journal 115, no. 1 (October 2005): 189. [back]
3. Wiese, Places, 161 (see ch. 4, n. 5). [back]
4. Ibid., 131. [back]
5. Ibid, 43. [back]
6. Tayari Jones, quoted in Christian Boone, “30 Years Ago, Atlanta Battled Most Infamous Killing Spree in City’s History,” Atlanta Journal-Constitution, August 7, 2009, www.ajc.com/news/atlanta/30-years-ago-atlanta-110448.html. [back]
7. Tricia Rose, quoted in Gilbert Cruz, “Q&A: Tricia Rose, Author of The Hip Hop Wars,” Time, December 11, 2008, www.time.com/time/arts/article/0,8599,1866048,00.html. [back]
8. William Oliver, “ ‘The Streets’: An Alternative Black Male Socialization Institution,” Journal of Black Studies 36, no. 6 (July 2006): 918–37. [back]
9. William Julius Wilson, When Work Disappears: The World of the New Urban Poor (New York: Knopf, 1996), 64. [back]
Chapter 6. Lessons from a Survivor: Anjanette’s Story
1. John Leland, “Baltimore Finds Subprime Crisis Snags Women,” New York Times, January 15, 2008, www.nytimes.com/2008/01/15/us/15mortgage.html. [back]
2. Fishbein and Woodall, Women. [back]
3. Vikas Bajaj and Ford Fessenden, “What’s Behind the Race Gap?,” New York Times, November 4, 2007, www.nytimes.com/2007/11/04/weekinreview/04bajaj.html. [back]
4. Alan Zibel, “Latino, Black Homeownership Rates Falling,” SFGate.com, January 25, 2009, http://articles.sfgate.com/2009-01-25/real-estate/17197108_1_homeownership-hispanic-white-households. [back]
5. Jeff Crump, sample quotes from interviews with African American women with subprime loans, e-mail message to author, July 24, 2008. [back]
6. “Declaration of Gail Kubiniec Pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1746,” July 20, 2001, 7, www.ftc.gov/foia/citigroup.pdf. [back]
7. Mean Sartin, “Blame the Borrowers for the Housing Crisis,” Parkerized Ohioan (blog), May 13, 2008, http://parkerizedohioan.blogspot.com/2008/05/blame-borrowers-for-housing-crisis.html. [back]
8. Eric Lipton and Steve Labaton, “The Reckoning: Deregulators Look Back, Unswayed,” New York Times, November 16, 2008, www.nytimes.com/2008/11/17/business/economy/17gramm.html. [back]
9. John W. Dienhart, “Who Are Our Hairdressers? A Plea for Institutions and Action,” Business Ethics Quarterly 13, no. 3 (July 2003): 391–401. [back]
10. Judge J. Frederick Motz, opinion, Mayor and City Council of Baltimore v. Wells Fargo Bank and Wells Fargo Financial Leasing, Inc., 1, www.mdd.uscourts.gov/Opinions/Opinions/WellsFargo06jan10.pdf. [back]
Chapter 7. Home in Crisis: Americans on the Outside of the Dream
1. James Truslow Adams, The Epic of America (New York: Little, Brown, 1931), 404. Adams is credited with popularizing the term “the American dream.” [back]
2. Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission, The Financial Crisis Inquiry Report: Final Report of the National Commission on the Causes of the Financial and Economic Crisis in the United States (Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 2011), xxiv, http://fcic-static.law.stanford.edu/cdn_media/fcic-reports/fcic_final_report_full.pdf. [back]
3. Motz, Baltimore v. Wells Fargo, 4–5. [back]
4. “The gist of Motz’s opinion is that the Maryland law—which was enacted despite a veto from Gov. Robert Ehrlich—runs afoul of the Employee Retirement Income Security Act (ERISA), a complex federal law that is intended to ensure that multistate employers have only one set of rules to follow in the area of health benefits—federal rules. “The Maryland bill, the judge said, would have required one Maryland employer, Wal-Mart, to run a special benefit system for Maryland employees only. ‘[A]s a consequence of the [Maryland] law,’ Motz wrote, ‘a nationwide employer like Wal-Mart must segregate a separate pool of expenditures for its Maryland employees and structure its contributions—and employees’ deductibles and co-pays—with an eye to’ that law.” Diane Cadrain, “ ‘Wal-Mart’ Health Care Law Overturned,” HR Magazine, September 2006, http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m3495/is_9_51/ai_n26993566. [back]
5. Mayor of Baltimore v. Wells Fargo Bank, amended complaint, 3, filed April 27, 2010; in author’s possession. [back]
6. Elizabeth Jacobson, quoted in Michael Powell, “Bank Accused of Pushing Mortgage Deals on Blacks,” New York Times, June 6, 2009, www.nytimes.com/2009/06/07/us/07baltimore.html. [back]
7. Ibid., 23. [back]
8. Ibid. [back]
9. Martha Neil, “Judge Dismisses Baltimore Blight Suit Against Wells Fargo, Will Allow Refiling,” ABA Journal, September 14, 2010, http://www.abajournal.com/news/article/judge_dismisses_baltimore_blight_suit_against_wells_fargo_with_leave_to_ref/. [back]
10. “Illinois Attorney General Madigan Issues New Subpoenas to Countrywide and Wells Fargo,” news release, Illinois Attorney General’s Office, March 6, 2008, www.illinoisattorneygeneral.gov/pressroom/2008_03/20080306.html. [back]
11. “Madigan Sues Wells Fargo for Discriminatory and Deceptive Mortgage Lending Practices,” news release, Illinois Attorney General’s Office, July 31, 2009, http://www.illinoisattorneygeneral.gov/pressroom/2009_07/20090731.html. [back]
12. Complaint for injunctive and other relief, People of the State of Illinois v. Wells Fargo and Company, Wells Fargo Bank, and Wells Fargo Financial, Illinois, Inc., 8; in author’s possession. [back]
13. Ibid. [back]
14. “Single Black Female, in Her Own House,” Economist, November 18, 2004, www.economist.com/node/3403447. [back]
15. Glenn Townes, “Booker Promotes Homeownership for Newark Residents,” New York Amsterdam News, October 5, 2006, 4. [back]
16. U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development, “Bush Signs American Dream Downpayment Act,” news release, December 16, 2003, http://archives.hud.gov/news/2003/pr03-140.cfm. [back]
17. U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development, Office of Policy Development and Research, “Unequal Burden in Baltimore: Income and Racial Disparities in Subprime Lending,” May 2000, 4, accessed May 12, 2011, http://www.huduser.org/publicat
ions/pdf/baltimore.pdf. [back]
18. Andy Meek, “House of Cards: How Risky Loans Spurred the Local Foreclosure Crisis—and a Suit against Wells Fargo,” Memphis Daily News, February 1, 2010, http://www.memphisdailynews.com/editorial/Article.aspx?id=47557. [back]
19. Richard Kovacevich, “Leadership in a Time of Financial Crisis” (speech at Commonwealth Club of California, October 21, 2008), Adobe Flash video and transcript, C-SPAN Video Library, www.c-spanvideo.org/program/281905-1. [back]
20. Nils Pratley, “The Day the Ticking Time Bombs Went Off,” Guardian (UK), September 16, 2008, www.guardian.co.uk/business/2008/sep/16/marketturmoil.lehmanbrothers1. [back]
21. Kristopher Gerardi et al., “Making Sense of the Subprime Crisis,” Brookings Papers on Economic Activity 2 (Fall 2008): 69–160. [back]
22. “Wells Fargo, Wachovia Agree to Merge” (news release), Wells Fargo website, October 3, 2008, https://www.wellsfargo.com/press/2008/20081003_Wachovia; “Wells Fargo and Wachovia Merger Completed” (news release), Wells Fargo website, January 1, 2009, https://www.wellsfargo.com/press/2009/20090101_Wachovia_Merger. [back]
23. Kovacevich, “Leadership.” [back]
24. Brian Kabateck, telephone conversation with author, January 29, 2011. [back]
25. Blanche Evans, “The Rising Minority—Single Female Homebuyers,” Reality Times, March 24, 2004, http://realtytimes.com/rtpages/20040324_minority.htm; Rachel Bogardus Drew, Buying for Themselves: An Analysis of Unmarried Female Home Buyers (Cambridge, MA: Joint Center for Housing Studies, Harvard University, 2006), 1, www.jchs.harvard.edu/publications/markets/n06-3_drew.pdf. [back]
26. Marilyn Kennedy Melia, “Women Propel Housing Market,” Chicago Tribune, August 22, 2004, http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2004-08-22/business/0408220274_1_allegra-calder-single-women-equity-loans. [back]
27. As quoted in Molly M. Ginty, “In Subprime Fallout, Women Take a Heavy Hit,” Women’s ENews, January 14, 2010, www.womensenews.org/story/economyeconomic-policy/100113/in-subprime-fallout-women-take-heavy-hit. [back]
28. Debbie Bocian, e-mail message to author, March 21, 2011. “One caveat: there has been evidence that some of the loans listed as ‘owner-occupied’ in HMDA may actually have been investor properties (since there is a rate premium for investor properties, some investors may have lied and said they planned to live in the property). We have no way of knowing what proportion of owner-occupied properties were, in fact, investor properties, but even if you assume that 10% were, that would still leave 4 out of 5 of subprime loans to women being owner-occupied.” See also Debbie Gruenstein Bocian, Wei Li, and Keith S. Ernst, Foreclosures by Race and Ethnicity: The Demographics of a Crisis (Durham, NC: Center for Responsible Lending, 2010), www.responsiblelending.org/mortgage-lending/research-analysis/foreclosures-by-race-and-ethnicity.pdf. [back]
29. The State of the Nation’s Housing 2010 (Cambridge, MA: Joint Center for Housing Studies, Harvard University, 2010), 1, www.jchs.harvard.edu/son/index.htm. [back]
30. Race and Recession: How Inequity Rigged the Economy and How to Change the Rules (Oakland, CA: Applied Research Center, 2009), 32, http://arc.org/downloads/2009_race_recession_0909.pdf. [back]
31. Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission, Financial Crisis Inquiry Report, 153. [back]
32. “Great Recession: Other Fallout,” The State of Working America, Economic Policy Institute, accessed March 19, 2011, www.stateofworkingamerica.org/articles/view/14. [back]
Chapter 8. Home at Last: Toward an Inclusive Democracy
1. Joseph Stiglitz, Freefall: America, Free Markets, and the Sinking of the World Economy (New York: W. W. Norton, 2010), 78. [back]
2. Berlin, Making of African America, 14. [back]
3. Mariana Cook, “A Portrait of a Couple in Chicago,” New Yorker, January 19, 2009, www.newyorker.com/reporting/2009//01/19/09011fa_fact_cook. See also interview of Mariana Cook by Todd Zwillich, The Takeaway, streaming audio, January 16, 2009, www.thetakeaway.org/2009/jan/16/nadias-cms-tk/. [back]
4. Elizabeth S. Anderson, “What Is the Point of Equality?,” Ethics 109, no. 2 (January 1999): 318. [back]
5. Barack Obama, Dreams from My Father: A Story of Race and Inheritance (New York: Crown, 2004), 190. [back]
6. See, for example, the July 18, 2008, cover of the New Yorker, where Ms. Obama is portrayed as an AK-47-toting black militant. See also “Juan Williams Says Michelle Obama ‘Sometimes Uses’ a ‘Kind of Militant Anger,’ ” Media Matters for America website, August 25, 2008, http://mediamatters.org/research/200808250013. [back]
7. Gwen Ifill, The Breakthrough: Politics and Race in the Age of Obama (New York: Doubleday, 2009), 67. [back]
8. David Remnick, The Bridge: The Life and Rise of Barack Obama (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2010), 20. [back]
9. David Brooks, “Where’s the Landslide?,” New York Times, August 5, 2008, www.nytimes.com/2008/08/05/opinion/05brooks.html. [back]
10. Sam Gibbons, quoted in Craig Crawford, “Southern Politics Has GOP Accent,” Orlando Sentinel, October 2, 1994, http://articles.orlandosentinel.com/1994-10-02/news/9410020216_1_democrats-in-congress-republicans-could-win-north-carolina. [back]
11. Paul Steinhauser, “Poll: Age May Play Bigger Role Than Race on Election Day,” Political Ticker (blog), CNN Politics, October 24, 2008, http://politicalticker.blogs.cnn.com/2008/10/24/poll-age-may-play-bigger-role-than-race-on-election-day/. [back]
12. Jan Jackson, e-mail message to author, November 5, 2008. [back]
13. Steinhauser, “Poll.” [back]
14. ABC News/Washington Post poll, “No Rush for Clinton to Go, But It’s Still Advantage Obama,” news release, May 12, 2008, http://abcnews.go.com/images/PollingUnit/1064a208Election.pdf; Steinhauser, “Poll.” [back]
15. “Gains Seen on Minority Discrimination—But Little Else: Americans Assess Progress on National Problems,” Pew Research Center, January 7, 2009, http://people-press.org/report/480/progress-on-national-problems. [back]
16. Associated Press, “The Poop on Bo’s First Month in White House,” Today website, September 1, 2009, http://today.msnbc.msn.com/id/32633503/ns/today-today_people/. [back]
17. Ed Henry, “The Sweep: ‘Reluctant Warrior’ Michelle Obama Dives into Midterms,” CNN.com, October 13, 2010, www.cnn.com/2010/POLITICS/10/13/sweep.michelle.obama/index.html. [back]
18. Rush Limbaugh, The Rush Limbaugh Show, streaming audio and transcript, January 13, 2010, www.rushlimbaugh.com/home/daily/site_011310/content/01125106.guest.html. [back]
19. Andra Gillespie, ed., Whose Black Politics? Cases in Post-Racial Black Leadership (New York: Routledge, 2010), 311–12. [back]
20. Justice Thurgood Marshall, dissenting opinion, Milliken v. Bradley, 418 U.S. 717 (1974). [back]
21. Jacob S. Rugh and Douglas S. Massey, “Racial Segregation and the American Foreclosure Crisis,” American Sociological Review 75, no. 5 (October 2010): 634. [back]
22. Elizabeth Williamson and John Hechinger, “ ‘Teachable Moment’ Observed with Beer,” Wall Street Journal, July 31, 2009, http://online.wsj.com/article/SB124899365578295227.html. [back]
23. Domestic Policy Council website (main page), accessed March 27, 2011, www.whitehouse.gov/administration/eop/dpc/. [back]
24. Barack Obama, “Remarks by the President at Signing of Executive Order Creating the White House Council on Women and Girls” (speech, East Room of the White House, Washington, DC, March 11, 2009), www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/remarks-president-signing-executive-order-creating-white-house-council-women-and-gi. [back]
25. Obama, “Remarks.” [back]
26. “A Dialogue on Race with President Clinton,” NewsHour, PBS, July 9, 1998, http://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/race_relations/OneAmerica/transcript.html (accessed March 15, 2011). [back]
27. Lani Guinier, “Dialogue without Depth,” New York Times, December 16, 1997, ww
w.nytimes.com/1997/12/16/opinion/dialogue-without-depth.html. [back]
28. William Julius Wilson, More Than Just Race: Being Black and Poor in the Inner City (New York: W. W. Norton, 2009). [back]
29. James K. Galbraith, statement before the Subcommittee on Crime, Senate Judiciary Committee, May 4, 2010, http://utip.gov.utexas.edu/Flyers/GalbraithMay4SubCommCrimeRV.pdf. [back]
30. William J. Wilson, e-mail message to author, March 21, 2011. [back]
31. Nick Timiraos, “Is It Time to Roll Back the Mortgage-Interest Deduction?,” Developments (blog), Wall Street Journal online, November 12, 2010, http://blogs.wsj.com/developments/2010/11/12/is-it-time-to-roll-back-the-mortgage-interest-deduction/. [back]
32. John Edgar Wideman, The Homewood Books (Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1992), vii. [back]
33. Langston Hughes, “I, Too,” in The Norton Anthology of African American Literature, eds. Henry Louis Gates Jr. and Nellie Y. McKay (New York: W. W. Norton, 1999), 1259. [back]
34. As cited in Michael R. Dove, “Dreams From His Mother,” New York Times, August 10, 2009, www.nytimes.com/2009/08/11/opinion/11dove.html. [back]
35. Elvin Wyly, e-mail message to author, February 27, 2011. [back]
Index
Please note that page numbers are not correct for the e-book edition.
Adams, Abigail, xiv, 40–41, 53, 141–42
Adams, John, xiv, 40, 41
Adams, J. T., 138
An American Dilemma (Myrdal), 62
American Dream: democracy and, 138–39, 140; equality and, xix, xxiv, 116–18, 164; gender and, 95–96, 112, 124–26, 167; home and, xiv, xix–xxii, 54, 55–57, 116–18, 138–39, 140, 142–43, 153; home ownership and, xviii, 95–96, 112, 124–26, 133, 159, 164; housing crisis and, xi, xviii–xxii, 112, 116–18, 124–26, 133, 138–39, 140, 153, 163; migration and, xxi; mortgage lending and, xviii–xxii, 95–96, 124–26, 133, 138–39, 140; Obama and, 142–43; race and, 95–96, 112, 124–26, 167