July 1914: Countdown to War
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response to news of assassination, 62–63
response to news of German mobilization, 316–325
responsibility for First World War, 398–400
Russia and Britain as allies in war, 390
support for Russia in event of war, 59
support for Russian mobilization, 181–182, 195–196
support for Russian plans, 257–258, 259
support for Russia’s position, 166
ten-kilometer withdrawal, 304, 305, 356, 399–400
See also Poincaré, Raymond; Viviani, René
France (battleship), 164–165, 167, 260, 261–262
Franz Ferdinand,
annexation of Bosnia-Herzegovina and, 3–4
assassination of (see Assassination of Franz Ferdinand)
funeral of, 42–45
marriage, 2–3, 30
Serbs and, 3–4
visit to Sarajevo (June 1914), 1–2, 4–6
Franz Josef I
concerns about Russia, 37
as emperor, 35–36
meetings over action against Serbia, 116–117
news of Serbian rejection of ultimatum and, 202
Oath of Renunciation and, 2
photograph of, 36
response to assassination of Franz Ferdinand, 24, 29–30, 37
responsibility for First World War, 391
support for action against Serbia, 106
Tisza and, 32
urging caution in responding to Serbia, 94–95
visit to Bosnia-Herzegovina, 4
war council and, 325–326
Fredericks, Count, 160
French, John, 70
Friedrich, Archduke, Duke of Teschen, 108
Geneva Convention of 1907, 351
George V
appeal to Nicholas II regarding Russian mobilization, 329–330
British neutrality and, 276, 279, 343–344
peace-minded telegram, 306n
telegram on misunderstanding of neutrality offer, 347–349
Wilhelm II and, 311
German dreadnoughts, 380–381
Germany
access to Ottoman Straits and, 54
alerting Europe to mobilization in response to Russians, 312
alliance with Austria, 40
alliance with Turkey, 353–354
anxiety over war rumors, 340–341
assassination of Franz Ferdinand as factor in lead-up to First World War, 386–388
assigning responsibility for war to Russia, 287–288
Austria’s need for support of, 42, 45–46
belief that Russia would not join in war, 100, 106
British ultimatum to, 374–375, 379
claims of French invasion, 354
contents of Austrian ultimatum and, 142–144
declaration of war on France, 350–352, 370–371
declaration of war on Russia, 345–347, 350
desire for British neutrality, 90, 120, 274–275, 276–281, 330–331
doubts about Austria’s intentions, 100–102, 104
early battles in war, 383
events leading to declaration of war on Russia, 337–347
failure of diplomatic-strategic maneuvers, 284–285
French response to mobilization of, 316–325
“halt in Belgrade” proposal, 252–255, 256–257
invasion of Belgium, 278–279, 371, 373–374, 377, 383
invasion of Luxembourg, 339, 343, 344, 349, 354, 355
localization and, 205
military weakness of, 404–405
mobilization, 340, 341–343, 354–355, 404
mobilization, delay in, 274–276
mobilization, in face of Russian mobilization, 302–303, 312
mobilization, start of, 309–311
mobilization plans, 267–269, 317
placing blame for war on Russia, 376–377
Potsdam council of 27 July, 227–229
response to assassination, 78–80, 85–86
response to Austrian and Russian partial mobilizations, 266–269
response to British-Russian naval talks, 72
responsibility for First World War, 393–394, 401–402, 403–405
responsibility for movement towards war, 234–235, 238
Russian mobilization, knowledge of, 209, 220–222, 275
Russian mobilization, protest of, 214–217
Russian mobilization, response on learning of, 286–290
Russian mobilization, seeking confirmation of, 306–309
Sazonov claim of mobilization by, 299–300, 301
strategic position in 1914, 387–388
support for Austrian action against Serbia, 90–91, 99–100, 104–105, 114, 119–120
Tisza’s peace initiative and, 41–42
ultimatum to Belgium for free passage of troops, 339, 360–363, 368
war-readiness of, 90–91
See also Bethmann Hollweg, Theobald von; Wilhelm II
Giesl von Gieslingen
Hartwig visit and, 117–119
Serbian response to ultimatum and, 198, 199, 200–202
ultimatum delivery and, 170, 172–175
Gladstone, William Ewart, 70, 368
Goremykin, Ivan L., 60, 147, 160, 182–183
Goschen, W. Edward
audience with Bethmann over Russian mobilization, 308–309
Bethmann and request for British neutrality and, 277–278
Grey’s instruction to promote direct talks between Austria and Russia and, 250–251
Jagow’s rejection of mediation proposal and, 230
ultimatum to Germany and, 374–375, 379–380, 381
warning to Berlin and, 372
Gough, Hubert, 70
Grabezh, Trifko, 8–11, 93, 94
assassination day, 12–13, 14, 15, 16–17, 19–20
Great Britain. See Britain
Greece, 383–384, 389
Grey, Edward
attempts to limit war, 330–331, 333
Bethmann and, 102
British neutrality and, 341–342, 345, 347–349, 378–379
Buchanan’s report on Russian mobilization, 182
failing health of, 75–76
four-power mediation plan, 204–206, 213, 215, 216, 217, 228, 230, 235, 238, 245
French claims of German invasion, 354
ignorance of Austrian declaration of war, 250–251
ignorance of Russian mobilization, 249, 250
knowledge of Russian mobilization, 214–216, 238–239
making case for intervention, 358–359, 360
military alliances among Britain, France and Russia, 72–74
nonintervention and, 356–357
notice from Viviani that Germans mobilizing, 305
report of Austrian intentions regarding Serbia and, 127–129
report on invasion of Luxembourg and, 357
report on Serbian response to ultimatum and, 197
reports on Russian mobilization and, 194, 195
response to news of imminent war in Europe, 313–314
responsibility for First World War, 402–403
on Serbian reply to ultimatum, 233
speech to House of Commons, 363–370, 371, 378
ultimatum to Germany and, 374–375, 379
warning to Germany and, 279–281
Griesinger, Julius Adolph, 200
Grigorevich, Ivan K., 59, 60, 178, 184
Gruić, Slavko, 174
Grünwald, Baron, 203–204, 209
The Guns of August (Tuchman), 43, 398
Haase, Hugo, 322, 378
Hague Tribunal, 256
“Halt in Belgrade” proposal, 252–255, 256–257, 269, 306
Harrach, Count, 19, 20
Hartwig, Ludmilla, 118
Hartwig, Nikolai
Balkan League and, 25
death of, 117–119
influence on Serbia, 37, 49–50, 51–52
response to assassinati
on of Franz Ferdinand, 48–49, 51
Heinrich, Prince, 276
Hell (General), 307
Hohenlohe-Schillingfürst, Prince, 96
Holstein, Friedrich von, 83
Home Rule, 69–71, 72, 250, 385–386
Hoyos, Alexander
as courier for Austrian diplomatic notes to Berlin, 96–98, 101–102, 104
Naumann and, 89–91
report on Berlin trip, 107–108
Hungarian Diet, 34
Hungary
ethnic tensions in, 386
position in dual monarchy, 34
See also Austria-Hungary; Tisza, Stefan
Ignatiev, Count, 294
Ilitch, Danilo, 10–11, 13, 14, 16
confession of, 92–94, 106–107
Indefatigable (dreadnought), 380
Indomitable (dreadnought), 380
Ireland, Home Rule and, 69–71, 385–386
Italy
Austrian ultimatum and, 175
British belief on role of in event of war, 275
hostility to Austria, 216
lack of support for Germany, 352, 353
neutrality of, 171–172, 328, 375
recruitment as ally, 383–384
treaty with Germany, 340
Triple Alliance and, 40, 139
Izvolsky, Alexander, 148, 204
briefing of Poincaré and Viviani, 264–265
First Bosnian Crisis, 4, 55, 322
Franco-Russian summit and, 160
on French approval of Russian mobilization, 296
German mobilization and, 293–294
missing letters of, 55–56
relationship with Poincaré, 66, 67
Russian mobilization and, 303
Sazonov message on French support and, 258
Sazonov’s message that war imminent, 398, 399
on Viviani, 67–68
Jagow, Gottlieb von, 80, 331
British neutrality and, 341–342, 343, 345
declaration of war on Russia and, 338
denial of mobilization, 304
desire for war, 223, 231
four-power mediation idea and, 205–206, 230, 236
“halt in Belgrade” proposal and, 254
meeting with Goschen, 379
Naumann and, 89, 91
on need for speed on Austria’s part, 217–218, 219
partial mobilization in Russia and, 276
Potsdam council and, 227–228
on relations with Italy, 143
support for action against Serbia, 114–115
ultimatum and, 188, 394
ultimatum to Belgium for passage of German troops, 360–361
Wilhelm II’s request for negotiations and, 242, 243
Jaurès, Jean
death of, 322–323
against Franco-Russian summit, 145
funeral of, 375
Poincaré and, 64, 65, 385
Joffre, Joseph
allegations of German mobilization and, 304
border incidents and, 354, 400
knowledge of Russian preparations, 293
knowledge of Russian resolve on war, 398
mobilization and, 316, 318–319, 321, 327–328, 334–335
photograph of, 319
support for Russia, 257, 258, 263, 395
threat of general strike and, 323
Jouhaux, Léon, 375
Jovanovitch, Mishko, 10–11
Karl, Archduke, 48
Kokovtsov, V. N., 59, 60, 179, 180, 388, 397
Kosovo Polje, 5, 29
Krasnoe Selo
Franco-Russian summit at, 160–161, 168
review of imperial troops at, 191–192, 194, 196, 203, 209, 224
Kriege, Herr, 352
Kriegsgefahr, 268
Kriegsgefahrzustand, 193, 267–268, 269, 274, 276, 289, 290, 305, 306, 307, 309, 310–311, 398
Krivoshein, A. V., 53, 54–55, 59, 147, 183, 296–297, 300, 398
Krobatin, Alexander, 202
on “vacation leave,” 117, 125
war councils and, 109, 111–112, 137, 138, 140, 141
Kudashev, N. A., 202
Laguiche, Pierre de, 148, 196, 220, 293, 395, 399
Landsdowne, Lord, 357, 363
Lichnowsky, Karl Max von, 204, 205, 251
and Grey’s warning that Britain would not stay neutral, 279, 281, 286–287
Bethmann’s speech to Reichstag and, 378
on British intentions, 275
British naval test mobilization and, 231–232
British offer of neutrality, 313, 314, 330, 344–345, 348n, 378–379
British-Russian naval talks and, 72, 74
complaint about Russian mobilization to Britain, 214–217
Grey and, 233
Grey’s speech to House of Commons and, 369–370
promising respect for Belgian territory, 364
Liège, battle over, 373–374, 383, 403
Liège, German plans for lightning strike on M + 3, 352fn, 355, 371fn, 373, 401–403, 428n2
Liman von Sanders affair, 54, 59, 60, 146, 179, 385, 388
Limpus, Arthur, 74
Little Englander faction, 280, 314, 331, 332, 358–359
Lloyd George, David, 332, 358, 359, 360, 364
Localization, of Austro-Serbian dispute, 186, 205, 217, 225, 232, 233, 235, 376
Lützow, Heinrich von, 126–127, 128
Luxembourg, German invasion of, 339, 343, 344, 349, 354, 355
Lyncker, Moritz von, 100, 342
Margerie, Bruno de, 324
Marie Christine, 3
Mass conscription, 384
Maximilian (son of Franz Ferdinand), 2
Mediterranean, Russian need for access to, 53–54. See also Ottoman Straits
Mehmedbashitch, 14, 93
Mensdorff, Albert, 204, 251
Messimy, Adolphe
knowledge of Russian preparations, 293, 294, 295, 318
knowledge of Russian resolve on war, 318, 398, 399
mobilization and, 321, 327, 335, 336–337
support for Russia and war, 257, 258, 263, 324, 395
Metzger, Josef, 108
Mobilization
Austrian, 202–203, 218–220, 267, 287, 325–326
Belgian, 275, 355
British, 229, 232, 364–365
equation with war, 312, 346, 399–400
French, 267, 268, 316–325, 327–328, 334–337
German, 267–269, 309–311, 317, 340, 341–343, 354–355, 404
pattern on eastern front (1914), 291
pattern on western front (1914), 317
Russian (see Russian mobilization)
Serbian, 200–201
Mobilization Plan XVI (France), 316
Mobilization Plan XVII (France), 316, 318
Moltke, Helmuth von, 80, 101, 231
Austrian and Russian partial mobilizations and, 266–267
Bethmann and, 102
First Balkan War and, 84
invasion of Belgium and, 352, 373–374, 401
invasion of Luxembourg and, 349
military plans of, 404–405
mobilization order and, 341, 342–343
mobilization plans, 317, 318, 339, 340, 371
Potsdam council and, 227–228, 229, 274
pressure on Austria to mobilize, 325–326
preventive war with Russia and, 386–388
responsibility for First World War, 401
rumors of border incidents with France and, 354
Russian mobilization and, 221, 288–290
waiting to mobilize, 221, 222, 223, 288–290, 305, 306–307, 309–310
on war as fait accompli, 350–351
Wilhelm II and, 343, 344
Monarchical principle, 44, 57, 91, 95, 98, 133, 177, 187, 212
Morley, Lord John, 314, 332, 333, 358–360, 363, 364, 365, 402
Morocco, Wilhelm II and, 82, 83
Müller, Georg Alexander von, 78, 227, 229
&n
bsp; Narodna Odbrana (National Defense), 7, 10, 25, 33, 142, 177, 197–199
Naumann, Victor, 89–91
Naval alliances, among Britain, France, and Russia, 72–74
Nicholaevitch, Nicholas (Romanov), Grand Duke, 161–162, 164, 196
Nicholas I, 161–162
Nicholas II, 184, 190
Austrian intentions regarding Serbia and, 135
general mobilization orders, 286, 300–302, 398
mobilization order, repeal of, 273, 296–297
mobilization orders, 184, 192, 258–259, 271, 272
photograph of, 165
responsibility for First World War, 395, 398
Sazanov and, 52
Sazonov and request for general mobilization order, 300–302
Serbian request for arms and, 59
summit with Poincaré, 67, 121, 147–153, 159–166
telegrams to and from Wilhelm II, 147, 255–256, 271, 272–273, 285, 287, 311, 345, 346
Nicolaievna, Anastasia, 162–163, 165
Nicolaievna, Militiza, 162–163
Nicolson, Arthur, 214–216, 315, 329–330
Nikitsch-Boulles, Paul, 11–12
Oath of Renunciation, 2
Obilic, Miloš, 5
Obruchev, N. N., 400
Ottoman Straits
British dreadnoughts and, 74–76
closing Straits to shipping, 54
Russia and, 53–54, 59–61, 304
See also Turkey
Paĉu, Laza, Dr., 173–175
Paléologue, Maurice
as ambassador to Russia, 146, 147–148, 150
communicating French support for Russian plans, 181, 257–258, 259, 263
confirmation of Russian mobilization, 303, 321–322, 398
deception to manipulate British response/policy, 248
difficulty communicating with France, 261–262
Franco-Russian summit and, 153, 154, 156, 160, 161, 162, 163, 164, 165–166
meeting with Sazonov on Russian mobilization, 189–190, 194–196
response to assassination, 55
responsibility for First World War, 395
role in urging secret Russian war preparations, 292–293
Sazonov claim of German mobilization and, 299–300
Sazonov on ultimatum, 213
Palmerston (Lord), 73
Pašić, Nikola, 190
assassination plot and, 391
Austria-Hungary’s declaration of war and, 245
Austrian ultimatum and, 142, 172–173, 175
photograph of, 50
request for arms and supplies from Russia, 58–59, 61, 184
response to ultimatum, 197, 198–201
Russian backing for, 49
warning to Austria, 51
Period Preparatory to War. See Russian mobilization
Plan 19, 180, 203
Plessen, Hans G. H. von, 100, 101, 229, 241
Poincaré, Raymond
anti-ultimatum ultimatum and, 169–170
briefing on European events upon return from summit, 262–265