6 Miss Warnick, at that time, was secretary to W. L. McAtee, whose study of Indiana speech has been noted under Indiana. She was inspired to her work by his example. She was reared in a small village ten miles south of Grantsville, which lies just under the Pennsylvania line.
1 Possibly from Hanover county, Pennsylvania.
2 American Speech, Dec., 1933, pp. 56–63.
3 Her thesis has not been published, but I have had access to a copy of it by the courtesy of Mr. H. Glenn Brown, supervisor of readers’ service in the Brown University library.
1 See American Speech, 1925–1945: The Founders Look Back, American Speech, Dec., 1945, pp. 241–46.
2 For example, Words From Maryland, American Speech, Dec., 1940, pp. 451–52.
3 Its delegates are Malone and Dr. Isaiah Bowman, president of the university. Pennsylvania is represented by the American Philosophical Society; Virginia by Archibald A. Hill and Atcheson L. Hench, of the University of Virginia; and North Carolina by George R. Coffman and Howard W. Odum, of the University of North Carolina, and Paull F. Baum, of Duke University. The Rev. H. E. Zimmerman of Myersville, a small town in the Pennsylvania German area, published a list of Maryland terms in Dialect Notes, Vol. IV, Part V, 1916, p. 343, but it ran to but 23 items. They included Jersey wagon, a wagon with a top; limerick, lingo; and snatched up, in a hurry. Some are already obsolete. There is a spoofing account of current Baltimore pronunciation in Baltimorese and Mountainese, Baltimore Evening Sun (editorial page), Oct. 16, 1946.
4 I am reminded of these by Mr. Charles E. Fecher of Baltimore; private communication, Aug. 23, 1945.
1 Mrs. B. J. Cleaves, of Garrett Park, Md. (private communication, Feb. 19, 1946), calls my attention to the fact that the pronunciation of donkey, in Maryland, makes it rhyme with monkey. From Mr. John Wm. Siegle, of Baltimore (private communication, April 27, 1940), I have received some curious specimens from the vocabulary of his great-grandmother, born in Baltimore in 1851, e.g., bampoolap (with the accent on the first syllable), an elderly dandy; Dink Dare, a saucy colored person of either sex; flagary (with the accent on the second syllable), a tantrum; pechly poorly, honestly ill and deserving sympathy; aahaahoo, a haunt. He also lists pillgarlick, a chronic groaner, reported by Wentworth from Cape Cod. For Sebastopol see my Happy Days; New York, 1940, pp. 15 and 136.
1 Cape Cod Dialect, Dialect Notes, Vol. II, Part V, pp. 289–303.
2 Cape Cod Dialect, Dialect Notes, Vol. II, Part VI, 1904, pp. 423–29, and Cape Cod Dialect: Addenda, Dialect Notes, Vol. III, Part V, 1909, pp. 419–22.
3 Addenda to the Cape Cod Lists From Provincetown and Brewster, Mass., Dialect Notes, Vol. IV, Part I, 1913, pp. 55–58; Cape Cod, Dialect Notes, Vol. IV, Part II, 1914, pp. 155–56, and Notes From Cape Cod, Dialect Notes, Vol. IV, Part IV, 1916, pp. 263–67.
4 Notes on Cape Cod Dialect, Dialect Notes, Vol. V, Part VII, 1924, pp. 286–88.
5 Cape Cod-erisms, Atlantic Monthly, Oct., 1927, p. 576.
1 In this paradigm, I assume, i is used to represent the ee-sound.
2 In recent years there seems to be some movement in the other direction. Mr. Paul Grimley Kuntz, of Dennis. Mass. (private communication, Dec. 26, 1943). tells me that he has heard wed as the past tense of to weed.
1 Edgartown, the capital of the Vineyard, was formerly called Old Town.
2 The Nantucket Scrap Basket, printed by the Inquirer and Mirror Press in the town of Nantucket. Second edition, with additions; Boston, 1930. This word-list was reprinted in Dialect Notes, Vol. IV, Part V, 1916, pp. 332–37.
3 A word-list prepared by James Mitchell, a native of the island, in 1848, is printed in Nantucketisms of 1848, by Allen Walker Read, American Speech, Feb., 1935, pp. 38–42. In this paper Read quotes from other early accounts of the island speech.
4 Word-List – Chilmark, Martha’s Vineyard, Mass., 1917, Dialect Notes, Vol. V, Part I, 1918, pp. 15–17.
5 Other Nantucket word-lists are in Nantucket, by W. P. Adams, Dialect Notes, Vol. IV, Part II, 1914, pp. 156–57; More Nantucket Sayings, by W. F. Macy, Proceedings of the Nantucket Historical Association, 1935, pp. 27–29; and Nantucket, the Far-Away Island, by W. O. Stevens; New York, 1936, Ch. VIII. For Martha’s Vineyard see Country Editor, by H. B. Hough; New York, 1940. For the analogous dialect of New Bedford see There’s Apt to be Katowse on Deck if Scuttle isn’t Hitched When Sky Begins to Look Typestric, New Bedford Standard-Times, March 28, 1937.
1 The common speech of the city has been described as one-third Harvard, one-third hick, and one-third mick.
2 Phonemic Analysis of the English of Eastern Massachusetts, Studies in Linguistics, Dec., pp. 21–40. Trager followed it with a commentary, pp. 41–44.
3 Private communication, May 17, 1933.
4 Private communication, May 31, 1933.
5 Other papers on Massachusetts speech: Expressions, Chiefly of Whalers, Noted at New Bedford, Mass., by Edward Denham, Dialect Notes, Vol. IV, Part III, 1915, pp. 240–42; Pixilated, a Marblehead Word, by Fannie Hardy Eckstorm, American Speech, Feb., 1941, pp. 78–80; Boston Accent a Myth, Boston Globe, editorial section, April 25, 1937, p. 3; Boston Accent, by J. H. Sweet, New York Times Magazine, Oct. 1, 1944, p. 24; Words Coined in Boston, by C. W. Ernst, New England Magazine, Nov., 1896, pp. 337–44 (also articles by the same author, of the same title, Writer, Vol. XII, 1899, pp. 145–47, and Proceedings of the Bostonian Society, 1900, pp. 39–47); Survivals in American Educated Speech. II. Bostonisms, by S. D. McCormick, Bookman, Nov., 1900, pp. 243–46; Slur on Boston “Dialect” Draws Broad-a Broadside, Boston Evening Globe, Sept. 28, 1945.
1 Private communications, July 8, 13 and 17, 1946.
2 Private communication, Aug. 5, 1946.
3 Notes on Michigan Speech, by John Seaman, American Speech, Dec., p. 295.
4 A Letter From East Africa to Mr. Mencken, Feb., pp. 51–60. The letter was dated Aug, 1, 1944.
1 But not, apparently, you-all.
2 New York, 1916.
1 Notes on American-Norwegian, With a Vocabulary, Dialect Notes, Vol. II, Part II, p. 118.
2 A Word-List From Minnesota, by Fr. Klaeber, Dialect Notes, Vol. IV, Part I, 1913, p. 9.
3 Private communication, Sept. 26, 1937.
4 Minnesota Localisms, American Speech, April, 1945, pp. 153–54.
5 Some Peculiarities of Speech in Mississippi; published by the author, 1893. I am indebted for the loan of a copy of this pamphlet, now very scarce, to Mrs. James D. Oliver, librarian of the University of Mississippi.
1 Here, I suggest, the influence of Appalachian was visible.
1 Folk-Speech in Missouri, Arcadian Magazine, June, p. 13. Read was then an instructor in English at the University of Missouri. See also his The Strategic Position of Missouri in Dialect Study, Missouri Alumnus, April, 1932, pp. 231–32.
1 Notes From Missouri, Dialect Notes, Vol. I, Part V, pp. 235–42.
2 The Dialect of Southeastern Missouri, Dialect Notes, Vol. II, Part V, pp. 304–37.
3 Jay L. B. Taylor, in Snake County Talk, Dialect Notes, Vol. V, Part VI, 1923, pp. 197–225, included a long glossary from McDonald county, the most southwesterly of Missouri counties, in the heart of the Ozarks. It did not differ materially from those of Vance Randolph, already noticed.
4 His vocabulary is discussed at length in Mark Twain’s Vocabulary, by Frances Guthrie Emberson, University of Missouri Studies, July 1, 1935, and in A Mark Twain Lexicon, by Robert L. Ramsay and Dr. Emberson, the same, Jan. 1, 1938. A list of other contributions to the subject by students of Ramsay is in Attitudes Toward Missouri Speech, by Allen Walker Read, Missouri Historical Review, July, 1935, p. 268, n. 39. See also A Word-List From Missouri, by Constance Bey and others, Publication of the American Dialect Society No. 2, Nov., 1944, pp. 53–62.
1 A Word List From Montana, Vol. IV, Part III, pp. 243–45.
2 New York, 1939, pp. 413–16. This volume was one or the American Guide Series prepared by the W.PA. The list was first published in Frontier and Midlan
d, Summer, 1938, pp. 246–48.
3 The vocabulary of Montana miners is discussed in The Folklore, Customs and Traditions of the Butte Miner, by Wayland D. Hand, California Folklore Quarterly, Jan., 1946, pp. 1–25, and April, 1946, pp. 153–78.
4 She was graduated from the State University in 1892, took her A.M. in 1895, became a fellow in English literature the same year, was made Ph.D. of Heidelberg under Johannes Hoops in 1000, returned to Nebraska as adjunct professor, became assistant professor in 1906, associate in 1908, and full professor in 1912.
5 Dialect Speech in Nebraska, Dialect Notes, Vol. III, Part I, pp. 55–67.
1 A Second Word-List From Nebraska, Dialect Notes, Vol. III, Part VII, pp. 541–49.
2 Word-List From Nebraska (III), Dialect Notes, Vol. IV, Part IV, pp 271–82.
3 In use in Maine to indicate easily broken.
4 Described as “current in eastern Nebraska.”
1 This suffix was discussed by Dr. Pound in Domestication of a Suffix, Dialect Notes, Vol. IV, Part IV, 1916, p. 304; Addenda to IV, 4, 304, the same, Vol. IV, Part V, 1916, p. 354, and Vogue Affixes in Present-Day Word-Coinage, the same, Vol. V, Part I, 1918, pp. 1–14.
3 The American Thesaurus of Slang; New York, 1942.
3 Nebraska Sandhill Talk, American Speech, Dec., 1928, pp. 125–33.
4 Nebraska Pioneer English, American Speech, April, 1931, pp. 237–52; Oct., 1931, pp. 1–17; Feb., 1932, pp. 161–71, and Dec., 1933, pp. 48–52.
5 Supplement I, p. 251, n. 4.
1 Soddy, a sod-house. The DAE’s first example of soddy is recent, but it traces sod-house to 1872. In 1932 Van den Bark reported that there were still 22 sod schoolhouses in the State.
2 Interjections From Southeastern Nebraska, Dialect Notes, Vol. V, Part VII, p. 285.
3 Expressions From Boyd County, Nebraska, American Speech, Feb., pp. 230–31.
4 Private communication, May 29, 1944.
5 Obviously borrowed from the vocabulary of hog-killing.
6 Hoyt says that it was originally used, and is still used, of a cow about to calve, and hence showing a swelling of the udder.
1 Nevada: a Guide to the Silver State; Portland, Ore., n.d., pp. 58–63 and 75–78.
2 Handbook of the Linguistic Geography of New England, p. 4.
3 A Word-List From Hampshire, S. E. New Hampshire, Dialect Notes, Vol. III, Part III, pp. 179–204.
1 There is an account of him in Dialect Notes, Vol. III, Part V, 1909, p. 406.
2 Terms From S. E. New Hampshire, Dialect Notes, Vol. IV, Part I, 1913, p. 54.
3 Rural Locutions of Maine and Northern New Hampshire, Dialect Notes, Vol. IV, Part II, 1914, pp. 67–83; Items From South Weare, New Hampshire, Dialect Notes, Vol. V, Part VII, 1924, p. 295, and The Real Dialect of Northern New England, Writers’ Monthly, March, 1926.
4 New Hampshire, Dialect Notes, Vol. IV, Part II, 1914, pp. 153–55.
5 Colloquial Expressions From Hillsborough County, New Hampshire, American Speech, June, 1930, pp. 418–20.
1 Private communication, April 3, 1943.
2 They appeared as a book under the title of Among the Isles of Shoals; Boston, 1878.
3 pp. 69–72.
4 Jerseyisms, Vol. I, Part VII, 1894, pp. 327–37. It was followed by Jerseyisms – Additions and Corrections, Dialect Notes, Vol. I, Part VIII, 1895, pp. 382–83. To the latter the Rev. W. J. Skillman, of Philadelphia, a native of New Jersey, made contributions.
1 Applejack is traced by the DAE to 1816, and Jersey lightning to 1860.
2 Housen is archaic, but not exactly ancient. The NED says that houses is actually older.
3 A Reporter at Large: The Jackson Whites, New Yorker, Sept. 17, p. 30. See also A Pre-Phonograph Record, by Albert Payson Terhune, North American Review, May, 1931, p. 433.
1 Private communication, Aug. 10, 1943.
2 Private communication, June 15, 1935.
3 New Mexico: a Guide to the Colorful State; second edition; Albuquerque, 1945, pp. 110–19.
4 The Mexican Accent, American Speech, Aug., 1929, pp. 434–39.
5 The political and cultural factors entering into this controversy are too complicated to be discussed here. They are dealt with sensibly in The Compulsory Teaching of Spanish in the Grade Schools of New Mexico, by Joaquin Ortega; Albuquerque, 1941. I am indebted to Dr. Ortega for friendly aid, and also to Dr. Antonio Rebolledo, Mr. Keen Rafferty and Mr. John D. McKee.
1 The authorities on Spanish loans in the Southwest are listed in Supplement I, p. 313, n. 3.
2 See AL4, pp. 647–49.
3 The Ithaca Dialect: a Study of Present English, Dialect Notes, Vol. I, Part III, 1891, pp. 85–173; republished at Zwickau, Germany, 1931.
4 i.e., with London or Oxford English.
5 Emerson was a charter member of the American Dialect Society, and at the start was its district secretary for western New York. He later served on its editing committee, and after that was secretary-treasurer until 1905, when he became president. He was professor of English at Western Reserve University, Cleveland, from 1896 until his death in 1927. His books include three histories of the English language and a Middle English reader.
1 The Pronunciation of English in the State of New York, Dialect Notes, Vol. I, Part IX, 1896, pp. 445–56.
2 A Word-List From Western New York, Dialect Notes, Vol. III, Part VI, 1910, pp. 435–51.
3 A Word-List From Central New York, Dialect Notes, Vol. III, Part VIII, 1912, pp. 565–69.
4 Two Word-Lists From (I) Roxbury, New York, and (II) Maine, Dialect Notes, Vol. IV, Part I, 1913, pp. 54–55
5 Colloquial Expressions From Madison County, New York, American Speech, Dec., 1929, pp. 151–53. Howard F. Barker commented on this word-list in American Speech, Aug., 1930, pp. 493–95.
6 Dialect of Northeastern New York, American Speech, April, 1933, pp. 43–45.
7 Pronunciation in Upstate New York, April, pp. 107–12; Oct., 1935, pp. 208–12; Dec., 1935, pp. 292–97; Feb., 1936, pp. 68–77; April, 1936, pp. 142–44; Dec., 1936, pp. 307–13; April, 1937, pp. 122–27.
8 Pronunciation in Downstate New York, American Speech, Feb., 1942, pp. 30–41; Oct., 1942, pp. 149–57.
1 In The Dialect of Up-State New York: a Study of the Folk-Speech in Two Works of Marietta Holley, Studies in Philology, July, 1945, pp. 690–707, E. E. Ericson undertook an investigation of the vocabulary of two once very popular books – Samantha at Saratoga; Chicago, 1887, and Samantha at the St. Louis Exposition; New York, 1904. Unhappily, it is not quite clear just what part of New York State housed Samantha Allen and her husband Josiah. Ericson’s report indicates that their speech, as recorded by Miss Holley (1844–1926), differed very little from the general vulgar American.
2 Pronunciation in Downstate New York, American Speech, Feb., 1942, pp. 30–41; Oct., 1942, pp. 149–57.
1 His list appears in Dictionary of the New York Dialect of the English Tongue, c. 1820, by Cullen Bryant, American Speech, April, 1941, pp. 157–58.
2 The English of the Lower Classes in New York City and Vicinity, Dialect Notes, Vol. I, Part IX, pp. 457–64.
3 Raven I. McDavid, Jr., says in Dialect Geography and Social Science Problems, Social Forces, Dec., 1946, p. 170, that it occurs “in the plantation area from north of Charleston to South Georgia, along the Gulf coast to the mouth of the Mississippi, and up the Mississippi and its tributaries along the bottomlands as far inland as Decatur” [Ala.].
1 John Dyneley Prince, in Brooklyn and New York, American Speech, Dec., 1934, p. 295, noted that on these levels it is sometimes broken into its component parts, so that thoid becomes tho-id. In the same way toilet becomes to-ilet. “This pronunciation,” he says, “is supposed to be refined.”
2 E. H. Sturtevant, in Linguistic Change; Chicago, 1917, p. 71, calls its oi a diphthong whose first element is “an abnormal vowel simi lar to German ö or French eu and whose second element is i.”
3 A correspondent calls my attention to the fact that the followi
ng distich is in John Trumbull’s M’Fingal, written between 1774 and 1782:
As Socrates of old at first did To aid philosophy get hoisted. But this leaves some questions unanswered. Did Trumbull give hoisted its correct pronunciation and so turn first into foist? Or did he think of it as h’ist, and so produce the impossible f’ist? In any case it is to be recalled that his rhymes were often very eccentric.
4 For example, by Mr. Barrows Mussey: private communication, June 15, 1936. Mr. Mussey says that his mother had a New York Dutch great-aunt who used oi for er regularly. He also says that in a novel of the 90s the dialect forms of girl and pearl were spelled geuil and peuil. Mr. George Weiss, Jr., of Richmond Hills, N. Y., tells me that in the early 30s one of the New York newspapers suggested that goil and thoity-thoid be abandoned for guyl and thuyty-thuyd, as more accurate.
5 Metropolitan er, ir, ur, American Speech, Feb., 1943, pp. 77–78.
1 Southern Speech, in Culture in the South, edited by W. T. Couch; Chapel Hill (N.C.), 1934, p. 608.
2 A Pronouncing Dictionary of American English; Springfield (Mass.), 1944, p. xl.
3 AL4, p. 368.
4 The question is discussed in Jewish Dialect and New York Dialect, by C. K. Thomas, American Speech, June, 1932, pp. 321–26; In Re Jewish Dialect and New York Dialect, by Robert Sonkin, the same, Feb., 1933, pp. 78–79, and Curiosities of Yiddish Literature, by A. A. Roback; Cambridge (Mass.), 1933, p. 49.
5 p. 367.
6 Soiving the Ersters, American Speech, Feb., 1926, pp. 294–95.
1 Private communication, Oct. 26, 1945.
2 The Origin of a Dialect, Freeman, June 2. There is a quotation from this paper in AL4, p. 368.
3 Hypercorrect Forms in American English, American Speech, Oct., p. 169.
4 Curl and Coil in New York City, American Speech, Dec., 1940, pp. 372–76.
1 Hugh Morrison, in New Yorkers Can’t Speak English, American Mercury, Sept., 1938, pp. 42–46, says that the New York soap-boxers, in quoting the Communist Manifesto, say Woikus of de woild, unite!
2 But poison seems to offer an exception.
3 Here, of course, there is some competition from the common ai, as in h’ist (hoist).
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