15 “The president wants you right away”: Tully, F.D.R., p. 254.
16 “jumped to like a fireman”: Grace Tully interview, Dec. 15, 1970.
16 “Crown Prince”: Roosevelt, Affectionately, F.D.R., p. 290.
16 “Hi, Old Man”: This exchange comes from Doris Kearns Goodwin, No Ordinary Time: Franklin and Eleanor Roosevelt: The Home Front in World War II (New York: Touchstone Book/Simon and Schuster, 1994), p. 290.
16 “I became aware”: Roosevelt, Affectionately, F.D.R., p. 327.
16 “Hello, Jimmy”: Ibid., p. 328.
16 Roosevelt’s advisers crowded: The President’s Appointments, Sunday, Dec. 7, 1941.
16 “Many of the moves”: Harry Hopkins memo, Dec. 7, 1941, in Sherwood, Roosevelt and Hopkins, p. 432.
17 “The news was shattering”: Tully, F.D.R., pp. 254–55.
17 Poindexter told the president: Charles M. Hite, diary, Dec. 7, 1941, Box 126, John Toland Papers, FDRL.
17 “My God”: Tully, F.D.R., p. 255.
17 Roosevelt took another call: Harry Hopkins memo, Dec. 7, 1941, in Sherwood, Roosevelt and Hopkins, p. 432.
17 “We shall declare war on Japan!”: This exchange comes from John Gilbert Winant, Letter from Grosvenor Square: An Account of a Stewardship (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1947), p. 277.
17 “Mr. President”: This exchange comes from Winston S. Churchill, The Grand Alliance (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1950), p. 605.
18 “To have the United States”: Ibid., pp. 606–7.
18 “The Oklahoma has capsized”: “Memorandum for the President,” 3:50 p.m., Dec. 7, 1941, Box 1, OF 4675, FDRL.
18 “Three battleships sunk”: CINPAC to OPNAV, Dec. 7, 1941, Box 36, Map Room Papers, FDRL.
18 “Heavy losses sustained”: OPNAV to All Naval Air Stations and Air Groups, Dec. 7, 1941, ibid.
18 “My God, how did it happen”: Alonzo Fields, “Churchill Visit Leaves Lasting Mark,” Washington Post, Sept. 20, 1961, p. D4.
18 Still unaware of the war’s outbreak: Shirley Povich, “War’s Outbreak Is Deep Secret to 27,102 Redskin Game Fans,” Washington Post, Dec. 8, 1941, p. 24; Thomas R. Henry, “Capital Retains Outward Calm Despite Shock of War News,” Evening Star, Dec. 8, 1941, p. A-6.
18 “Keep it short”: Edward T. Folliard, “The Remembrance of That Fatal Day,” Washington Post, Dec. 7, 1965, p. A18.
18 “The Japanese have kicked off”: Ibid.
18 “Admiral W. H. P. Bland”: Povich, “War’s Outbreak Is Deep Secret to 27,102 Redskin Game Fans,” p. 24.
18 “The Resident Commissioner”: Ibid.
18 Fans began to buzz: Thomas R. Henry, “Capital Retains Outward Calm Despite Shock of War News,” p. A-6; David Braaten, “A Quiet Washington Sunday . . . And a New Era Began,” Evening Star, Dec. 7, 1966, p. 1.
18 Crowds in Times Square: “That Day the City Changed to the Way of War,” New York Times, Dec. 7, 1966, p. 22.
19 “The Star Spangled Banner”: Ibid.
19 “I want to beat them Japs”: “What the People Said,” Time, Dec. 15, 1941, p. 17.
19 “We’ll stamp their front teeth”: Ibid.
19 “Sit down, Grace”: Tully, F.D.R., p. 256.
19 Roosevelt normally depended: Samuel I. Rosenman, Working with Roosevelt (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1952), pp. 1–12, 305–6.
19 “Yesterday, December seventh”: Tully, F.D.R., p. 256; Rosenman, Working with Roosevelt, p. 307; “December 7, 1941—A Date Which Will Live in Infamy—Address to the Congress Asking That a State of War Be Declared between the United States and Japan,” Dec. 8, 1941, in Rosenman, comp., The Public Papers and Addresses of Franklin D. Roosevelt, 1941 vol., pp. 514–16.
19 “eloquent defiance”: Sherwood, Roosevelt and Hopkins, p. 437.
19 “represented Roosevelt”: Ibid., p. 436.
20 “world history”: Rosenman, Working with Roosevelt, p. 307.
20 “would forever describe”: Ruth Dean, “When Roosevelt Gave a Tragic Date a Name,” Evening Star, Dec. 8, 1964, p. B-9.
20 “With confidence”: Tully, F.D.R., p. 256; Rosenman, Working with Roosevelt, p. 307.
20 “No story at the White House”: A. Merriman Smith, Thank You, Mr. President: A White House Notebook (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1946), pp. 113–14.
20 bulletins: This is based on a review of press releases and press conference transcripts from Dec. 7 that are on file in Box 41, Stephen T. Early Papers, FDRL; “War Brings a Tense Day to White House Press Room,” Washington Post, Dec. 8, 1941, p. 4.
20 “I want to ask you”: Mr. Early’s Press Conference, 4:50 p.m., Dec. 7, 1941, transcript, Box 41, Stephen T. Early Papers, FDRL.
20 People poured out: Henry, “Capital Retains Outward Calm Despite Shock of War News,” p. A-6; Braaten, “A Quiet Washington Sunday,” p. 1.
21 “Folks wanted to be together”: Henry, “Capital Retains Outward Calm Despite Shock of War News,” p. A-6.
21 Vice President Henry Wallace: The President’s Appointments, Sunday, Dec. 7, 1941; Harry Hopkins memo, Dec. 7, 1941, in Sherwood, Roosevelt and Hopkins, p. 432; “Remarks of the President on the Occasion of the Meeting of His Cabinet at 8:30 and Continuing at 9:00 with Legislative Leaders,” Dec. 7, 1941, transcript, Box 1, OF 4675, FDRL.
21 Maps dangled from easels: Frances Perkins, “The President Faces War,” in Stillwell, ed., Air Raid: Pearl Harbor!, p. 117.
21 “There was none”: Frances Perkins, The Roosevelt I Knew (New York: Viking Press, 1947), p. 379.
21 “I’m thankful”: Perkins, “The President Faces War,” p. 117.
21 “Mr. President”: Perkins, The Roosevelt I Knew, p. 379.
21 “The Secretary of the Navy”: Claude Wickard diary, Dec. 7, 1941, Box 13, Cabinet Meetings, 1941–1942, Claude R. Wickard Papers, FDRL.
21 “His pride in the Navy”: Perkins, “The President Faces War,” p. 118.
22 “Find out, for God’s sake”: Ibid.
22 “That’s the way they berth them”: Ibid.
22 “The President disagreed”: Claude Wickard diary, Dec. 7, 1941.
22 “The effect on the Congressmen”: Henry Stimson diary, Dec. 7, 1941.
22 “How did it happen”: Richard M. Ketchum, The Borrowed Years, 1938–1941: America on the Way to War (New York: Random House, 1989), p. 788. See also Harold L. Ickes diary, Dec. 14, 1941, in Harold L. Ickes, The Secret Diary of Harold L. Ickes, vol. 3, The Lowering Clouds, 1939–1941 (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1954), pp. 661–66; Tom Connally as told to Alfred Steinberg, My Name Is Tom Connally (New York: Thomas Y. Crowell, 1954), pp. 248–50.
22 “I am amazed”: “Remarks of the President on the Occasion of the Meeting of His Cabinet at 8:30 and Continuing at 9:00 with Legislative Leaders,” Dec. 7, 1941, transcript.
22 “I don’t know, Tom”: Francis Biddle, In Brief Authority (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1962), p. 206.
CHAPTER 2
23 “To the enemy we answer”: Congressional Record, 77th Cong., 1st sess., Dec. 8, 1941, p. 9505.
23 Sixty-two million: Kenneth G. Bartlett, “Social Impact of the Radio,” Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, March 1947, pp. 89–97; Alan Barth to R. Keith Kane, Dec. 15, 1941, Intelligence Report No. 1, Microfilm Roll #23, President Franklin D. Roosevelt’s Office Files, 1933–1944, pt. 4: Subject Files.
23 “We are now”: “We Are Going to Win the War and We Are Going to Win the Peace That Follows”—Fireside Chat to the Nation Following the Declaration of War with Japan, Dec. 9, 1941, in Rosenman, comp., The Public Papers and Addresses of Franklin D. Roosevelt, 1941 vol., pp. 522–31.
23 Only days earlier: Report by the Secretary of the Navy to the President, Dec. 14, 1941, Microfilm Roll #7, President Franklin D. Roosevelt’s Office Files, 1933–1944, pt. 3: Departmental Correspondence Files. A copy of this report is also on file in Box 59, President’s Secretary’s Files, 1933–1945, FDRL. For a modern analysis of Pearl Harbor damage, see Naval History and Heritage Command (NHHC), “Pearl Harbor Rai
d, 7 December 1941, Overview and Special Image Selection,” which is available online.
24 “The Arizona”: Report by the Secretary of the Navy to the President, Dec. 14, 1941.
24 “The battle is on”: “To a Victorious End,” editorial, New York Herald Tribune, Dec. 8, 1941, in Congressional Record, 77th Cong., 1st sess., Dec. 8, 1941, p. 9509.
24 “act of a mad dog”: “Death Sentence of a Mad Dog,” editorial, Los Angeles Times, Dec. 8, 1941, p. 1A.
24 “Japan has asked for it”: Ibid.
24 “Do the war-mad”: “War: Let Japan Have It!,” editorial, Philadelphia Inquirer, Dec. 8, 1941, p. 14.
24 “If we have”: “So It’s War,” editorial, Palm Beach Post, Dec. 8, 1941, p. 4.
24 “the nation is one”: “Says But One Can Survive,” editorial, Chicago Sun, Dec. 8, 1941, in Congressional Record, 77th Cong., 1st sess., Dec. 8, 1941, p. 9511.
24 “‘Politics is adjourned’”: “America at War!,” editorial, San Francisco Chronicle, Dec. 8, 1941, p. 1.
24 Thousands of telegrams and letters: See Box 5, OF 4675, Public Sentiment after Pearl Harbor, FDRL, which includes telegrams and letters from many of the nation’s governors.
24 “This is the home”: John E. Miles to Franklin Roosevelt, Dec. 8, 1941, Box 5, OF 4675, Public Sentiment after Pearl Harbor, FDRL.
24 “Please command me”: Alf M. Landon to Franklin Roosevelt, Dec. 7, 1941, ibid.
24 Dozens of mayors: See Box 5, OF 4675, FDRL.
25 Diverse groups: “Resolution by the Crow Indians to the President,” Jan. 6, 1942, Box 8, OF 4675, FDRL; Capp Jefferson to Franklin Roosevelt, Dec. 8, 1941, Box 9, ibid.; Resolution Passed by the Realm of Washington, Knights of the Ku Klux Klan, Inc., Sept. 24, 1942, Box 18, ibid.
25 including a taxicab driver: Mr. Early’s Press Conference, Dec. 8, 1941, transcript, Box 41, Stephen T. Early Papers, FDRL.
25 Others offered up: Helen M. Johnson to Franklin Roosevelt, Jan. 20, 1942, Box 12, OF 4675, FDRL; Mrs. Peace Junguito to Franklin Roosevelt, undated (ca. Dec. 1941), Box 12, ibid.; Mrs. Leroy Drury to Franklin Roo-sevelt, Jan. 30, 1942, Box 9, ibid.
25 “I would like to kick”: E. E. Crane to Franklin Roosevelt, Dec. 19, 1942, Box 8, OF 4675, FDRL.
25 “I never wanted”: Eleanor Roosevelt oral history, “The Roosevelt Years,” Jan. 3, 1962, Session 11, Robert Graff Papers, FDRL.
25 sandbags crowded: Lawrence Davies, “San Francisco Puts Up Sand Bags, Starts Its Air Raid Precautions,” New York Times, Dec. 12, 1941, p. 29; Tully, F.D.R., pp. 258–59.
25 Polls showed: George H. Gallup, ed., The Gallup Poll: Public Opinion 1935–1971, vol. 1, 1935–1948 (New York: Random House, 1972), p. 311.
25 “You are”: Harold Stark to Franklin Roosevelt, Dec. 12, 1941, Microfilm Roll #7, President Franklin D. Roosevelt’s Office Files, 1933–1944, pt. 3: Departmental Correspondence Files.
25 The Secret Service: Reilly, Reilly of the White House, pp. 36–39; Tully, F.D.R., p. 259.
26 “Henry”: Roosevelt, This I Remember, p. 237.
26 “The shock”: Alan Barth to R. Keith Kane, Dec. 15, 1941, Intelligence Report No. 1.
26 “Sick at heart”: Breckinridge Long diary, Dec. 8, 1941, in Fred L. Israel, ed., The War Diary of Breckinridge Long: Selections from the Years 1939–1944 (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1966), pp. 227–28.
26 These challenges confronted: Franklin Roosevelt appointment calendar, Dec. 21, 1941, which is available online through the FDRL.
26 Eleanor had hopped: Eleanor Roosevelt, “My Day,” Dec. 20, 22, 23, 1941. This was a newspaper column she wrote that is widely available online. Charles Schwartz, Cole Porter: A Biography (New York: Da Capo Press, 1977), pp. 208–9.
26 “I wish”: Eleanor Roosevelt, “My Day,” Dec. 23, 1941.
26 Roosevelt opened: Conference in White House, Dec. 21, 1941, Microfilm Roll #205, Henry H. Arnold Papers (HHAP), LOC.
27 He planned: Notes of Meeting at the White House with the President and the British Prime Minister Presiding, Dec. 23, 1941, Microfilm Roll #205, HHAP.
27 “almost unanimous”: Alan Barth to R. Keith Kane, Dec. 15, 1941, Intelligence Report No. 1.
27 Roosevelt had witnessed: Kenneth Campbell, “Army Is Inspected by the President,” New York Times, Aug. 18, 1940, p. 3; Hanson W. Baldwin, “Units in ‘War’ Led by Green Officers,” ibid., Aug. 7, 1940, p. 3.
27 Of America’s three thousand: H. H. Arnold, Global Mission (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1949), p. 267.
27 So desperate: “Navy Standards Altered,” New York Times, May 27, 1941, p. 10; “Navy Is Planning Use of Selectees,” ibid., Nov. 27, 1941, p. 5; “Navy Announces Modified Physical Requirements,” Mt. Adams Sun, Dec. 19, 1941, p. 1.
27 “The whole organization”: Arthur Bryant, The Turn of the Tide: A History of the War Years Based on the Diaries of Field-Marshal Lord Alanbrooke, Chief of the Imperial General Staff (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1957), p. 234.
28 a former fighter instructor: Claire Lee Chennault, The Way of a Fighter: The Memoirs of Claire Lee Chennault, ed. Robert Hotz (New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1949), pp. 3–31.
28 The morning papers: “U.S. Fliers in China Down 4 Japanese,” New York Times, Dec. 21, 1941, p. 27.
28 “The president”: Arnold, Global Mission, p. 298.
28 Admiral Ernest King retired: Quentin Reynolds, The Amazing Mr. Doolittle: A Biography of Lieutenant General James H. Doolittle (New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts, 1953), pp. 170–72.
28 The admiral had: Chiefs of Staff Conference, Jan. 10, 1942, Microfilm Roll #205, HHAP. For a complete list of records related to the Arcadia Conference, see “Proceedings of the American-British Joint Chiefs of Staff Conferences Held in Washington, D.C., on Twelve Occasions between December 24, 1941 and January 14, 1942.”
28 His flagship, the Vixen: James L. Mooney, ed., Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships, vol. 7 (Washington D.C.: GPO, 1981), pp. 552–53.
29 The six-foot-tall: Ernest King Navy Bio, July 21, 1965, Navy Department Library (NDL), Washington, D.C.; Thomas B. Buell, Master of Sea Power: A Biography of Fleet Admiral Ernest J. King (Boston: Little, Brown, 1980), pp. 10, 12, 36, 65, 88–89, 128–29.
29 “He is the most”: W. J. Holmes, Double-Edged Secrets: U.S. Naval Intelligence Operations in the Pacific War during World War II (Annapolis, Md.: Naval Institute Press, 1979), p. 141.
29 A crossword puzzle: Buell, Master of Sea Power, pp. 9, 34–35.
29 His appreciation: Ibid., p. 161.
29 “No fighter”: Ibid., p. 193.
29 Captain Francis Low: Francis Low Navy Bio, July 23, 1956, NDL; The Lucky Bag, vol. 22 (Annapolis, Md.: U.S. Naval Academy, 1915), p. 125.
30 “rather cruel”: Francis S. Low, “A Personal Narrative of Association with Fleet Admiral Ernest, J. King, U.S. Navy,” 1961, Box 10, Ernest J. King Papers, Naval War College Library, Newport, R.I., p. 19.
30 “little understood”: Ibid., p. i.
30 “He was difficult”: Ibid.
30 “Who made”: Ibid., p. 15.
30 “What is it”: Reynolds, The Amazing Mr. Doolittle, pp. 170–71.
30 “foolish idea”: F. S. Low memorandum for F. H. Schneider, Nov. 16, 1951, Box 35, Ernest J. King Papers, LOC.
31 King’s air operation: Donald Duncan Navy Bio, May 16, 1962, NDL.
31 “One thing”: “The Reminiscences of Admiral Donald Duncan” (Columbia University Oral History Office, 1969), p. 349.
31 “This better”: Reynolds, The Amazing Mr. Doolittle, pp. 171–73.
31 “As I see it”: James H. “Jimmy” Doolittle, with Carroll V. Glines, I Could Never Be So Lucky Again: An Autobiography (New York: Bantam Books, 1991), pp. 234–35.
31 Duncan started: “The Reminiscences of Admiral Donald Duncan,” pp. 324–26; D. B. Duncan to Ernest King, June 8, 1949, Box 18, Ernest J. King Papers, LOC; F. S. Low memorandum for F. H. Schneider, Nov. 16, 1951.
32 The Martin B-26: J. H. Doolittle, Report on the Aerial B
ombing of Japan, June 5, 1942, Box 516, Record Group (RG) 18, Central Decimal Files, Oct. 1942–1944, National Archives and Records Administration (NARA), College Park, Md.
32 Lastly, a check: Aerology and Naval Warfare, “The First Raid on Japan,” Feb. 1947, Chief of Naval Operations, Aerology Section, NDL.
32 “Go see General Arnold”: Doolittle, I Could Never Be So Lucky Again, p. 235.
32 Few people: Arnold, Global Mission, pp. 1–29.
33 in just ten days: A. L. Welch, “Flying Report: Summary of Lt. Hen. H. Arnold’s Training,” May 3–13, 1911, Microfilm Roll #3, HHAP; Arnold, Global Mission, pp. 19–20, 29.
33 An avid: Thomas M. Coffey, Hap: The Story of the U.S. Air Force and the Man Who Built It, General Henry H. “Hap” Arnold (New York: Viking Press, 1982), p. 21; “Breaks Army Altitude Flight,” New York Times, June 2, 1912, p. 4; “Gen. Arnold Heart Victim,” Milwaukee Journal, Jan. 16, 1950, p. 1; Richard G. Davis, Hap: Henry H. Arnold Military Aviator (Washington, D.C.: Air Force History and Museums Program/GPO, 1997), pp. 3–5.
33 “to adjourn”: Arnold letter to his mother, July 20, 1912, in John W. Huston, ed., American Airpower Comes of Age: General Henry H. “Hap” Arnold’s World War II Diaries, vol. 1 (Maxwell Air Force Base, Ala.: Air University Press, 2002), p. 5.
33 two-time recipient: “General Arnold Wins Mackay Trophy Again,” New York Times, March 16, 1935, p. 32.
33 Arnold’s plane: Arnold, Global Mission, pp. 40–41.
33 “At the present time”: H. H. Arnold to Commanding Officer, Signal Corps Aviation School, Washington, D.C., “Report upon Test of Aeroplane in Connection with Artillery Fires,” Nov. 6, 1912, Microfilm Roll #3, HHAP. See also H. H. Arnold to Charles De F. Chandler, Nov. 7, 1912, ibid.
33 “That’s it”: Round Table Discussion on Early Aviation with Generals Benjamin Foulois, Frank Lahm, and Thomas Milling hosted by General Carl Spaatz, June 29, 1954, Air Force Historical Research Agency (AFHRA), Montgomery, Ala.
33 A sense of failure: Coffey, Hap, pp. 86–87.
33 The maverick spirit: Ibid., pp. 1–11.
33 Arnold even clashed: Arnold, Global Mission, pp. 184–86, 194.
33 “The best defense”: Ibid., p. 290.
34 “Once the President”: Ibid., p. 278.
Target Tokyo: Jimmy Doolittle and the Raid That Avenged Pearl Harbor Page 60