by Josh Dean
Mozgovoy, A. “The Silent Death of the K-129.” Top Secret, no. 5 (May 1, 1999). http://www.sovsekretno.ru/articles/id/341/.
Mueller, William Behr. “Howard Hughes, CIA, and the Incredible Glomar Explorer.” Sea Classics, September 1978.
Nelson, Jack. “Administration Won’t Talk About Sub Raised by CIA.” Los Angeles Times, March 20, 1975.
Nocera, Joseph. “Le Couvert Blown: William Colby en Francais.” Washington Monthly, November 1980.
“Now Howard Hughes Mines the Ocean Floor.” Business Week, June 16, 1973.
O’Leary, Jeremiah. “The CIA Pulls a Salvage Job on a Soviet Sub.” Washington Star, March 19, 1975.
———. “Silence Reigns on Soviet Sub as U.S. Awaits Détente Impact.” Washington Star, March 20, 1975.
O’Toole, Thomas. “CIA Raised Warheads, Sources Say.” Washington Post, March 21, 1975.
———. “Glomar Hunt Revealed Soviet Submarine Code.” Washington Post, December 17, 1976.
Parker, Ann. “Knowing the Enemy, Anticipating the Threat.” Science & Technology Review (July–August 2002).
Peer, Elizabeth, with Ann Ray Martin. “Salvaging the Sub Story.” Newsweek, March 31, 1975.
Phelan, James. “An Easy Burglary Led to the Disclosure of Hughes-C.I.A. Plan to Salvage Soviet Sub.” New York Times, March 27, 1975.
Phillippi, Harriett. “The Story Behind the Story: Cracking Colby’s Glomar Files.” Washington Post, November 20, 1977.
Polmar, Norman. “How Many Spy Subs?” U.S. Navy Proceedings, December 1996.
“Project Azorian: The Story of the Hughes Glomar Explorer.” Studies in Intelligence (Fall 1985).
Quale, Alan. “The Secret Revealed: What Will Barge Do?” Times (San Mateo, CA), January 8, 1974.
Roberts, Jeffrey. “What Happened to Glomar Explorer.” Ocean Engineering, December 1976.
Rule, Bruce. “Acoustic Detections of the Loss of the GOLF II Class Soviet SSB K-129.” Integrated Undersea Surveillance System Caesar Alumni Association (IUSSCAA) Message Board, June 30, 2013. http://pub10.bravenet.com/forum/static/show.php?usernum=774301397&frmid=32&msgid=1338762&cmd=show.
Sampson, Richard A. “The Hughes Glomar Explorer Project.” Journal of the OpSec Professional Society 2 (1995). www.opsecsociety.org/039.html.
Sansweet, Stephen J. “Vessel Used in Bid to Lift Russian Sub Wasn’t on Tax Rolls.” Wall Street Journal, April 4, 1975.
Schudel, Matt. “Robert Maheu, 90; Tycoon’s Aide, CIA Spy.” Washington Post, August 6, 2008.
“Security: Hidden Shield for Project Azorian.” Studies in Intelligence 22, no. 3 (Fall 1978).
Seib, Charles B. “The Confusing Coverage of the Submarine Story.” Washington Post, March 27, 1975.
Shearer, Lloyd. “Parade and Project Jennifer.” Parade, May 11, 1975.
Shtyrov, Anatoliy. “Tragediya PL K-129. Za kulisami operatsii Jennifer” [The tragedy of submarine K-129. Behind the scenes of Operation Jennifer]. Flot.com. Online article/blog post in response to a 2008 NTV film about the loss of the K-129. http://flot.com/history/si58.htm.
“SOSUS: The ‘Secret Weapon’ of Undersea Surveillance.” Undersea Warfare 7, no. 2 (Winter 2005).
Steinbeck, John. “High Drama of Bold Thrust Through Ocean Floor.” Life, April 14, 1961.
Stilwell, Paul. “The Recollections of Captain Harry A. Jackson, US Navy (Retired).” Naval Institute, 2002. Oral history.
“The Submarine from ‘Grave Bay.’” Izvestiya, July 4, 1992.
Thomason, Robert. “CIA Cover Story Gives Birth to Deep Ocean Mining.” DC Bureau, March 10, 2014. http://www.dcbureau.org/201403109664/natural-resources-news-service/cia-cover-story-gives-birth-deep-ocean-mining.html.
“Trying to ‘Swipe’ a Russian Sub Is Just Part of the CIA Saga.” US News & World Report, March 31, 1975.
Turner, Wallace. “Publishers Offered Hughes Documents.” New York Times, April 21, 1977.
United Press International. “Navy Fund Reported Diverted to Glomar.” New York Times, February 26, 1976.
Wade, Nicholas. “Deep-Sea Salvage: Did CIA Use Mohole Techniques to Raise Sub?” Science, May 1975.
———. “Glomar Explorer: CIA’s Salvage Ship a Giant Leap in Ocean Engineering.” Science, June 1976.
Webster, Bayard. “Sea-Mine Rivals Did Not Suspect Sub.” New York Times, March 22, 1975.
Weir, Gary E. “The American Sound Surveillance System: Using the Ocean to Hunt Soviet Submarines, 1950–1961.” International Journal of Naval History (August 2006).
Welzenbach, Donald E. “Science and Technology: Origins of a Directorate.” Studies in Intelligence 30, no. 2 (1986).
Zeman, Ray. “CIA Got Tax Secrecy for Hughes Ship.” Washington Post, April 3, 1975.
Films
Azorian: The Raising of the K-129. Directed by Michael White. Studio not specified. 2011.
Propavshaya submarina. Tragediya K-129 [Vanished submarine. The tragedy of the K-129]. Directed by Aleksei Bystritsky. VGTRK, 2012. Translated from Russian by Sergey Levchin. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H_XifByb9rg.
Index
The page numbers in this index refer to the printed version of this book. The link provided will take you to the beginning of that print page. You may need to scroll forward from that location to find the corresponding reference on your e-reader.
Abbey, Dick, 261
Acero, Tony, 229
acoustic sensors and transponders, 32, 36–37, 157–58, 166, 192, 270–71
Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA), 84
aerial reconnaissance, 54–57, 310. See also Oxcart program; U-2 spy planes
AGI Sarachev, 378
Air Force Technical Applications Center (AFTAC), 21–23, 32
Allen, Corbett U., Jr., 373
Alvarez, Floyd, 133
American Bureau of Shipping, 103, 147, 191
American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 399
Anderson, Jack, 362, 370
Anderson, Richard, 382
Aquatone Project, 50–54, 58
Area 51, 53, 74, 286–87, 334, 399–400, 407
Ariyoshi, George, 324
Artamonov, Nikolay Fedorovich, 332
Asvos, George, 234
Atkinson, Paul, 175
Atomic Energy Detection System (AEDS), 21
Azorian Project
and accountability issues, 165–68
and approval process for mission, 245–47, 251–55
and camera technology, 156
and code name conventions, 72
crew selection for mission, 222–25
and dynamic positioning system, 81
and Hughes Mining Barge 1, 149
key personnel, 74–75, 96–97, 105, 130, 212, 215–16, 302
mission structure, 77
organizational structure of, 83, 112–13
and ownership of ship, 170
political resistance to, 188–89
program office of, 122–30, 204
and security protocols, 82, 85–86, 108–9, 116, 139, 153–54, 209
and ship construction, 175–81, 182
and technology achievements, 185
timetable for, 101, 157
Bascom, Willard, 79, 80, 355
Bauer, Bob, 87–89, 96
Beebe, William, 25
Bell Labs, 20, 82
Benson, Bruce, 325
Bison long-range bombers, 49, 50, 55
Bissell, Dick, 51–53, 55, 58, 62, 67
Blackbird, 63–66, 70, 74, 386. See also Oxcart program
“Blackjack,” 239, 241, 313
black programs, 30, 70, 108–10, 165–68
Black Shield program, 66–67
Blurton, Leon, 196, 223
Bolding, Vance, 161<
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Borden, James, 276, 322–23
Bradley, Jim, 18, 30, 32, 41–43, 77
Brennan, John, 389
Brezhnev, Leonid, 255
Bringloe, Tom, 149–51
Broad, William J., 402
Brooks, Chester, 258
Buchanan, John Young, 90
Bureau of Ship (US Navy), 149, 181
burials at sea, 245, 331–33, 397–99
Burke, Arleigh, 28
Burns, John, 320
Busby, Steve, 269
Bush, George H. W., 384
camera systems, 130–34, 156, 297
Canby, Charlie, 98, 196, 223–25, 231, 235, 275, 291
Cannon, Chuck, 103–4, 147–48, 160, 185, 196–97, 223–24, 289
Cannon, Harriet, 223–24
capture vehicle (“Clementine”)
and arrival at target site, 271–73
and assessment of recovered materials, 312–13, 327
and cancellation of Matador Project, 373–74, 377, 379
and capture vehicle design, 152–54, 156–58
and contracting accountability, 166
and covert systems fit-out of Explorer, 206
film depictions of, 411
and the heavy-lift system, 161
and Hughes Mining Barge 1, 149
and intelligence on wreck site, 130
and launching of Explorer, 183
and legacy of Azorian Project, 403
and Matador Project, 335, 338
and mechanical failures, 279, 293
and news leaks of mission details, 232, 339
and recovery phase of mission, 284, 290–91, 296–98, 300, 302, 304–10
and rough sea conditions, 274–75
salvage of, 381
and sea trials, 192, 227, 233–35, 237
and ship design, 146–47, 385
simulator, 206–7, 265, 272, 298, 385–86
and tax complications of project, 263
umbilicals for, 155–56
Carter, Jimmy, 383
Castro, Fidel, 107
Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)
and aerial reconnaissance, 53–56
and approval process for mission, 245–47
and Aquatone project, 50–52
assassination plots, 107
and Blackbird development, 64
and cancellation of Matador Project, 377–78
and capture vehicle design, 153
and complexity of Azorian, 156
and cover story for project, 94–96, 108, 110–16
and covert systems fit-out of Explorer, 203–5
and delivery trip of Explorer, 195–96, 200
and design of Explorer, 163
Directorate of Science & Technology, 45, 47–49, 61, 68–69, 74–75, 82, 112, 116, 395
and exploitation of recovered materials, 315–16
and “family jewels” revelations, 344
and Freedom of Information Act requests, 389–91
and handling of intelligence haul, 286, 301
and hiring of project personnel, 76, 218–19
and Hughes’s involvement, 399–400
initial meeting with Crooke, 3
and leaks to media, 399–400
and legacy of Azorian Project, 402
lobbying for control of project, 44–45
and Matador Project, 337–38
medals awarded to Azorian contributors, 395
and news leaks of mission details, 340, 342, 344, 363, 366–67, 390–91
and Nixon’s foreign policy, 43–44
origins of, 46
and Oxcart program, 61–62, 75
and Parangosky’s background, 46–47
and post-project life of Explorer, 383–84
and preliminary engineering for project, 87, 89
and program office for project, 126–27
and radiation safety procedures, 312–13
and recovery phase of mission, 297
and SEC investigation, 357–59, 361
and security protocols for mission, 71–72, 86, 96–97, 103, 130–32, 314
and ship construction process, 180
and ship design, 147
and SOSUS system, 22
and Soviet surveillance of mission, 292
and Summa Corporation break-in, 260
and tax complications of project, 346, 350
U2 pilots, 54
and Wetmore’s design background, 129
Chazhma (Soviet intelligence ship), 280–83
Cherkashin, Nikolai, 397
Chevron, 369, 385–86
Chicago Tribune, 343–44
Chile, 198–201
Circum-Pacific Energy and Mineral Resources Conference, 324
Clark, Steve, 126–27, 259
Clarke, Arthur C., v
“Clementine.” See capture vehicle
Clements, William, 252–53
code books, 44, 86, 301, 401
Cohen, Jerry, 340–41
Coke, Gene, 213–14
Colby, William
and approval process for mission, 251, 253–54
and assessment of recovered materials, 318–19
and cancellation of Matador Project, 379–80
and Matador Project, 351–52
and news leaks of mission details, 232–33, 342, 344–45, 362–65, 389
and SEC investigation, 360
and security protocols for mission, 249–50
Collier, Billy “Bimbo,” 219, 313
Collier, Wayne “Cotton,” 217–20, 238, 240, 249
Combs, Henry, 153
Commercial Operations Division, 112, 261
Communist Party Central Committee, 380
contingency plans, 247–50, 264–65
Corona program
and Air Force involvement, 84
and cover stories, 169
and intelligence community awards, 395
and Lloyd, 111–12
and the National Reconnaissance Office, 83
origin of code name, 72
Parangosky’s contributions, 67–68
and security protocols for mission, 154–55
cost of Azorian project, 165–68
Craven, John Piña, 27–30, 32, 44
Crooke, Curtis
and Awa Maru salvage project, 393–94
background, 1–2
and B crew preparations, 323
and capture vehicle design, 155–56, 237
and construction of Explorer, 175, 181
and contracting accountability, 166–68
and cover story for project, 106–8, 114, 144, 172
and covert systems fit-out of Explorer, 202, 204
and crew selection for mission, 222, 266
and delivery trip of Explorer, 194, 196–98, 200
education, 4–5
and Global Marine Development split, 159–60
and Graham’s illness and death, 215–16, 320–21
and handling of intelligence haul, 287
and hiring of project personnel, 96, 118–19, 120, 185–87
and intelligence community awards, 399
and intelligence on wreck site, 130
and labor disputes, 208–9
and launching of Explorer, 183
and Matador Project, 337–38
and post-project life of Explorer, 381–82
and preliminary engineering for project, 87–88
and program office for project, 122–24
and Project Mohole, 81
and radio transmitters on ship, 190–91
and
recovery phase of mission, 307
and sea trials, 192, 227–28, 230–31
and SEC investigation, 355–57
and security protocols for mission, 103, 126
and ship design, 96–99, 99–100, 105, 148
and tax complications of project, 261
and Wetmore’s role, 128–29
Crouchet, Laura, 97–98, 213, 216
cryptography, 41–42, 224–25, 251, 403
Cuban Missile Crisis, 82–83
Cummings, Doug, 75, 328–29, 335
David Taylor Model Basin, 148, 162–63
Davis, Chester, 108, 169–70, 261, 358, 400
Davis, Michael, 256, 353
Davis, Renee, 393
davits, 153–54, 249, 298–300, 338
DDS&T, 85, 87, 162, 400
Dean, Jimmy, 87, 88–89
Deep Ocean Mining Project (DOMP), 109–10, 123, 144, 151, 165–66, 245
Deep Sea Drilling Project, 81
Deepsea Ventures, 92, 373
Deep Submergence Rescue Vehicle (DSRV), 29
Deep Submergence Systems Project (DSSP), 28
Defense Advanced Research Projects (DARPA), 386
Defense Intelligence Agency (DIA), 29–30, 40
Defense Logistics Agency, 186
Development Projects Staff, 52, 67
Dietzen, Walter N. “Buck,” 247–48
Discoverer 13, 67–68
Distinguished Intelligence Medal, 69
Dobrynin, Anatoly, 339, 366–68
Donald Duck phone, 123, 249, 341
Drahos, James, 173
Draper Laboratory, 29
Drew, Christopher, 43, 403–4
Dryden, Hugh, 54
Dubov, Yurii, 398
Duckett, Carl, 45, 69, 73–74, 77, 162, 243, 253–54, 306–7, 317
Dulles, Allen, 49, 50, 55
Dulles, John Foster, v
Dunlap, Bob, 175
Dygalo, V. A., 9, 14, 16–17, 401
dynamic positioning system, viii–ix, 79, 81, 99, 117–18, 130, 166, 382
Einstein, Albert, 25
Eisenhower, Dwight, 21, 48–50, 52, 55, 57, 67, 364, 368
Evans, John, 121
Evans, Paul
and briefings on project, 100
and communication protocols, 249
Evans, Paul (cont.)
and contracting accountability, 167
and crew selection for mission, 223
initial meeting with Crooke, 3–4
and labor disputes, 209
and mechanical failures, 276
and preliminary engineering for project, 88