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Michel, Henri, Les Courants de la Résistance. Paris, 1962.
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Munos-du-Peloux, Odile, Passer en Suisse. Les Passages Clandestins entre la Haute-Savoie et la Suisse. Grenoble, 2002.
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Source notes
The pagination of this electronic edition does not match the edition from which it was made. To locate a specific passage, please use the search feature on your e-book reader.
Part One
Chapter One
15 When Aaron: Simon Liwerant, interview with author.
15 To be Jewish: Birnbaum, Anti-semitism in France.
17 When, in May 1939: Paxton, Vichy France; Callil, Bad Faith; Klarsfeld, Vichy-Auschwitz.
20 Forbidding those Jews: Marrus and Paxton, Vichy France and the Jews; Billig, Le Commissariat Général aux Questions Juives.
20 It was perfectly clear: Lowrie, The Hunted Children.
21 a venomous anti-Semitic: Rayski, Le Choix des Juifs sous Vichy.
22 ‘I have been anti-Semitic’: Annales No. 3.
25 Coffee, of a kind: Alary, Les Français au Quotidien; Ousby, Occupation: the Ordeal of France.
31 There was another: Jacques Stulmacher, interview with author.
Chapter Two
35 By the late summer: Laborie, L’Opinion Française sous Vichy.
35 One of them was: Hanne and Max Liebmann, interview with author.
39 Gurs was not: Grynberg, Les Camps de la Honte; Peschanski, La France des Camps; Schramm, Vivre à Gurs.
40 The ICRC: ICRC archives B6003–28–02 (Geneva).
41 It was by pretending: Jacques, Madeleine Barot.
42 One of the first: Hazan, Les Orphelins de la Shoah; Masour-Ratner, Mes Vingt Ans à l’OSE; Zeitoun, L’OSE sous l’Occupation en France.
43 Donald Lowrie, an American: American Friends Service Committee archives.
45 OSE, who became: Hazan and Weill, Andrée Salomon, une Femme de Lumière.
55 By the time another: Rudy Appel, interview with author.
57 Every day now: Samuel, Rescuing the Children, p. 47.
Chapter Three
60 Laval was heard: Grynberg, Les Camps de la Honte, p. 298.
60 ‘This is like Germany:’ Laharie, Le Camp de Gurs, p. 237.
61 On 3 August: AFSC archive.
63 At Rivesaltes: Bohny-Reiter, Journal de Rivesaltes.
63 At La Verdière: Zeitoun, Ces Enfants qu’il Fallait Sauver.
68 Very early on the: Porthuis-Portheret, Août 1942.
Chapter Four
75 Many of France’s: Callil, Bad Faith, p. 239.
76 In their monthly: Zuccotti, The Holocaust, the French and the Jews, p. 155.
77 By inclination: Cabanel and Carbonier-Burkard, Une Histoire des Protestants en France.
78 Socialism being regarded: Baubérot, Le Retour des Huguenots.
80 Before the meeting: Jacques, Madeleine Barot, p. 76.
81 Later, his colleagues: quoted in letter in Oscar Rosowsky private archives.
81 The Assembly of Cardinals: Bédarida and Bédarida, La Résistance Spirituelle, p. 15.
83 the local prefect: Duquesne, Les Catholiques Français sous l’Occupation, p. 250.
85 In the wake of: Peschanski, La France des Camps, p. 351.
86 For his cover: Lily Garel, interview with author. See also Zeitoun, L’OSE sous l’Occupation en France; Zeitoun, Ces Enfants qu’il Fallait Sauver.
88 As Donald Lowrie: letter of 17 September to Tracey Strong.
88 In September: Rayski, Le Choix des Juifs sous Vichy, p. 172.
89 Delivering Jews, he said: Klarsfeld, Memorial to the Jews Deported from France.
Part Two
Chapter Five
94 Albert Camus, who arrived: Todd, Albert Camus, p. 149.
94 He thought of: Camus, Carnets: 1942–5, p. 15.
96 In the wake: Bolle (ed.), Les Résistances sur le Plateau Vivarais-Lignon; Boulet, Histoire de la Montagne-Refuge.
100 There was Beau Soleil: Gabrielle Barraud, interview with author.
100 In the middle: Madeleine Sèches, interview with author.
107 In 1837: Coad, A History of the Brethren Movement.
Chapter Six
112 André Trocmé came: Nelly Hewett Trocmé, interview with author; see also Boismorand, Magda et André Trocmé; Unsworth, A Portrait of Pacifists; and unpublished memoirs by André and Magda T rocmé.
119 From the first: Danielle Le Forestier and Jean-Philippe Le Forestier, interviews with author.
122 Her students found: André Trocmé papers, Box 2, Series A.
122 There was another: Richard Maber, interview with author. See also Maber, Le Faisceau des Vivants.
124 Burners Chalmer told: Unsworth, A Portrait of Pacifists, p. 164.
125 It was at this time: André Trocmé memoir, p. 247.
Chapter Seven
129 As the Vichy government: Paxton, Vichy France.
129 Children were to: Halls, The Youth of Vichy France.
130 To this end: Capdevila et al., Hommes et Femmes dans la France en Guèrre.
130 As the writer: Paxton, Vichy France, p. 222.
131 The list was interminable: Halls, The Youth of Vichy France, p. 53.
131 They would have refused: André Trocmé memoir.
133 Robert Bach: Boulet, Cahiers de la Haute-Loire, 2004.
134 ‘If, even in France: Cahiers de la Montagne, 2004.
138 Day after day: Bolle, Les Résistances sur le Plateau Vivarais-Lignon; Boulet, Histoire de la Montagne-Réfuge; Poujol, Protestants dans la France en Guerre.
139 Most poignant: Ruth Fivaz-Silbermann, interview with author.
144 Two of the new: Joseph Atlas papers in the US Holocaust Memorial Museum archive, Washington.
147 Magda, for all: Lecomte, Jamais Je N’Aurai Quatorze Ans.
149 A boy called: Peter Feigl papers in the US Holocaust Memorial Museum archive.
Chapter Eight
151 Swastikas went up: Burrin, France under the Germans.
152 All were enjoined: Archives Départementales de la Haute-Loire, 562W51.
153 Schmähling is another: Boulet, Cahiers de la Haute-Loire, 2004.
154 By the middle of: Zuccotti, The Holocaust, the French and the Jews.
155 Before the occupation: Bénédite, La Filière Marseillaise; Amicales des déportés d’Auschwitz, Marseilles, Vichy et les Nazis.
157 Children, more confused: Enfants Cachés MDLXXXV.
158 One of these was: Oscar Rosowsky, interview with author.
162 But on the plateau: Madeleine Sèches, interview with author.
163 Robert Ebart: Robert Ebart, interview with author.
163 When Trocmé sent: Trocmé papers.
165 She took him: Olivier Philip, interview with author.
168 At the presbytery: Magda Trocmé papers.
170 Was it possible: Camus, Carnets: 1942–1943, p. 26.
Chapter Nine
171 Meeting Trocmé: André Trocmé memoir, p. 260.
174 One of the Jews: Gilbert Nizard, interview with author.
179 The Jews arriving: Alin Curtet, interview with author; see also Daniel Curtet letters to his parents, private collection.
184 At the end of: Ruth Golan, Geni Schloss, Liliane Haimov, Rita Kobrinski, Mina Sela, interviews with author, private archives.
Chapter Ten
190 Towards the end of: Boulet, Histoire de la Montagne-Réfuge; Bolle (ed.), Les Résistances sur le Plateau Vivarais-Lignon.
190 Magda was knitting: Magda Trocmé, memoir.
192 The camp commandant: André Trocmé, memoir.
194 In 1942: Zaretsky, Nîmes at War.
196 Among the young: Piton papers, Archives Départementales de la Haute-Loire.
197 Brès, another: Bollon, Aperçus sur la Résistance Armée en Yssingelais.
199 Together with Tence: Ruel, interview with author.
203 There was, noted: Archives Départementales de la Haute-Loire, 996W235.
203 What is known: Boulet, Histoire de la Montagne-Réfuge, p. 187.
203 Hanne’s friend: Lung papers, archives of the Histoire de la Montagne.
205 Few are thought: Unsworth, A Portrait of Pacifists.
206 They can’t see: Curtet notes on letters, private collection.
Chapter Eleven
207 There were now: AFSC archive.
208 After a lapse: Klarsfeld, Memorial to the Jews Deported from France.
208 Except that this oblivion: Riegner, Ne Jamais Désesperer; Courtois and Rayski, Qui Savait Quoi?
209 In Lyons: Porthuis-Portheret, Août 1942.
211 The rest were: Zuccotti, The Holocaust, the French and the Jews, p. 173.
211 These arrests only: Hazan, Les Orphelins de la Shoah.
213 To clothe: Lily Garel, interview with author.
214 It is now that: Poliakov, L’Auberge des Musiciens.
218 And then there was: Favez, Une Mission Impossible?
220 ‘those who have fled’: Belot (ed.), Guerre et Frontières, p. 299.
Chapter Twelve
225 On the plateau: Piton papers, Archives Départementales de la Haute-Loire; Boulet, Histoire de la Montagne-Réfuge; Bolle (ed.), Les Résistances sur le Plateau Vivarais-Lignon.
229 Her place was taken: Merle-d’Aubigné and Mouchon (eds), Les Clandestins de Dieu.
231 Between February: Ruth Fivaz-Silbermann, interview with author.
Chapter Thirteen
235 The story of the Blochs: Pierre Bloch, interview with author.
238 On Friday 11 June: Gilbert Nizard, interview with author.
239 The Exbrayats: Archives Départementales de la Haute-Loire, 996W232.
242 Precisely why: Gérard Bollon, Cahiers de la Haute-Loire, 1996.
245 The Maison des Roches: Poujol, Protestants dans la France en Guerre; Magda Trocmé, memoir.
Chapter Fourteen
253 What Madeleine: Jeanne and Madeleine Sèches, interview with author.
258 Simon Liwerant: Simon Liwerant, unpublished manuscript.
264 Just how dangerous: Masour-Ratner, Mes Vingt Ans à l’OSE.
265 On the plateau: René Rivière, interview with author.
266 Most upsetting: unpublished paper, Madeleine Dreyfus archive.
Chapter Fifteen
276 By the spring of: Léon Eyraud, interview with author; see also Boulet, Histoire de la Montagne-Réfuge.
283 One of the youngest: Itzhak Mikhaëli, interview with author.
284 Her name was: M. R. D. Foot, interview with author; see also Fayol, Le Chambon-sur-Lignon sous l’Occupation; Calvi, OSS.
286 ‘I haven’t seen’: letter of 4 September 1941.
286 ‘We age very quickly’: Peter Churchill, Of their Own Choice (London, 1952), p. 154.
287 If SOE: Alsop and Braden, Sub-Rosa.
287 ‘All those first’: Harris Smith, OSS, p. 149.
289 The first that Pierre Fayol: Maber, Le Faisceau des Vivants.
290 Twenty young men: Jean Nallet, interview with author.
291 Some of the young: Nouzille, L’Espionne, p. 290.
Chapter Sixteen
296 Two of those arrested: Masour-Ratner, Mes Vingt Ans à L’OSE; Zeitoun, L’OSE sous L’Occupation en France.
300 And then tragedy: Gabrielle Barraud, interview with author.
301 The next day: Maber, Le Faisceau des Vivants; Lecomte, Jamais Je N’Aurai Quatorze Ans.
307 On 25 August: Bulletin de Mazet-Saint-Voy, 2004.
309 Once Lyons: Elizabeth McIntosh, Sisterhood of Spies.
309 She took with her: Nouzille, L’Espionne, p. 303.
Chapter Seventeen
315 When Rambert: Todd, Albert Camus, p. 210.
316 It would be: Klarsfeld, Memorial to the Jews Deported from France; Marrus and Paxton, Vichy France and the Jews.
322 When one woman: Hazan, Les Orphelins de la Shoah, p. 231.
325 No European country: Bernard, Traces Légen
daires; Nora, Rethinking France.
329 As of 2012: Cabanel, Histoire des Justes en France.
Afterword
333 What followed was: Oscar Rosowsky, interview with author.
333 In Le Monde Juif: Le Monde Juif, 1988/89, Numbers 130, 131, 132, 133.
333 Commenting on: Piton papers, Archives Départementales de la Haute-Loire.
334 Then in 1983: Alain Arnoux, interview with author.
335 Silence has not: Alain Debard, Eliane Wauquiez-Motte, Gérard Bollon, interviews with author.
Acknowledgements
This book could not have been written without the help of the following people. I would like to thank them all for their time, kindness and encouragement, and for telling me their stories: Mireille Alkhadet, Rudy Appel, Alain Arnoux, the late Gabrielle Barraud, Serge Bernard, Patrick Cabanel, Carmen Callil, Gérard Chazot, Mimi Cortial, Isabelle Cotting, Alin Curtet, Mme Darche de Maleprade, Annette Davis, Alain Debard, Robert Ebart, Léon Eyraud, Michel Fabréguet, Henri and Hélène Federmann, Pierre de Felice, Ruth Fivaz-Silbermann, Monique and Marcel Fleismaher, the late M. R. D. Foot, Danielle Le Forestier, Jean-Philippe Le Forestier, Lily Garel, Aziza Gril-Mariotte, Patrick Grandouiller, Charlotte Grundman, M. and Mme Guillaume, Liliane Haimov, Nelly Hewett Trocmé, Liliane Klein-Liebert, Jean Laposte, Hanne and Max Liebmann, Simon Liwerant, Georges Loinger, Richard Maber, Christian Maillebouis, Rachel Malafosse, Lise Martinon-Meyer, M and Mme May, Christian de Monbrison, Jean Nallet, Gilbert Nizard, Olivier Philip, Valerie Portuis-Portheret, René Rivière, Nicole Robert, Mme Roussel, Yves and Madeleine Royer, Lucienne Ruel, Jeanne and Madeleine Sèches, Mme Spindler, Jacques Stulmacher, Sylvianne Vinson-Galy, Eliane Wauquiez-Motte, Francis Weill.
In Israel, Schlomo Balsam, Elie Ben Gal, Ruth Golan, Liliane Haimov, Rita Kobrinski, Lucien Lazare, Itzhak Mikhaëli, Mina Sela and Geni Schloss were all kind enough to talk to me about their wartime memories.
Rod Kedward, Laurent Douzou, Gérard Bollon, François Boulet and Serge Bernard are all historians who have written extensively on wartime France. They gave me generous help.
Much of the material for this book comes from private and public archives. I should in particular like to thank the following individuals and the staffs of their libraries: CARAN, the Archives Nationales in Paris; the National Archives in Kew; Judith Cohen and the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum in Washington; Martin de Framond and the Archives Départementales de la Haute-Loire; Fabrizio Bensi and the International Committee of the Red Cross; the World Council of Churches; Fruma Mohrer and the YIVA Institute for Jewish Research; David Rosenberg and the Center for Jewish History; Don Davies and the American Friends Service Committee; Alycia Vivona and the FOR Library; the Bibliothèque Municipale du Mazet-Saint-Voy; Agathe Marin and Cimade; Marie-Catherine Efkhanian and the Collège Cévenol; Karen Taieb and the Mémorial de la Shoah in Paris; Wendy Chmielewski and the Swarthmore College Peace Collection; Katy Hazan, Jean-François Lamarque and the OSE; the Musée du Desert; the Société d’Histoire de la Montagne; Irena Steinfeldt and Yad Vashem.
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