34. Malik, p. 148.
35. Jahangir and Jilani, p. 68.
36. Weiss, p. 144.
37. Ibid.
38. M. Asghar Khan, Generals in Politics: Pakistan 1958–1982, p. 159.
39. R. LaPorte Jr, ‘Urban Groups and the Zia Regime’, in C. Baxter (ed.), Zia’s Pakistan: Politics and Stability in a Frontline State, p. 18.
40. Ibid.
41. Ibid., p. 170.
42. Ibid.
43. Ibid.
44. Lawyers Committee for Human Rights, p. 61.
45. Ibid., pp. 59–62.
46. LaPorte Jr, p. 16.
47. Jahangir and Jilani, p. 67.
48. J. Dad Khan, Pakistan’s Leadership Challenges, p. 173.
49. Askari Rizvi, p. 239.
50. Duncan, p. 70.
Chapter 10
1. Ian Stephens, letter to Murtaza Bhutto, 11 April 1978.
2. Hedley Bull’s supervisor report, 17 December 1977.
3. Memorandum dated 12 October 1978.
4. Letter dated 28 November 1978.
5. Hedley Bull supervisor’s report 17 December 1978.
6. Ibid., 17 December 1979.
7. Ibid., 6 July 1980.
8. Ibid., 17 December 1980.
9. Interview with Della Rounick, Mykonos, 22 August 2008.
10. Interview with Suhail Sethi, Karachi, 28 December 2008.
11. Ibid.
12. Published in Greek – translated unpublished version under the name ‘A Crumb of God’, given to me by Della Rounick.
13. Interview with Suhail Sethi, Karachi, 28 December 2008.
14. Interview with Ghulam Hussain, Islamabad, 21 May 2008.
15. MMB Letter to Della Rounick, postmarked Kabul, 25 April 1981.
Chapter 11
1. Interview with Suhail Sethi, Karachi, 21 March 2008.
2. Ibid.
3. Interview with Suhail Sethi, Karachi, 28 December 2008.
4. Ibid.
5. Interview with Suhail Sethi, Karachi, 29 December 2008.
6. Ian Talbot, Pakistan: A Modern History, p. 181.
7. S. Shafqat, Civil–Military Relations in Pakistan: From Zulfikar Ali Bhutto to Benazir Bhutto, p. 193.
8. J. Dad Khan, Pakistan’s Leadership Challenges, p. 174. 9. B. Cloughly, A History of the Pakistan Army: Wars and Insurrections, p. 292.
10. Interview with Della Rounick, Mykonos, 20 August 2008. 11. Lawrence Ziring, Pakistan in the 20th Century: A Political History, p. 483.
12. Interview with Suhail Sethi, Karachi, 21 March 2008.
13. Ibid.
14. Ibid.
15. Interview with Suhail Sethi, Karachi, 28 December 2008.
16. Interview with Suhail Sethi, Karachi, 29 December 2008.
17. Ibid.
Chapter 12
1. Interview with Sassi Bhutto, 21 March 2009.
2. Interview with Jacques Vergès, Paris, 2 March 2009.
Chapter 13
1. Interview with Suhail Sethi, Karachi, 21 March 2008.
Chapter 14
1. Interview with Ghinwa Bhutto, Karachi, 11 February 2009.
2. Ian Talbot, Pakistan: A Modern History, p. 284.
3. Edward Jay Epstein, ‘Who Killed Zia?’, Vanity Fair, September 1989.
4. Ibid. and Tariq Ali, The Duel, p. 131.
5. Epstein.
6. Ibid.
7. Talbot, pp. 284.
8. Ali, pp. 131–2
9. Interview with Ghinwa Bhutto, Karachi, 22 August 2009.
10. Interview with Dr Sikandar Jatoi, Karachi, 5 August 2009.
11. Interview with Mumtaz Bhutto, Karachi, 4 September 2009.
12. Interview with Suhail Sethi, Karachi, 13 August 2009.
Chapter 15
1. Ian Talbot, Pakistan: A Modern History, p 297.
2. Ibid.
3. Talbot, pp. 297–8. 14. Ibid., p. 297.
5. Interview with Dr Ghulam Hussain, Islamabad, 21 May 2008.
6. Interview with Maulabux, Karachi, 10 May 2008.
7. Interview with Shahnawaz Baloch, Karachi, 10 May 2008.
8. Interview with Aftab Sherpao, Islamabad, 19 May 2008.
9. Talbot, p. 294.
10. Ibid., p. 292.
11. Ibid., p. 293.
12. Interview with Suhail Sethi, Karachi, 29 December 2008.
13. Talbot, p. 303.
14. Ibid., p. 305.
15. Javed Iqbal, one of Pakistan’s longest-serving political prisoners and a member of the PPP, remained in jail until after the fall of Benazir’s first government. Iqbal joined Murtaza when he returned to Pakistan in 1993 and played an active role in the founding of the party with Murtaza a year and a half before his murder.
16. Mir Murtaza Bhutto, letter to Nusrat Bhutto, 21 December 1989.
17. Owen Bennet Jones, Pakistan: Eye of the Storm, p. 237.
18. Ali, p. 135.
19. Talbot, p. 310.
Chapter 16
1. Interview with Dr Ghulam Hussain, Islamabad, 21 May 2008.
2. Interview with Suhail Sethi, Karachi 29 December 2008.
3. Interview with Maulabux, Karachi, 14 May 2008.
4. Interview with Hameed Baloch, Karachi, 14 May, 2008.
5. Interview with Aftab Sherpao, Islamabad, 19 May 2008.
6. Interview with Maulabux, Karachi, 10 May 2008.
Chapter 17
1. Interview in The Nation, 16 May 1991.
2. Interview in Daily News, 12 August 1993.
3. Dawn, 24 August 1993.
4. Daily Mushriq, 30 October 1993.
5. The News, 27 October 1993.
6. Interview with Suhail Sethi, Karachi, 29 December 2008.
7. Interview with Hameed Baloch, Karachi, 6, March 2009.
8. Interview with Maulabux Karachi, 14 May 2008.
9. Interview with Shahnawaz Baloch, Karachi, 14 May 2008.
10. Interview with Shahnwaz Baloch, Karachi, 10 May 2008.
11. ‘The Lion King’, Vista magazine, 1994, p. 67.
12. Interview with Shahnawaz Baloch, Karachi, 10 May 2008.
Chapter 18
1. Interview with the Weekend Post, 10 December 1993.
2. Daily Nation, 29 December 1993.
3. Interview with Suhail Sethi, Karachi, 13 August 2009.
4. Dawn, 15 December 1993.
5. Interview with Ghinwa Bhutto, Karachi, 14 February 2009.
6. Henry Kamm, ‘Karachi Journal: With Blood Ties Surrendered, Blood Divides Bhuttos’, New York Times, 12 January 1994.
7. Ibid.
8. Ibid.
Chapter 19
1. Newsline Magazine, Hasan Mujtaba, ‘From Guns to Roses’, June 1994, p. 49.
2. Ibid.
3. Ibid.
4. Ibid.
5. Ibid.
6. Henry Kamm, ‘Bhutto fans the family feud, charging mother favours son’, New York Times, 14 January 1994.
7. Ibid.
8. ‘We can’t talk with the murderers of Shaheed Bhutto’, interview conducted by Massoud Ansari, Newsline Magazine, June 1994, p. 51.
9. Interview with Suhail Sethi, Karachi, 13 August 2009.
Chapter 20
1. Dawn,
2. August 1994. 12. Frontier Post newspaper, 18 October 1994.
3. Dawn, 27 December 1994.
4. Not the American CIA but the Pakistani Intelligence and security authorities, also unhelpfully called the CIA.
5. Newsline Magazine ‘MQM: Road to Nowhere?’, Ghulam Hasnain, May 1997, p. 21.
6. Talbot, Pakistan: A Modern History, p. 343.
7. Ghulam Hasnain and Hasan Zaidi, ‘The Politics of Murder’, Herald Magazine, March 1996, p. 25.
8. ‘City of Death’ special edn., Herald Magazine, January 1996.
9. Ibid., p. 26.
10. Ibid.
11. Ibid., p. 27.
12. Naserullah Babar interview with Idrees Bakhtiar, Herald Magazine, March 1996, p. 36.
13. Hasnain and Zaidi, p. 27.
&
nbsp; 14. Ibid.
15. ‘City of Death’.
16. Ibid.
17. Bakhtiar, p. 37.
18. Hasnain and Zaidi, pp. 30–31.
19. Ibid., p. 33.
20. Ibid.
21. Ibid., p. 32.
22. Ibid.
23. Ibid., p. 33.
24. Ibid.
25. Ghulam Hasnain and Hasan Zaidi, ‘Fact and Fiction,’ Herald Magazine, March 1996, p. 38.
26. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/8230267.stm
27. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/8219814.stm
Chapter 21
1. Interview with Usman Hingoro, Karachi, 4 May 2008.
2. Ibid.
3. Ibid.
4. Mir Murtaza Bhutto, letter to Ali Hingoro, Karachi, 26 March 1995.
5. Interview with Usman Hingoro, Karachi, 4 May 2008.
6. Bennet Jones, Pakistan: Eye of the Storm, p. 233.
7. Ibid.
8. Ibid.
9. John F. Burns, ‘House of Graft: Tracing the Bhutto Millions’, New York Times, 9 January 1998.
10. Benazir Bhutto: the investigation, BBC, 30 October 2007.
11. Bennet Jones, p. 233.
12. Benazir Bhutto: the investigation.
13. Bennet Jones, p. 233.
14. Rao Rashid, ‘Bhutto’s Legacy: The Other Version’, The Nation, 4 April 1995.
15. The News newspaper, 26 November 1995.
Chapter 22
1. Interview with Ramzan Brohi, Karachi, 14 March 2009.
2. Interview with Qaisar, Karachi, 15 March 2009.
3. Interview with Amer Jokhio, Karachi, 14 March 2009.
4. Interview with Asif Jatoi, Karachi, 6 June 2008.
5. Interview with Ghulam Hasnain, Karachi, 8 May 2008.
6. Interview with Aneed Jatoi, Karachi, 10 March 2009.
7. Interview with Sabeen Jatoi, Karachi 8 March 2009.
8. Interview with Dr Nuzhat Jatoi, Karachi, 9 March 2009.
9. Interview with Dr Ghaffar Jatoi, Karachi, 1 May 2008.
10. Interview with Dr Zahid Jatoi, Karachi, 9 March 2009.
11. Interview, Karachi, 14 May 2008.
12. Interview with Nasir Aslam Zahid, Karachi, 5 May 2008.
13. Interview with Justice Wajihuddin Ahmed, Karachi, 6 May 2008.
Epilogue
1. Interview with Noor Ahmed Nizam, Karachi, 9 May 2008.
Index
Aafaaq, 200
Abbas, Mazhar, 202
Abbassi, Munawar, 313–14, 317
Abdullah Shah Ghazi, 91
Abu Dhabi, 220, 256
Adil, Anan, 367, 368
Aegina, 159
Afghan Intelligence Service, 235
Afghanistan, 6, 62, 72, 110, 112, 154, 169, 176–7, 182, 187–95, 203, 208, 214, 215, 217–19, 220–1, 221–6, 233–7, 237–9, 241, 244, 293, 303
African countries, 111 see also names of countries
Aftaf, Chaudry, 290
Agha Khan Hospital, Karachi, 383–4, 407–8
Ahmed (former Somalian ambassador), 194
Ahmed, Justice Wajihuddin, 423
Ahmedi sect, 113, 123–4
Aitchison College, Lahore, 83
Aitken, Jonathan, 168
Akhund, Iqbal, 303
Alabama, 162
Al Badra, 58
Ali (author’s childhood friend), 270
Ali, Ghulam, 208
Ali, Imam, 24, 193, 217
Ali, Mrs (school nurse), 265
Ali, Tariq, 169, 170–1, 174, 175, 176, 201
Al Jazeera, 6
All Pakistan Women’s Association (APWA), 207
Al Murtaza, Larkana, 70, 71, 147, 185, 346, 347, 348, 349, 358, 417, 421, 427
Aloush, Mazen, 276, 277
Al Qaeda, 6, 7
Al Zulfikar (AZO), 193–4, 195, 217–19, 220, 222, 236, 237, 243, 281, 282, 321, 367
Amin, Hafizullah, 190, 191
Amin, Idi, 110
Amnesty International, 168, 383
APWA (All Pakistan Women’s Association), 207
Arab states, 58, 59 see also names of countries
Arafat, Yasser, 110, 149, 180–1, 284
Ariana Airlines, 191, 224
ARY, 386
Asghar (bearer), 14, 27, 397, 400, 414–15
Assad, President Hafez al, 110, 149, 175, 176, 180, 226, 243, 270, 323, 324, 325, 326, 327
Athens, 157–8, 163, 194, 195, 196, 215
Avari, Byram, 13
Avari, Dinshaw, 13
Avari Hotel, Karachi, 13, 14, 22
Awami League, 96–7, 97–8, 99, 103, 117
Six Point programme, 96–7, 97–8
Ayub Khan, General
takes power in Pakistan, 56
Zulfikar Bhutto joins government of, 56–7
foreign policy, 58, 59–60
not invited to Washington, 62
and war with India, 62, 64
and Tashkent Declaration, 65–6
Zulfikar resigns from government of, 66, 67
regime concerned by Zulfikar’s popularity, 68
Chou En-lai holds talks with, 68–9
summons Zulfikar, 69
takes steps to obstruct launch of Zulfikar’s party, 72
weakening political position, 95–6
loses political power, 97
portrait owned by Zulfikar, 97
brief references, 75, 81, 87, 92, 94, 98, 116, 303
Azmuddin, 192
AZO see Al Zulfikar
Baba, Captain, 224
Babar, General Naserullah, 25, 26, 370, 373, 374–5
Badebar, 96
Badin, 315
Badshai Mosque, Lahore, 72
Bagh, Malik Sarwar, 24, 29, 30, 33
Bahawalpur, 281
Baloch, the, 40, 115, 116–17, 187, 291, 298
Baloch, Hameed, 327, 328, 335
Baloch, Shahnawaz, 291–2, 328–9, 329–30, 331, 334–5
Balochistan, 115–19, 239, 291, 358
Baloch People’s Liberation Front (BPLF), 117
Bangladesh, 102, 103, 107, 108, 111–12, 137 see also
East Pakistan
BBC, 7, 170, 172, 200, 228, 299, 326, 348, 355, 377, 386
Begari, 39–40
Beijing, 107
Beirut, 149, 275
Bengalis, 96, 99, 100, 101, 102
Bennet Jones, Owen, 386
Berkeley, University of California at, 46, 47, 53, 54
Bhatti, Ehsan, 236
Bhutto, Amed Khan, 41, 45
Bhutto, Ameer (Shireen), 45
Bhutto, Ashiq, 40, 41, 42, 45, 48
Bhutto, Benazir (‘Pinky’; ‘Wadi’; author’s aunt)
birth, 54–5
childhood, 82, 84–5
at Harvard, 134
sends postcards to Murtaza from her travels, 145–6
communication with Murtaza in London, 151
learns about her father’s death sentence, 167
and Nisar Khuro, 174
Della Roufogalis visits, 177, 178
diaries and notebooks, 185–7
and the hijacking, 228, 229
and MRD, 239, 240, 289
returns to Pakistan, 240
joins family reunion in France, 248
and Shah’s death, 258–60
visits Murtaza’s family in Syria, 268–9
Fatima’s relationship with, 268–70, 323, 341–2, 359–60, 361
argues with Murtaza about power-sharing negotiations, 282–3
marriage, 283–4, 341–2
alienates some PPP members, 289–93
and 1988 election result, 293, 294
accepts army’s conditions, 293
becomes Prime Minister, 293
ignores Murtaza’s advice, 294–5
opposed to idea of Murtaza’s return, 298–9
appoints Nusrat as a federal minister, 300
first term in office, 300–3
end of first term in office, 303–4
in oppo
sition, 308–9
Ghulam Hussain criticizes, 309
Murtaza perceived as alternative leader to, 311–12
rejects Murtaza’s request for election tickets, 312, 313
ousts her mother from post as honorary
Chairperson of PPP, 313
installs herself as Chairperson for Life, 313
and Murtaza’s decision to return, 314
refuses to allow Murtaza’s supporters into PPP rally, 317–18
Murtaza publicly criticizes government of, 322, 357
on state visit to Damascus, 323, 324
Murtaza refuses parole offered by, 332
insists there are no problems between Murtaza and herself, 339
refuses to visit Murtaza in jail, 342
and events for Zulfikar’s birthday, 346, 348, 349
and delay in Murtaza’s release papers, 354–5
and increasing ethnic strife in Karachi, 366, 369
and MQM, 369–70
and Operation Clean-Up, 370, 373, 374–5
and Ali Hingoro, 382
allegations of corruption against, 384–8, 391
and Ali Sonara, 15, 16, 17, 26
and Murtaza’s assassination, 35–6, 416
and Murtaza’s funeral, 416–17
brings a case against Ghinwa, 417
comments on Ghinwa in interview, 417
and efforts of Murtaza’s family to file a police case, 418, 422
Fatima’s questions to, 420
takes her mother away from Murtaza’s family, 421
government sets up tribunal to look into
Murtaza’s death, 422
death, 426–7
burial, 428–9
legacy, 433
Fatima has difficulties in interviewing friends of, 131, 228–9
brief references, 31, 98, 136, 210, 237, 256, 310, 326, 329, 330, 331, 343, 425
Bhutto, Benazir (daughter of Sir Shanawaz Bhutto), 43
Bhutto, Bhao, 88
Bhutto, Doda Khan, 40, 41, 46
Bhutto, Fatima (author)
birth, 235–6
memories of family reunion in France, 248–9, 250, 251
grows up thinking Raehana was involved in
Shah’s death, 254
impact of Shah’s death on, 266–7
memories of her father’s response to Shah’s death, 255, 267
and her father’s divorce, 263–4
feelings about and encounters with her mother
Fowzia, 264–6
memories of her childhood in Damascus, 154, 268–72, 275, 278–80, 263, 285, 294, 295, 296, 297–8, 299–300, 307–8, 323–4
hears stories about teenage years of her aunts, 85–6
relationship with her aunt Benazir, 268–70, 323, 341–2, 359–60, 361
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