73. Ibid.: memo dated Nov. 15, 1948.
74. Ibid.: memo dated Nov. 18, 1948.
75. Ibid.: memo dated Dec. 3, 1948.
76. Ibid.: memo dated Dec. 13, 1948.
77. Ibid.: memos dated Dec. 15, 16, 17, 20, 22, 23, 27, 29, 30 and 31, 1948; Jan. 4, 6, 7, 10, 12, 13, 14, 19, 25 and 31, 1949; Feb. 1, 7, 8, 10, 14, 16, 18, 21, 25 and 28, 1949; March 2, 7, 8, 10, 11, 14, 15, 18, 21, 22, 25, 28, 29 and 30, 1949; April 1, 7, 8, 12, 1415, 18, 19, 22, 26 and 28, 1949; May 2, 4, 5, 6, 9, 10, 16, 20, 23, 26 and 31, 1949; June 2, 6, 7, 8, 9, 14, 16, 21, 27, 28 and 29, 1949; July 5, 6, 11, 13, 15, 18, 22, 25 and 27, 1949; Aug. 2, 3, 5, 9, 10, 11, 15, 19, 22, 25 and 26, 1949; Sept. 6, 7, 8, 9, 13, 16, 19, 22, 23, 26, 28 and 29, 1949; Oct. 3, 7, 10, 11, 13, 17, 24, 25, 26 and 31, 1949; Nov. 2, 4, 7, 8, 14, 17 and 22, 1949; Dec. 1, 3, 5, 6, 7, 9, 13, 16, 19, 2123, 27, 28, 29 and 30, 1949; Jan. 9, 13, 18, 20, 23, 26, 30 and 31, 1950; Feb. 2, 6, 7, 9, 14, 17, 21, 23, 27 and 28, 1950; March 6, 9, 13, 14, 16, 17 and 20, 1950; Feb. 17, 1960.
78. Texas Ranger Files: letter dated Jan. 10, 1949.
79. Ibid.: letter dated Jan. 12, 1949.
80. Ibid.: letter dated Jan. 18, 1949.
81. FBI File No. 62-80864: letter dated Feb. 3, 1949.
82. Ibid.: letter dated Feb. 10, 1949.
83. Ibid.: memo dated Feb. 10, 1949.
84. Texas Ranger Files: letter dated March 14, 1949.
85. Ibid.: letter dated March 18, 1949.
86. FBI File No. 62-80864: memos dated April 1 and 4, 1949.
87. Ibid.: memo dated April 26, 1949.
88. Ibid.: memos dated April 7, May 7, and May 13, 1949.
89. Ibid.: memo dated May 31, 1949.
90. Ibid.: memos dated June 1, 7 and 15, 1949.
91. Ibid.: memos dated June 30, July 11, and July 19, 1949.
92. Ibid.: memo dated Aug. 15, 1949; lab report dated Aug. 19, 1949.
93. Ibid.: memos dated Aug. 16 and 25, 1949.
94. Ibid.: memos dated Oct. 12 and 13, 1949.
95. Ibid.: letter and memos dated Oct. 14, 19, 21 and 25, 1949.
96. Ibid.: memos dated Nov. 2 and 10, 1949.
97. Ibid.: memos dated Dec. 2, 7 and 15, 1949.
98. Ibid.: memo dated Nov. 17, 1949.
99. Ibid.: memos dated Nov. 25 and Dec. 1, 1949.
100. Ibid.: letter and memos dated Jan. 16, 23 and 24, 1950; Feb. 3, 1950.
101. Ibid.: letter and memos dated Jan. 26, 27 and 30, 1950; Feb. 3, 1950.
102. Ibid.: memos dated Jan. 16, 24 and 31, 1950; Feb. 13, 16, 21 and 28, 1950; March 20 and 29, 1950; April 6 and 28, 1950.
103. Cumberland (MD) Evening News, April 21, 1950.
104. Texas Ranger files: letter dated May 12, 1950.
105. Ibid.
106. FBI File No. 62-80864: memos dated May 4 and 18, 1950.
107. Ibid.: memos dated June 22 and 26, 1950.
108. Schenectady (NY) Gazette, Oct. 3, 1950.
109. Texas Ranger Files: letter dated Oct. 4, 1950.
110. Evening Recorder (Amsterdam, NY), June 18, 1951.
111. “Korean War,” Wikipedia, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_War (accessed July 9, 2012).
112. Texarkana Phantom Killer: transcript of letter dated Jan. 11, 1951.
113. Texas Ranger Files: letter dated Jan. 16, 1951.
114. Malsch, pp. 189–91.
115. New York Times, June 16, 1906.
116. Time, May 24, 1954, http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,823445-4,00.html (accessed July 22, 2012).
117. LA Weekly, Sept. 16, 2004, http://www.laweekly.com/2004-09-16/news/don-t-mess-with-texas (accessed July 22, 2012).
118. USA Today, Oct. 14, 2005; Washington Spectator, Oct. 3, 2011.
119. Malsch, p. 191.
120. “Tales of the Texas Rangers,” Wikipedia, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tales_of_the_Texas_Rangers (accessed July 23, 2012).
121. Arkansas Democrat Magazine, May 11, 1954.
122. Tri-City Herald (Pasco, Kennewick and Richland. WA), July 22, 1954.
123. Wilson and Pitman, Encyclopedia of Murder, p. 402.
124. Texarkana Gazette, May 9, 1971; Texarkana Phantom Killer.
125. Texas Ranger Files: letter dated Aug. 28, 1956.
126. FBI File No. 62-80864: memos dated July 3, 8 and 10, 1957.
127. USA Today, Dec. 11, 2008.
128. Dallas Morning News, Aug. 25, 1996.
129. Ibid.
130. Ibid.
131. Ibid.
132. Ibid.
133. Ibid.
134. New York Times, Sept. 1, 1895.
135. Ibid.
136. “Jack the Ripper suspects,” Wikipedia, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_the_Ripper_suspects (accessed July 10, 2012).
137. “Thomas E. A. Stowell,” Wikipedia, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_E._A._Stowell (accessed July 10, 2012).
138. Stephen Knight, Jack the Ripper: The Final Solution (London: George G. Harrap & Co. Ltd., 1976).
139. “Jack the Ripper suspects,” Wikipedia.
140. David Abrahamsen, Murder and Madness: The Secret Life of Jack the Ripper (New York: Donald I. Fine, 1992).
141. James Badal, In the Wake of the Butcher: Cleveland’s Torso Murders (Kent, OH: Kent State University Press, 2001); Steven Nickel; Torso: Eliot Ness and the Search for a Psychopathic Killer (Winston-Salem, NC: John F. Blair, 1989).
142. Badal, In the Wake of the Butcher, pp. 211–227.
143. “Boston Strangler,” Wikipedia, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Strangler (accessed July 10, 2012).
144. “Albert DeSalvo,” Wikipedia, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_DeSalvo (accessed July 10, 2012).
145. Joe Baboza and Hank Messick, Barboza (New York: Dell, 1975).
146. Dick Lehr and Gerard O’Neill, Black Mass: The Irish Mob, the FBI, and a Devil’s Deal (New York: PublicAffairs, 2000).
147. Susan Kelly, The Boston Stranglers: The Public Conviction of Albert Desalvo and the True Story of Eleven Shocking Murders (New York: Citadel, 1995).
148. “George Nassar,” Wikipedia, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Nassar (accessed July 10, 2012).
149. “Issei Sagawa,” The Life of a Cannibal, http://iml.jou.ufl.edu/projects/spring03/rawlins/sagawa.htm (accessed July 10, 2012); “Issei Sagawa,” Wikipedia, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Issei_Sagawa (accessed July 10, 2012).
150. FBI File No. 62-80864: memos dated Feb. 15 and 19, 1960.
151. “Melvin Rees Case File,” Crimerack, http://www.crimerack.com/2012/01/melvin-rees-case-file (accessed July 10, 2012).
152. Texas Ranger Files: letter dated July 7, 1960.
153. FBI File No. 62-80864: memos dated July 12 and 19, 1960.
154. Texas Ranger Files: letter dated Aug. 13, 1960.
155. Ibid.: letter dated Aug. 17, 1960.
156. FBI File No. 62-80864: memos dated Nov. 22, 25 and 28, 1960; Dec. 1, 5, 6, 8, 13 and 16, 1960.
157. Bakerfield Californian, July 21, 1961.
158. Texas Ranger Files: letter dated Oct. 24, 1961.
159. FBI File No. 62-80864: memos dated Aug. 9, 13 and 17, 1962.
160. Dallas Morning News, Aug. 25, 1996.
Chapter 11
1. “Texarkana Moonlight Murders,” Wikipedia.
2. “Jackson Neely ‘Jack’ Runnels,” Find a Grave, http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GSln=RU&GSfn=j&GSpartial=1&GSbyrel=all&GSdyrel=all&GSst=46&GScntry=4&GSob=n&GSsr=921&GRid=71125537&df=all& (accessed July 5, 2012).
3. Texarkana Historical Items.
4. Rondo Memorial Cemetery, http://www.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~txkusa/Cemeteries/newrondomemorial.html (accessed June 23, 2012).
5. Social Security Death Index, http://search.ancestry.com/cgi-bin/sse.dll?db=ssdi&rank=1&new=1&so=3&MSAV=0&msT=1&gss=ms_db&gsfn=william+h.&gsln=presley&msddy=1972&msdpn__ftp=Bowie+County%2C+Texas%2C+USA&msdpn=350&msdpn_PInfo=7-%7C0%7C1652393%7C0%7C2%7C3249%7C46%7C0%7C350%7C0%7C0%7C&dbOnly=_F00032DD%7C_F00032DD_x&uidh=000 (accessed July 7, 2012).
7. Ibid.
8. Gideon v. Wainwright, 372 U.S. 335 (1963).
9. Doughty v. Maxwell, 376 U.S. 202 (1964).
10. Escobedo v. Illinois, 378 U.S. 478 (1964).
11. Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436 (1966).
12. Ex parte Swinney, 499 S.W.2d 101, 102 (Tex.Cr.App. 1973).
13. Texarkana Daily News, Sept. 23, 1972.
14. Ex parte Swinney.
15. Texarkana Daily News, Sept. 23, 1972.
16. Ibid.
17. Ibid.
18. Ex parte Swinney.
19. Ibid.; Texas Department of Corrections File No. 108586.
20. Dallas Observer, Feb. 1, 2001; Case, “The man who caught the phantom killer...,” p. 11.
21. Texas Department of Corrections Files No. 326380 and 476635; Social Security Death Index, http://ssdi.rootsweb.ancestry.com/cgi-bin/ssdi.cgi (accessed Jan. 7, 2011).
22. Geringer, “The Phantom Killer”; Dallas Observer, Feb. 1, 2001.
23. Geringer, “The Phantom Killer”; Dallas Observer, Feb. 1, 2001.
24. Federal Bureau of Prisons Inmate Locator, http://www.bop.gov/iloc2/InmateFinderServlet?Transaction=NameSearch&needingMoreList=false&FirstName=youell&Mi dle=&LastName=swinney&Race=W&Sex=M&Age=&x=107&y=22 (accessed June 23, 2012).
25. “Charles B. Pierce,” Wikipedia, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_B._Pierce (Accessed Jan. 6, 2011); “Charles B. Pierce,” Internet Movie Database, http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0682309 (accessed July 1, 2012).
26. “Charles B. Pierce,” Wikipedia.
27. Ibid.; “Charles B. Pierce,” Internet Movie Database.
28. “The Town That Dreaded Sundown,” Internet Movie Database, http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0075342 (accessed July 1, 2012).
29. “The Town That Dreaded Sundown,” Wikipedia, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Town_That_Dreaded_Sundown (accessed Jan. 6, 2011).
30. Ibid.
31. Ibid.
32. Ibid.
33. Ibid.
34. Dallas Morning News, Jan. 5, 2003.
35. “The Town That Dreaded Sundown,” Turner Classic Movies, http://www.tcm.com/this-month/article/382629%7C449586/The-Town-That-Dreaded-Sundown.html (accessed July 1, 2012).
36. “Charles B. Pierce,” Internet Movie Database.
37. Texarkana Gazette, Oct. 31, 2009.
38. Malsch, pp. 6–7; “Manuel Trazazas Gonzaullas,” Texas Ranger Hall of Fame and Museum.
39. “Gonzaullas, Manuel Trazazas [Lone Wolf],” The Handbook of Texas Online.
40. The Record (Bergen County, NJ), March 22, 1998.
41. Ibid.
42. Ibid.
43. Texarkana Gazette, March 31 to April 7, 1996; Dallas Morning News, Aug. 18, 1996.
44. Dallas Observer, Feb. 1, 2001.
45. Ibid.
46. Dallas Morning News, Jan. 12, 2003.
47. Hardel.
48. Ibid.
49. Texarkana Gazette, Aug. 7, 2006.
50. Ibid.
51. Dallas Observer, Feb. 1, 1001; “Texarkana metropolitan area,” Wikipedia; Rasmussen, Corroborating Evidence II, p. 128.
52. William Rasmussen, Corroborating Evidence: The Black Dahlia Murder (Santa Fe: Sunstone Press, 2004).
53. “Zodiac Killer,” Wikipedia, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zodiac_Killer (accessed July 3, 2012).
54. Ibid.
55. Ibid.
56. Rasmussen, Corroborating Evidence II, pp. 127–8.
57. “Zodiac Killer,” Wikipedia.
58. Ibid.
59. Rasmussen, Corroborating Evidence II, p. 151.
60. The Zodiac Crimes, http://www.zodiackillerfacts.com/ZodiacCrimes.htm (accessed July 3, 2012).
61. Rasmussen, Corroborating Evidence II, p. 216.
62. “The Arthur Leigh Allen File,” ZodiacKiller.com, http://www.zodiackiller.com/AllenFile.html (accessed July 3, 2012).
63. Rasmussen, Corroborating Evidence II, p. 214.
64. Geringer, “The Phantom Killer.”
65. Rasmussen, Corroborating Evidence II, p. 214.
66. The Zodiac Crimes.
67. Rasmussen, p. 214; City Distance Tool, http://www.geobytes.com/CityDistanceTool.htm (calculated July 3, 2012).
68. Rasmussen, Corroborating Evidence II, p. 214.
69. Ibid., pp. 214–15.
70. Ibid., p. 215.
71. Ibid.
72. Ibid.
73. “Zodiac Killer letters,” Wikisource, http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Zodiac_Killer_letters (accessed July 3, 2012).
74. Rasmussen, Corroborating Evidence II, p. 215.
75. The Zodiac Crimes.
76. Rasmussen, pp. 215–16.
77. “Youell Swinney: 45rpm,” http://www.45rpmmovie.com/youell-swinney (accessed July 24, 2012).
78. USA Today, Dec. 11, 2008.
79. Texarkana Gazette, Feb. 14, 2010; Abingdon Theatre Company, http://www.abingdontheatre.org/rentals/dorothystrelsin.aspx (accessed July 4, 2012).
80. Back Stage, Feb. 1, 2010, http://www.backstage.com/bso/reviews-ny-theatre-off-broadway/phantom-killer-1004064100.story (accessed July 4, 2012).
81. Ibid.
82. Texarkana Gazette, Feb. 14, 2010.
83. musicOMH, http://www.musicomh.com/theatre/nyc_phantom-killer_0110.htm (accessed July 4, 2012).
84. Ibid.
85. Variety, Feb. 1, 2010, http://www.variety.com/review/VE1117942055?refCatId=33&ref=related (accessed July 4, 2012).
86. Ibid.
87. Ibid.
88. Ibid.
Conclusion
1. David Emery, “The Hook,” Urban Legends, http://urbanlegends.about.com/od/horrors/a/the_hook.htm (accessed June 19, 2012).
2. “Hall–Mills murder case,” Wikipedia, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hall%E2%80%93Mills_murder_case (accessed June 20, 2012).
3. Newton, Still at Large, pp. 258–61.
4. New York Times, Oct. 4–9, 1937.
5. “Clarence Hill,” Murderpedia, http://murderpedia.org/male.H/h/hill-clarence.htm (accessed June 20, 2012).
6. “Werner Boost,” Murderpedia, http://murderpedia.org/male.B/b/boost-werner.htm (accessed June 20, 2012).
7. Douglas Preston, The Monster of Florence (New York: Grand Central, 2008.
8. The Daily Oklahoman, May 12, 1970.
9. Maury Terry, The Ultimate Evil—The Truth About the Cult Murders: Son of Sam and Beyond (New York: Barnes & Noble, 1999).
10. Newton, Still at Large, pp. 165–7.
11. “Lover’s Lane Killer,” America’s Most Wanted, http://www.amw.com/fugitives/case.cfm?id=71049 (accessed June 20, 2012).
12. “Mbulaheni David Mmbengw,” Murderpedia, http://www.murderpedia.org/male.M/m/mmbengwa.htm (accessed June 20, 2012).
13. Douglas et al., Crime Classification Manual, pp. 64, 123.
14. Ibid., pp. 64–72.
15. Ibid., pp. 123, 128, 133, 136.
16. Ressler et al., Sexual Homicide, p. 122.
17. Ibid., p. 123.
18. Ibid., p. 122.
19. Ibid., p. 123.
20. Douglas et al., Crime Classification Manual, pp. 199, 227.
21. Ibid., pp. 199–202.
22. Ibid., pp. 227–8.
23. Texarkana Gazette, May 5, 1971.
24. “Expanded Homicide Data,” FBI Uniform Crime Reports for 2010, http://www.fbi.gov/about-us/cjis/ucr/crime-in-the-u.s/2010/crime-in-the-u.s.-2010/tables/10shrtb106.xls (accessed June 20, 2012).
25. “DNA profiling,” Wikipedia, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_profiling (accessed June 20, 2012).
Bibliography
Books
Douglas, John, Ann Burgess, Allen Burgess, and Robert Ressler. Crime Classification Manual. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 1992.
Graysmith, Robert. Zodiac. New York: Berkley, 2002.
_____. Zodiac Unmasked. New York: Berkley, 2007.
Hodel, Steve. Most Evil. New York: Dutton Adult, 2009.
Malsch, Brownson. “Lone
Wolf” Gonzaullas, Texas Ranger. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1998.
Newton, Michael. Still at Large: A Casebook of 20th Century Serial Killers Who Eluded Justice. Port Townsend, WA: Loompanics, 1999.
Rasmussen, William. Corroborating Evidence II. Santa Fe: Sunstone Press, 2006.
Ressler, Robert, Ann Burgess, and John Douglas. Sexual Homicide: Patterns and Motives. Lexington, MA: Lexington Books, 1988.
Wilson, Colin, and Patricia Pitman. Encyclopedia of Murder. London: Pan Books, 1964.
Magazine Articles
Case, Blair. “The man who caught the phantom killer...” Texarkana Today (March 13–19, 1977): 12–13, 19.
“Texarkana Terror,” Life 20 (June 10, 1946): 40–41.
Official Documents
Arkansas State Penitentiary, File No. 39066: “Youell Lee Swinney.”
Ex parte Swinney, 499 S.W.2d 101, 102 (Tex.Cr.App. 1973).
Federal Bureau of Investigation, File No. 62-80864: “Texarkana Murders.”
Federal Bureau of Investigation, File No. 877089: “Youell Lee Swinney.”
Files of the Texas Rangers, http://txkphantom.site11.com/ranger_files.html (accessed June 12, 2012).
U.S. Bureau of Prisons, File No. 52857-L: “Youell Swinney.”
U.S. Census, January 1, 1920, State of Arkansas, County of Cleveland, enumeration district 25, p. 2-A, family 27.
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Arkansas Democrat Dallas Observer
Arkansas Gazette Dallas Times Herald
Dallas Morning News Kansas City Star
Texarkana Daily News New York Times
Texarkana Gazette USA Today
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“Arkansas State Police,” Wikipedia, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arkansas_State_Police (accessed Jan. 6, 2011).
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“Cullen Baker,” Wikipedia, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cullen_Baker (accessed Jan. 6, 2011).
Dillinger, Vic. “Moonlight Murders & the Town That Dreaded Sundown” (July 4, 2012), InfoBarrel, http://www.infobarrel.com/Moonlight_Murders__The_Town_That_Dreaded_Sundown (accessed November 4, 2012).
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The Texarkana Moonlight Murders: The Unsolved Case of the 1946 Phantom Killer Page 27