Bronner, Stephen Eric. Reclaiming the Enlightenment: Toward a Politics of Radical Engagement. New York: Columbia University Press, 2004.
———. A Rumor About the Jews: Anti-Semitism, Conspiracy, and the Protocols of Zion. New York: Oxford University Press, 2004.
Marcuse, Herbert. Negations: Essays in Critical Theory. Beacon Press: Boston, 1969.
Rabinbach, Anson. In the Shadow of Catastrophe: German Intellectuals Between Apocalypse and Enlightenment. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2001.
Chapter 5
Abromeit, John, and W. Mark Cobb, eds. Herbert Marcuse: A Critical Reader. New York: Routledge, 2003.
Buck-Morss, Susan. Dialectics of Seeing: Walter Benjamin and the Arcades Project. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1991.
Daniel, James Owen, and Tom Moylan, eds. Not Yet: Reconsidering Ernst Bloch. London: Verso, 1997.
Feenberg, Andrew, ed. Essential Marcuse. Boston: Beacon Press, 2007.
Habermas, Jürgen. Toward A Rational Society: Student Protest, Science, and Politics. Boston: Beacon Press, 1970.
Kellner, Douglas, et al. On Marcuse. Boston: Sense Publishers, 2008.
Taylor, Ronald, ed. Aesthetics and Politics: The Key Texts to the Classic Debates in German Marxism. New York: Verso, 2007.
Wolin, Richard. Walter Benjamin: An Aesthetic of Redemption. New York: Columbia University Press, 1982.
Chapter 6
Adorno, Theodor W. The Culture Industry: Selected Essays on Mass Culture. Edited by J. M. Bernstein. New York: Routledge, 2001.
———. Prisms. Translated by Samuel Weber and Shierry Weber. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1994.
———. The Stars Down to Earth and Other Essays on the Irrational in Culture. Edited by Stephen Crook. New York: Routledge, 1994.
Kellner, Douglas. Media Spectacle and the Crisis of Democracy: Terrorism, War, and Election Battles. Denver: Paradigm, 2005.
Negt, Oskar, and Alexander Kluge. Public Sphere and Experience: Toward an Analysis of the Bourgeois and Proletarian Public Sphere. Translated by Peter Labanyi. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1993.
Ritzer, George. The McDonaldization Thesis: Explorations and Extensions. London: Sage, 1998.
Scholem, Gershom. Walter Benjamin: The Story of a Friendship. Translated by Harry Zohn. New York: Schocken, 1981.
Wolff, Robert Paul, Barrington Moore, and Herbert Marcuse. A Critique of Pure Tolerance. Boston: Beacon Press, 1969.
Chapter 7
Adorno, Theodor W. Lectures on Negative Dialectics. Edited by Rolf Tiedemann. Translated by Rodney Livingstone. Cambridge: Polity Press, 2008.
———. Notes to Literature. 2 vols. Edited by Rolf Tiedemann. Translated by Shierrby Weber Nicholson. New York: Columbia University Press, 1992.
Adorno, Theodor W., and Walter Benjamin. The Complete Correspondence 1928–1940. Edited by Henri Lonitz. Translated by Nicholas Walker. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1999.
Buck-Morss, Susan. The Origins of Negative Dialectics: Theodor W. Adorno, Walter Benjamin, and the Frankfurt Institute. New York: Free Press, 1979.
Jameson, Fredric. Late Marxism: Adorno, or, The Persistence of the Dialectic. London: Verso, 1990.
Jay, Martin. Adorno. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1984.
Zuidevaart, Lambert. Adorno’s Aesthetic Theory: The Redemption of Illusion. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1993.
Chapter 8
Adorno, Theodor W. Introduction to Sociology. Edited by Christoph Godde. Translated by Edmund Jephcott. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2000.
———. Problems of Moral Philosophy. Edited by Thomas Schröder. Translated by Rodney Livingstone. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2001.
Adorno, T.W., et al., The Positivist Dispute in German Sociology. New York: Harper, 1976.
Berlin, Isaiah. Against the Current: Essays in the History of Ideas. Edited by Henry Hardy. New York: Penguin, 1979.
———. The Magus of the North: J. G. Hamann and the Origins of Modern Irrationalism. Edited by Henry Hardy. London: John Murray, 1993.
Dumain, Ralph. “The Autodidact Project.” Available at http://www.autodidactproject.org/.
Fay, Brian. Critical Social Science: Liberation and Its Limits. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1987.
Habermas, Jürgen. Moral Consciousness and Communicative Action. Translated by Christine Lenhardt and Shierry Weber Nicholson. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1991.
Kirchheimer, Otto. Politics, Law, and Social Change. Edited by Frederic S. Burin and Kurt L. Schell. New York: Columbia University Press, 1969.
Marcuse, Herbert. Technology War and Fascism: Collected Papers, vol. 1. Edited by Douglas Kellner. New York: Routledge, 1998.
Neumann, Franz. The Democratic and Authoritarian State. Edited by Herbert Marcuse. New York: Free Press, 1957.
Index
Adorno, Theodor W.
aesthetic criticism, 16–17, 27, 81, 88, 90, 93, 95–96, 97
culture industry critique, 6, 81–82, 87–88, 93, 94
negative dialectics, 7, 17, 94–95, 97–99
personal life/career, 3, 10, 16–17, 32, 85, 114
social criticism, 29, 32–33, 73–74, 76, 85, 97–99, 102–3
writings, 11, 16–17, 27, 29, 32–33, 73–74, 81, 85, 88, 93, 94, 95, 97–99, 102–3
See also Dialectic of Enlightenment;Minima Moralia
aesthetics
in critical theory, 64, 91–92, 94, 95–96
in culture industry, 92, 111–14
utopian visions of, 63, 70
alienation
causes of, 5, 25, 27, 35–43, 41
critical theory on, 2–3, 4–5, 45–48
and division of labor, 4, 35, 40, 46, 105
erosion of selfhood in, 5, 39–43, 41, 53
in modern life, 25, 105–6
Althusser, Louis, 80
anti-Semitism, 11, 52–53, 58, 81 See also Nazis/Nazism
Arendt, Hannah, 15
Aristotle, 107
art
aura in, 113–14
as commodity, 27, 51, 62, 81, 87
and culture industry, 87–88, 113–14
expressionism, 6, 66–67, 94
popular, 87–88, 115
surrealism, 29, 90, 94
utopian possibilities in, 14, 63–64, 66–67, 79, 80, 93
authoritarianism
in people, 102–3
in states, 5, 45–46, 49–50
autonomy
erosion of, 62, 77, 98
individual, 5, 36, 48, 52, 102, 111
moral, 2, 54
avant-garde, 66, 80, 90, 93–94
Baker, Nicholson, 114
Balzac, Honoré de, 66
barbarism
embedded in civilization, 52, 58, 59
as result of progress, 5, 62, 72
Beckett, Samuel, 3–4, 17, 96, 97, 98
Bellamy, Edward, 74
Benjamin, Walter, 64
aesthetic critique, 16–17, 29, 90, 96, 97
cultural critique, 15–16, 27, 80–81, 113–14
personal life/career, 3, 15–16
social critique, 30–32, 58, 109
writings, 15–16, 27, 29, 32, 58, 109, 113
Bergson, Henri, 59, 77
Berlin, Isaiah, 110
Bloch, Ernst, 93
expressionism debate, 66–67
on nature, 107–8
personal life/career, 20, 43, 65–66
Principle of Hope (Bloch), 65
social critique, 66–68, 108, 110
Spirit of Utopia (Bloch), 43–44, 65
utopian visions, 43–44, 64–69, 75, 108
written work, 43–44, 65, 66–67, 68, 69, 107, 110
Bobbio, Norberto, 59
bourgeoisie
and capitalist production, 50, 60, 86
revolutionary, 28, 36, 44–45, 52, 66
Brecht, Bertolt, 16, 76, 92, 95, 112
Breton, André, 90
bureaucracy
as “end of individual,” 5, 43, 48, 82
resisting, 7, 99
Burke, Edmund, 80
Butler, Samuel, 67
capitalism
alienation/reification in, 5, 39–43, 49, 82
class consciousness, 20–21, 25–26, 28, 44–45, 60
consumerism in, 5–6, 70
and instrumental rationality, 28, 42, 47, 55
and private property, 35, 56
revolutions, 28, 36, 48–49, 52, 66
Carnap, Rudolf, 59
class
conflicts, 86, 89–90, 105, 110
consciousness, 20–21, 25–26, 28, 44–45, 60
See also proletariat/working class
Cohn-Bendit, Danny, 91
commodity form
and culture industry, 17, 27, 51, 62, 81, 85, 87, 113
people as, 40–42, 53
resistance to, 7, 92, 94, 99
communicative ethics, 33, 46–47, 102
communism
and authoritarianism, 45–46, 49–50
failure of, 52, 86, 99
and Frankfurt School, 10, 12, 20–23, 28, 36, 44–46, 68
Communist International, 21, 22, 45, 66
concentration camps
Auschwitz, 5, 52, 93
Buchenwald, 57, 57
consciousness
class, 20–21, 25–26, 28, 44–45, 60
happy, 14, 77–78, 78, 82, 84, 87, 89
political, 86–87
unhappy, 77
Counter-Enlightenment, 58, 110, 111
critical theory
coining of term, 20
core themes of, 1–8, 18–19, 23–24, 29–30, 32–34, 47, 100
future for, 8, 115–16
human emancipation as aim, 2, 21, 24, 39
ideological concerns, 25–28
as interdisciplinary, 1, 11, 18, 114–15
journals, 35, 87, 89
legacy of, 8, 115
limitations, 8, 88, 100–116
methodologies, 20–34
negation as principle of, 12, 54, 62, 74, 88, 94, 100, 112
origins of, 1–3, 20–21
resistance as animating ideal, 4, 7, 8, 12, 29, 33, 34, 81, 88, 94, 98–99, 100, 116
responsiveness to new social problems, 1, 18–19, 24, 101, 115–16
solidarity as animating ideal of, 98–99, 116
theory vs. practice in, 2, 12, 18, 73, 74, 84, 103, 115
transformation as animating ideal of, 6–7, 13–14, 15, 28, 91, 100, 105
treatment of facts in, 24–25
See also Frankfurt School
culture industry
as commodity form, 17, 27, 51, 62, 81, 85, 87, 113
dance troupes, 26–27, 26
films, 27, 87, 88
Frankfurt School critique of, 5–6, 62, 79–88, 89–90, 99, 111–14, 115
jazz, 78, 88
positive uses of, 86, 89, 112–14
radio, 17
television, 17, 86, 113
Dialectic of Enlightenment
(Horkheimer and Adorno)
critique of liberalism, 56–58
culture industry critique, 51, 62, 77–78, 81, 87
and instrumental rationality, 51–56, 58, 59–62
limitations of, 58–62
publication and sequel, 11, 51, 62
Dutschke, Rudi, 91
Engels, Friedrich, 28
Enlightenment
autonomy/individuality in, 52, 53, 109
ethical ideals, 2, 52, 54, 109
Frankfurt School engagement with, 3–4, 5, 8, 12, 48, 53, 109–14
and instrumental rationality, 53–59, 109
legacy of, 58, 109–14
ethics
communicative, 33, 46–47, 102
in critical theory, 1–2, 29, 47
disappearance in modern life, 42–43, 53
European modernism, 93–94
European radical uprisings, 7, 20, 22, 44, 109
Existentialism, 33, 72, 100
fascism
Frankfurt School critique of, 3, 45–46, 52
roots of, 55, 59–60, 61
Feuerbach, Ludwig, 40
Frankfurt School, 6, 100
debates, 66–67, 107–8
exile/return to Germany, 11, 12, 20, 84
interdisciplinary style, 1, 11, 18, 114–15
principal members/founding of, 3, 10–18
in public realm, 84–85
See also critical theory
freedom
as animating ideal in critical theory, 1, 2, 7, 17, 18, 98–99, 116
Hegel-Marx dialectic, 36, 37–43, 48
in modern society, 108
and negative dialectics, 97, 98–99
and nonconformity, 77
utopian visions of, 64, 68
Freud, Sigmund, 12, 29, 54, 70, 73–74
Fromm, Erich
career/personal life, 3, 12, 13–14, 73, 84
on metapsychology, 72–74
social/psychological critique, 12–14, 25, 29, 45, 49
writings, 12–13, 25, 29, 45, 49, 73
Garden of Eden, 36, 67, 67
Gerlach, Kurt Albert, 9
Germany, 11, 14, 60
Goethe, Johann W. von, 16, 57, 57, 70
Gramsci, Antonio, 21–22, 44, 60
Grass, Günther, 72
“great refusal,” 14, 89–90, 109
Grossmann, Henryk, 9
Grünberg, Carl, 9
Gutermann, Norbert, 11
Habermas, Jürgen
communicative ethics, 46–47, 102
personal life/career, 3, 10, 17–18, 47, 83, 84–85
philosophical analysis, 18, 33, 46–47, 72
political critique, 18, 82–83, 84–85
writings, 18, 33, 46–47, 72, 82, 83
Hamann, Johann Georg, 110
Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich, 93
on alienation, 37–39, 100
dialectic of freedom, 37–43, 48, 77
on non-identity between individual and society, 97–99
philosophical method, 2, 7
Heidegger, Martin, 24
historical materialism
and critical theory, 14–15, 16, 18, 25, 28–30, 99
Marxist views of, 20, 22
historicity, 14
history
man’s ability to shape, 65
as one single catastrophe, 30–31
as striving for utopia, 68
History and Class Consciousness (Lukács), 20–21, 25–26, 44–45, 66
Hitler, Adolf, 11, 56
Hitler-Stalin Pact of 1939, 38
Hölderlin, Friedrich, 37
Honneth, Axel, 47
Horkheimer, Max
on critical theory, 18–19, 23, 115
on culture industry, 6, 77, 81–82, 87
on emotional experience as liberating, 11, 12, 29, 92–93
personal life/career, 3, 10–12, 10, 17, 28, 84
philosophical analysis, 11, 12, 24, 28, 48
political critique, 7, 11, 45–46, 48, 84
writings, 11, 23, 24, 28, 29, 45–46, 48, 51–58, 81, 92
See also Dialectic of Enlightenment
Human Smoke (Baker), 114
Hume, David, 29, 54
Huxley, Aldous, 74
ideology
Frankfurt School concern with, 2, 20, 25–28
“free-floating intelligentsia,” 27–28
individuality
bureaucracy as end of, 5, 43, 48, 82
as focus of critical theory, 2–3, 29, 32–33, 100
loss in mass society, 5, 27, 49
Institute for Social Research, 9, 28, 35
See also Frankfurt School
instrumental rationality
in advanced industrial society, 106
and capitalism, 28, 42, 47, 55
critique by Frankfurt School, 2, 24, 28, 51–52, 53–56, 59, 64, 92
and Nazism,
52, 61
origins in Enlightenment, 53–59, 109
Italy, 21, 59–60
Japan, 60
Jews, 58, 93
See also anti-Semitism
Kafka, Franz, 4, 16, 17, 64, 95
Kandinsky, Wassily, 80
Kant, Immanuel, 2, 11, 24, 29, 55, 95–96, 97–98
Kautsky, Karl, 60
Kellner, Douglas, 113
Kirchheimer, Otto, 101
Klee, Paul, 31
Kluge, Alexander, 82
Korsch, Karl, 44
critique of Marxism, 22–23, 26
as Western Marxist, 3, 9, 20, 21, 22
writings of, 9, 22–23
Kracauer, Siegfried, 26–27
Krauss, Karl, 114
Kuhn, Thomas, 107
labor, division of, 4, 35, 40, 46, 105
Lask, Emil, 43
Le Bon, Gustave, 80
the Left, 31, 51, 52, 86, 116
See also New Left
left-wing movements, 111
Lenin, Vladimir, 28, 44, 60
liberalism, 8, 45–46, 52, 56–58, 110
Lisbon earthquake, 5
literature
critiques, 17, 27, 79, 95–96, 97
expressionism debate, 66–67
utopian, 74–75
Lowenthal, Leo, 11, 27, 77
Lukács, Georg
expressionism debate, 66–67
personal life/career, 43, 61, 65–66
social/political critique, 43–44, 45, 61, 67, 78–79
Soul and Form (Lukács), 79
Theory of the Novel (Lukács), 43–44, 61
and Western Marxism, 3, 20–21, 35, 45
written work, 20–21, 25–26, 43–45, 61, 66, 79
See also History and Class Consciousness
Luxemburg, Rosa, 60
Mannheim, Karl, 27
Mann, Thomas, 16–17, 66, 115
Marcuse, Herbert
cultural critiques, 6, 69–74, 77, 86–87, 89–90
Eros and Civilization (Marcuse), 69–74
An Essay on Liberation (Marcuse), 29, 71, 90–91
One-Dimensional Man (Marcuse), 14, 86–87, 88
personal life/career, 3, 14, 84
philosophical interpretations, 14, 29, 48
political critique, 14–15, 35, 56, 85–86, 88, 89–91, 91–92, 101
utopian vision, 14, 69–74, 90
written work, 14, 29, 48, 69–74, 85–86, 90–92, 101
Marxism
on alienation and reification, 2, 35–36, 39–40, 97–98, 105
on capitalism, 28, 40–43, 45
on culture industry, 80
and dialectic of freedom, 36, 37–43, 48
as inspiration to Frankfurt School, 2–4, 3–4, 20–21, 26, 36, 104
Critical Theory Page 13