Smallpox, Syphilis and Salvation
Page 35
[24] ibid.
[25] ibid.
[26]Mollaret, H.H., Contribution to the knowledge of relations between Koch and Pasteur, NTM-Schriftenr. Gesch. Naturwiss, Technik, Med, Leipzig 20 (1983)1, pp.57-65. Translated by Cohn, E.T., Fasciotto-Dunn, B.H., Kuhn, U. and Cohn, D.V., Molleret,
[27] ibid.
[28] ibid.
[29] Sanofi Pasteur Australia, Rabies,
[30] Coppedge, David, F., loc. cit.
[31] Cohn, David V., loc. cit.
[32]Pasteur, Louis, ‘Method for Preventing Rabies after a Bite’, report to the French Academy of Sciences in 1885, First Treatment of Rabies, Founders of Science,
[33] ibid.
[34] ibid.
[35] ibid.
[36]Koch, Robert, Dr Robert Koch’s Latest Estimate of Pasteur’s Methods and Discoveries, and of the Present Position of the General Inoculation Problem, editorial in Boston Medical and Surgical Journal, 18 January 1883, Vol.CVIII, No.3,
[37] DIN Doctors Independent Network, loc. cit.
[38] Pasteur, Louis cited at Coppege, David, F., loc. cit.
[39]Vallery-Radot, René, 1926, The Life of Louis Pasteur, Doubleday, Garden City, p.195.
[40] Hellman, Hall, 2001, op. cit., p.88.
[41]World Health Organization, Human and Animal Rabies: A neglected disease,
[42]World Health Organization, Rabies Bulletin Europe, 1st Quarter, 2006,
[43]Watts, Jonathan, ‘China Rabies Outbreak Triggers Second Dog Cull’, Guardian, 4 August 2006.
CHAPTER THREE
[1]Schatz, Albert, My Experience in World War II, 1942, Rutgers Oral History Archive of World War II, the Korean War, the Vietnam War and the Cold War, 2003, Rutgers University,
[2]GlaxoSmithKline, 2007, The White Plague,
[3]Who Named It? Leon Charles Albert Calmette,
[4]Raymo, Chet, Thus we Behold a Deadly Beauty, Boston Globe Online,
[5]Nobel Prize, Robert Koch,
[6]Who Named It? Heinrich Hermann Robert Koch,
[7]Nobel Prize, Robert Koch, loc. cit.
[8] Who Named It? Heinrich Hermann Robert Koch, loc. cit.
[9] History Learning Site, 2000, Robert Koch,
[10] Strauss, Eugene W. and Strauss, Alex, 2006, op. cit., p.192.
[11] Who Named It? Heinrich Hermann Robert Koch, loc. cit.
[12] Institute for Animal Health, Robert Koch: Advancing the field of bacteriology,
[13] History Learning Site, 2007, Robert Koch,
[14] Who Named It? Heinrich Hermann Robert Koch, loc. cit.
[15] Nobel Prize, Robert Koch,
[16] Strauss, Eugene W. and Strauss, Alex, 2006, op. cit., p.192.
[17] Nobel Prize, Robert Koch, loc. cit.
[18] Strauss, Eugene W. and Strauss, Alex, 2006, op. cit., p.193.
[19] History Learning Site, Robert Koch, loc. cit.
[20] Robert Koch Institute, Robert Koch and the Institute,
[21] Who Named It? Heinrich Hermann Robert Koch, loc. cit.
[22] Who Named It? Leon Charles Albert Calmette, loc. cit.
[23] Hoslink, Pioneers in Medical Laboratory Science—Albert Calmette,
[24] ibid.
[25] Who Named It? Leon Charles Albert Calmette, loc. cit. loc. cit.
[26] ibid.
[27] Hubbard, John P (ed.), Trends: WHO reports first results of mass vaccination with BCG, Pediatrics, Vol. 6 No.3, September 1950,
[28] Doherty, Mark T. and Rook, Graham, ‘Progress and Hindrances in Tuberculosis Vaccine Development’, The Lancet, 17 March 2006, 367(9514): pp.947-9.
[29] Friedman, Meyer and Friedland, Gerald W., 1998, op. cit., p.190.
[30] Simmons, John Galbraith, 2002, Doctors and Discoveries: Lives that created today’s Medicine, Boston, Houghton Mifflin Company, New York, p.257.
[31] Nobel Prize, Selman A. Waksman—Nobel Lecture,
[32] Schatz, Albert, My Experience in World War II, 1942, loc. cit.
[33] Simmons, John Galbraith, op. cit., p.259.
[34] Simmons, John Galbraith, loc. cit.
[35] ibid.
[36] Strauss, Eugene W. and Strauss, Alex, 2006, op. cit., p.256.
[37] Simmons, John Galbraith, op. cit., ibid.
[38] Pollard, Ruth, ‘TB’s Extreme New Face’, Sydney Morning Herald, 21 September 2006, p.18.
[39] Pellerin, Cheryl, Progress Challenges Highlighted on World Tuberculosis Day 2006, Washington File,
[40] GlaxoSmithKline, 2007, The White Plague, loc. cit.
CHAPTER FOUR
[1]Quote cited in The Black Death 1347-1350 Culprit: Oriental rat flea, Quotes from the Plague,
[2] Twoop Timelines, Bubonic Plague-A historical timeline,
[3]Kiple, Kenneth F. (ed.), 1993, The Cambridge World History of Human Diseases, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, p.612.
[4] Twoop Timelines, Bubonic Plague-A historical timeline, loc. cit.
[5]Kruszelnicki, Karl S., 2006, Arrow Up Yours & Plague 2, ABC Great Moments in History,
[6]World Health Organization, Plague Fact Sheet,
[7]Wood, James, Black Death and Plague not Linked, 12 April 2002, BBC News,
[8] ibid.
[9]History Learning Site, Medieval England—The Black Death
[10]Channel 4, 2007, Plague,
[11] Twoop-Timelines, Bubonic Plague-A historical timeline, loc. cit.
[12]Who Named It? Alexandre-Émil-Jean Yersin,
[13]Hoslink Pioneers in Med Lab Science, Alexandre Yersin,
[14]Burns, William, MRC National Institute for Medical Research, NIMR: Mill Hill Essays 2003: Alexandre Yersin and his adventures,
[15]Who Named It? Alexandre-Émil-Jean Yersin, loc. cit.
[16]Hoslink, Pioneers in Med Lab Science, Alexandre Yersin, loc. cit.
[17]Kitasato’s Drama Without a Script, Act I: Before Unravelling the Enigma,
[18]Channel 4, 2007, Plague, loc. cit.
[19]Canadian Medical Association Journal, 2007, The Late Baron Shibasaburo Kitasato,
[20]Who Named It? Alexandre-Émil-Jean Yersin, loc. cit.
[21] ibid.
[22]Jewish Encyclopedia, Waldemar Mordecai Wolff Haffkine,
[23]Friedman, (Rabbi Mark), Great Scientist, Great Jew, Canadian Jewish News, 4 August 2005,
[24] ibid.
[25] Indian Post, Dr Waldemar Mordecai Wolff Haffkine,
[26] ibid.
[27] Jewish Encyclopedia, Waldemar Mordecai Wolff Haffkine, loc. cit.
[28] ibid.
[29]Hawgood, Barbara J, 2005, Waldemar Mordecai Haffkine, CIE (1860-1930): Prophylactic vaccination against cholera and bubonic plague in British India, Journal of Medical Biography,
[30]Jewish Encyclopedia, Waldemar Mordecai Wolff Haffkine. loc. cit.
[31] Indian Post, Dr Waldemar Mordecai Wolff Haffkine, loc. cit.
[32] Jewish Encyclopedia, Waldemar Mordecai Wolff Haffkine, loc. cit.
[33]PBS Online, Science Odyssey: People and Discoveries, Bubonic Plague hits San Francisco,
[34] ibid.
[35] Twoop Timelines, Bubonic Plague-A historical timeline, loc. cit.
[36]World Health Organization, Epidemic and Pandemic Alert and Response, 2002 Plague in India,
[37]World Health Organization, Epidemic and Pandemic Alert and Response, 2002 Plague in Algeria,
[38]World Health Organization, Epidemic and Pandemic Alert and Response, Suspected Plague in the Democratic Republic of Congo
[39]Buzzle, Bubonic Plague: Case confirmed in Los Angeles,
[40]World Health Organization, Epidemic and Pandemic Alert and Response,
[41]Titus, Nicole, Plague-infected Mice Escape from Jersey Lab, 20 September 2005, Avion,
[42]Khamsi, Roxanne, Lab Loses Trio of Plague Mice, news@nature.com, 2005, MacMillan Publishers Ltd.
[43]Channel 4, 2007, Plague, loc. cit.
[44] Khamsi, Roxanne, loc. cit.
CHAPTER FIVE
[1]Walker, Benjamin Edward, Unpublished Memoirs: The rain must fall,
[2]Kitasato’s Drama Without a Script, Act I: Before Unravelling the Enigma, loc. cit.
[3]CDC Centres for Disease Control and Prevention, Department of Health and Human Services, Tetanus Chapter (Pink Book),
[4] ibid.
[5]Sanofi Pasteur, Welcome to sanofi pasteur in Japan: Tetanus,
[6]Healthline, Tetanus Health Article,
[7]E-notes World of Microbiology and Immunology, Emil von Behring,
[8]Todar’s Online Textbook of Bacteriology, 2002, Diphtheria,
[9]Answers.com, Diphtheria,
[10]RDS Understanding Animal Research in Medicine, Diphtheria Vaccine,
[11]Encyclopedia of Children’s Health, Diphtheria,
[12]Grundman, Kornelia, 2001, Emil von Behring: The founder of serum therapy, Nobel Prize,
[13]Hoslink, Pioneers in Medical Laboratory Science—Alexandre Yersin,
[14]Encyclopedia of Children’s Health, Diphtheria, loc. cit.
[15]Nobel Prize, Emil von Behring: The Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine 1901, Biography,
[16]Hoslink, Pioneers in Medical Laboratory Science-Emil von Behring,
[17]E-notes World of Microbiology and Immunology, Emil von Behring, loc. cit.
[18] Grundman, Kornelia, 2001, loc. cit.
[19] ibid.
[20]A Traveller’s Guide to the History of Biology and Medicine, Chapter 3: Clausthal-Zellerfeld,
[21] Grundman, Kornelia, 2001, loc. cit.
[22] ibid.
[23]RDS Understanding Animal Research in Medicine, Diphtheria Vaccine,
[24] Grundman, Kornelia, 2001, loc. cit.
[25]A-Traveller’s Guide to the History of Biology and Medicine, Chapter 3: Clausthal-Zellerfeld, loc. cit.
[26] Grundman, Kornelia, 2001, loc. cit.
[27] ibid.
[28]Internet FAQ Archives, Emil von Behring Biography (1854-1917), Encyclopedia of Health,
[29] ibid.
[30] Grundman, Kornelia, 2001, loc.cit.
[31]Answers.com, Diphtheria,
[32] Grundman, Kornelia, 2001, loc. cit.
[33]Encyclopedia of Children’s Health, Diphtheria, loc. cit.
[34]Nobel Prize, Emil von Behring: The Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine 1901, Biography, loc. cit.
[35]Internet FAQ Archives, Emil von Behring Biography (1854-1917), loc. cit.
[36]Todar’s Online Textbook of Bacteriology, 2002, Diphtheria,
[37]RDS Understanding Animal Research in Medicine, Diphtheria Vaccine, loc. cit.
[38]Immunizations, In Depth Reports: Diphtheria, tetanus and pertussis, <162.1.2.78/ADAM/doc/In-DepthReports/10/000090.htm>
[39]Encyclopedia of Children’s Health, Diphtheria, loc. cit.
[40] ibid.
[41]World Health Organization, Diphtheria in Afghanistan,
[42]CDC Centres for Disease Control and Prevention, Department of Health and Human Services, Tetanus Chapter (Pink Book), loc. cit.
[43]Sanofi Pasteur, Welcome to Sanofi Pasteur in Japan: Tetanus, loc. cit.
[44] ibid.
[45]Ehrlich, Paul, Croonian Lecture—On Immunity with Special Reference to Cell Life, 13 March 1900, Theoretical Immunology,
CHAPTER SIX
[1] Gide, André, cited in Strauss, Eugene W. and Strauss, Alex, 2006, op. cit., p.101.
[2]Crosby, Alfred W. Jr., 2003, The Columbian Exchange: Biological and Cultural Consequences of 1492, Westport Connecticut, Praeger, p.126.
[3]Kiple, Kenneth F. (ed.), 1993, The Cambridge World History of Human Diseases, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, p.1025
[4]Impact of Sieges, Siege Warfare 1494-1648,
[5] Strauss, Eugene W. and Strauss, Alex, 2006, op. cit., p.102.
[6]STD Helper.com, History Advice, Syphilis,
[7]Poynter Centre, Syphilis in History,
[8]STD Helper.com, History Advice, loc. cit.
[9]Thumbnails, 39—Ehrlich: Chemotherapy is launched,
[10]Kiple, Kenneth F. (ed.), 1993, The Cambridge World History of Human Diseases, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, p.1032.
[11]Poynter Centre, Syphilis in History, loc. cit.
[12]Nobel Prize, Paul Ehrlich—Nobel lecture,
[13]Thumbnails, 39—Ehrlich: Chemotherapy is launched, loc. cit.
[14]Magner, Lois N., 2002, A History of the Life Sciences, CRC Press, p.189.
[15]Bowden, Mary Ellen, 2003, Paul Ehrlich: Pharmaceutical achiever, The Chemical Heritage Foundation,
[16]Thumbnails, 39—Ehrlich: Chemotherapy is launched, loc. cit.
; [17]Nobel Prize, Paul Ehrlich—Nobel lecture, loc. cit.
[18]A Traveller’s Guide to the History of Biology and Medicine, Chapter 3: Clausthal-Zellerfeld,
[19] Nobel Prize, Paul Ehrlich—Nobel Lecture, loc. cit.
[20]Thumbnails, 39—Ehrlich: Chemotherapy is launched, loc. cit.
[21]Bowden, Mary Ellen, 2003, Paul Ehrlich: Pharmaceutical achiever, loc. cit.
[22]A Traveller’s Guide to the History of Biology and Medicine, Chapter 3: Clausthal-Zellerfeld, loc. cit.
[23]Thumbnails, 39—Ehrlich: Chemotherapy is launched, loc. cit.
[24] ibid.
[25]Bowden, Mary Ellen, 2003, Paul Ehrlich: Pharmaceutical achiever, loc. cit.
[26]Ehrlich, Paul, Croonian Lecture—On immunity with special reference to cell life, 13 March 1900, Theoretical Immunology,
[27] ibid.
[28] ibid.
[29]Nobel Prize, The Immune System Pioneers: Ilya Mechnikov and the phagocyte cells,
[30]The Chemical Heritage Foundation, 2001, Magic Bullets: Chemistry vs Cancer—Pharmaceutical achievers, Paul Ehrlich,
[31]Moss, RalphW., 1995, Questioning Chemotherapy, Equinox Press, New York, p.11.
[32]The Chemical Heritage Foundation, 2001, Magic Bullets: Chemistry vs Cancer—Pharmaceutical achievers, Paul Ehrlich, loc. cit.
[33]Nobel Prize, Paul Ehrlich—Nobel lecture, loc. cit.
[34]Bowden, Mary Ellen, 2003, Paul Ehrlich: Pharmaceutical achiever, loc. cit.
[35]Thumbnails, 39—Ehrlich: Chemotherapy is launched, loc. cit.
[36] ibid.
[37]Nobel Prize, The Immune System Pioneers: Ilya Mechnikov and the phagocyte cells, loc. cit.
[38]Nobel Prize, Paul Ehrlich—Nobel lecture, loc. cit.
[39]PBS Online, Science Odyssey: People and Discoveries, Ehrlich Finds Cure for Syphilis,
[40]PBS Online, Science Odyssey: People and Discoveries, Fleming Discovers Penicillin,