death of, 1
early training, 1, 2
extensive trials in London, 1, 2
first experiments, 1
later life and career, 1, 2, 3
love of natural science, 1
method of variolation, 1
setbacks and rivalries, 1, 2, 3, 4
Jennings, Margaret, 1, 2
Jesty, Benjamin, 1
K
Kitasato, Shibasaburo, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9
diphtheria antitoxin, 1, 2
early life and career, 1, 2
honours and death in Japan, 1
in Hong Kong, 1, 2, 3
isolates cause of dysentery, 1
isolates cause of plague, 1
rivalry withYersin, 1
tetanus antitoxin, 1, 2
Koch, Robert, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18
amoebic dysentery discovered, 1
animosity to Pasteur, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7
anthrax experiments, 1, 2
bubonic plague research, 1
cholera research, 1, 2
early life & research, 1, 2
honours and awards, 1, 2
later career and death, 1, 2, 3, 4
malaria research, 1, 2
Nobel Prize awarded, 1
rinderpest research, 1
sleeping sickness research, 1
tuberculosis research, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
‘Koch’s Postulates’, 1
Koprowski, Hilary, 1, 2, 3
L
Langerhans, Paul, 1
Lederle Laboratories, 1
Leeuwenhoek, Antonie van, 1, 2
observes micro-organisms, 1
leukaemia, childhood, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7
chemotherapy regimes, 1
other treatments, 1, 2, 3
survival rates, 1, 2, 3
symptoms and causes, 1, 2
description and types, 1, 2
Liebig, Baron Justus von, 1, 2, 3
Lister, Joseph, 1, 2
M
Macleod, John, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12
doubts insulin research, 1
later life, 1, 2
Nobel Prize awarded, 1
prize shared with Collip, 1
provides laboratory support, 1
relationship with Best, 1
magic bullets, theory of, 1
in modern medicine, 1
Maitland, Charles, 1, 2
March of Dimes, the, 1, 2, 3, 4
Marshall, Barry, 1, 2
Meister, Joseph, 1, 2, 3
Merck, Sharpe and Dohme, 1, 2
Metchnikov, Elie, 1, 2, 3
micro-organisms, 1, 2, 3, 4
attenuation, 1, 2
early belief in, 1, 2
microscope, development of, 1
milkmaids and cowpox, 1, 2, 3
Murray, Dr Joseph, 1, 2
N
Nelmes, Sarah, 1
P
Parke Davis & Co, 1, 2, 3
Pasteur Institute, 1, 2
Pasteur, Louis, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34
anthrax research, 1, 2, 3, 4
chicken cholera research, 1
childhood and education, 1, 2
fermentation research, 1, 2, 3, 4
honours and death, 1, 2
opposition from colleagues, 1, 2, 3, 4
philosophy, 1
puerperal fever research, 1, 2
rabies vaccine developed, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6
rivalry with Koch, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7
silkworm research, 1
streptococci discovered, 1
pasteurisation, 1
Paulesco, Nicolas, 1
penicillin, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34
bacteria resistant to, 1, 2
controversy over discovery, 1, 2, 3
early antibiotic research, 1
effect on bacilli, 1
Fleming notices mould, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
gonorrhoea treatment, 1
human trials, 1, 2, 3
in World War II, 1, 2
mould factory, the, 1, 2, 3, 4
patent for, 1, 2
production in USA, 1, 2, 3, 4
research at Oxford, 1, 2
Phipps, James, 1, 2, 3, 4
Pitman-Moore, 1
plague, the
see bubonic plague
poliomyelitis, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29
see also Salk and Sabin
early history, 1, 2, 3, 4
early history and research, 1, 2
Enders,Weller and Robbins, 1, 2
iron lung, 1, 2
killed versus live vaccine, 1
Koprowski and Cox, 1, 2
mass vaccinations, 1
no patent, 1
rivalry: Salk and Sabin, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6
Roosevelt struck down, 1, 2
Sabin’s research, 1, 2, 3
Salk’s research, 1, 2
statistics in 1950s, 1, 2
three strains, 1, 2
virus identified, 1
worldwide treatment, 1, 2
Postscripts, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10
Pouchet, Félix-Archimede, 1, 2, 3
puerperal fever
see childbirth fever
Q
quarantine, derivation of word, 1
R
rabies, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10
description, 1
early treatment, 1
experiments, 1
improved vaccine, 1
incidence in China, 1, 2
incidence in the twentieth century, 1
symptoms, 1
trials on humans, 1, 2
rational drug design, 1, 2
‘Ring-a-ring o’roses’, 1
Roosevelt, Franklin Delano, 1, 2, 3
Roux, Emile, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8
diphtheria research, 1, 2
Director of Pasteur Institute, 1
rabies research, 1, 2
work withYersin, 1, 2, 3, 4
S
Sabin, Albert, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13
dispute with Koprowski, 1
early life and career, 1
later career and death, 1
polio research, 1, 2, 3, 4
rivalry with Salk, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7
Sabin oral vaccine, 1, 2, 3, 4
advantages of Salk vaccine, 1
based on live virus, 1
polio caused by, 1
tests and mass trials, 1
Salk, Jonas, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24
early life and career, 1, 2, 3
honours and death, 1
influenza vaccine developed, 1
later career and philosophy, 1, 2
polio research, 1, 2
rivalry with Sabin, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7
Salk vaccine, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12
based on ‘killed’ virus, 1
field trials, 1, 2, 3
mass vaccinations, 1, 2
no longer used, 1
rhesus monkeys used, 1, 2
Salvarsan and Neosalvarsan, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
Schatz, Albert, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6
death, 1
early life and career, 1
streptomycin isolated, 1
suesWaksman, 1, 2
Side-chain Theory of Immunity, 1, 2, 3
sleeping sickness, 1, 2
smallpox, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32
campaign for global eradication, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6
compulsory vaccination, 1, 2
derivation of name, 1
effects, 1, 2, 3
eighteenth-century treatment, 1, 2
final eradication, 1
history of, 1, 2, 3, 4
inoculation by Jesty, 1
overseas vaccinations, 1, 2, 3
statistical surveys, 1
survival rate, 1
symptoms, 1, 2
transmission, 1
twentieth century treatment, 1
two strains, 1
variolation, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
spontaneous generation, 1, 2
sterilisation of equipment, 1, 2
stomach ulcers, cause of, 1
streptomycin, 1, 2, 3
syphilis, 1, 2, 3, 4
early treatment methods, 1
origins and early history, 1, 2
recent statistics, 1
spirochaete discovered, 1, 2
symptoms, 1
testing arsenical compounds, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
three stages of, 1, 2
transmitted by sexual intercourse, 1, 2
T
terrorism
see bio-terrorism
tetanus, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10
bacillus isolated, 1
called ‘lockjaw’, 1, 2
current position, 1, 2, 3
early research, 1, 2
serum developed, 1, 2, 3
symptoms, 1
vaccine developed, 1
ways of contracting, 1, 2
tuberculosis, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32
antibiotic developed, 1, 2
bacillus discovered, 1
bacillus isolated, 1, 2
derivation of name, 1
history of, 1, 2, 3
Koch’s ‘cure’ for, 1, 2, 3
Lübeck disaster, 1, 2
old treatments, 1, 2
recent incidences, 1, 2, 3
statistics, 1, 2, 3
symptoms and effects, 1
tuberculin trials, 1, 2, 3
vaccine developed, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
typhoid, 1
V
vaccination against diseases, 1
vaccine, definition of, 1
derivation of word, 1
variolation for smallpox, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7
famous people treated, 1, 2
Jenner’s method, 1
use on US troops by George Washington, 1
W
Waksman, Selman, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6
death, 1
early life and career, 1, 2
Nobel Prize awarded, 1, 2
streptomycin isolated, 1
suedbySchatz, 1, 2
Warren, Robin, 1, 2
Wellcome Laboratories
see GlaxoSmithKline
Wortley Montague, Lady Mary, 1, 2
wound treatment before antibiotics, 1, 2, 3
Wright, Sir Almroth, 1
vaccine for typhoid, 1
WyethInc., 1
Y
yeast, part played in fermentation, 1, 2
Yersin, Alexandre, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12
bubonic plague cure, 1
diphtheria research, 1, 2
early life and career, 1, 2
honours and death, 1
in Hong Kong, 1, 2, 3
in Indochina, 1, 2, 3, 4
perfects anti-plague serum, 1
rivalry with Kitasato, 1
Smallpox, Syphilis and Salvation Page 40