by Tim Low
3. Away from Wilderness
Knowles – Nash (1973, pp. 141–2); Wilderness repugnant then spiritual – Nash (1973), Cronon (1995); Thoreau (1960); Parkes – Mosley (1978, p. 27); Dunphy – Mosley (1978, p. 29); Franklin River – Green (1981); Smith – Smith (1977), Green (1981); Hawke – Green (1981); New Left – Stokes (1983); Brown – Brown (1983). By questioning ‘wilderness’ I intend no criticism of Bob Brown’s outstanding achievements in conservation; Wilderness Society definition – www.wilderness.org.au, Michael (1991); Tunbridge, Jericho – Kirkpatrick, Gilfedder & Fensham (1988); Rare species increase as wilderness declines – Mackey et al. (1998), Kirkpatrick & Gilfedder (1995); Cronon (1995, p. 87); Flood (1983, p. 159); Expanding Wet Tropics rainforests – Harrington & Sanderson (1994), Trott (1995); Endangered bettong – McIlwee (1999); Golden-shouldered parrot – Garnett & Crowley (1997, 2000); Cole (1996); Kakadu wasps – Bell (1981); Aborigines exercised control – Martin (1992), Flannery (1994); Multiplying kangaroos and koalas – see chapters 17 and 18; Dingoes – Low (1999); Rose (1996, p. 18); Roberts – Rose (1996, p. 26); Stanner – Rose (1996, p. 18); Bogong moths – Green et al. (2001); Ehrlich (1997); Ludwig (1989); McKinnon (1990); Cronon (1995, p. 87); Five kilometres from a road – Land Conservation Council (1991, p. 6); 42 per cent grazed – AUSLIG (1993); 40 per cent eroded – Ludwig & Tongway (1995).
4. Ecosystem Engineers
Elephants – the references are too many to list, Laws (1970), Owen-Smith & Danckwerts (1997), Noble (1993, 1999), Flannery (1994); Savage spines – Low (1997–98); Seabird and seal erosion – Gillham (1961, 1963), Hodgson et al. (1997); Buffalo bream – Berry (2000); Moa trails – Horn (1989); Jones, Lawton & Shachak (1997); Gillham (1963); New Holland mice – Strahan (1995); Whale slaughter benefits seals – Hodgson et al. (1997); Newsome (1975); Burbidge et al. (1988); Flannery (1994); Bolton & Latz (1978); Mosaic burning theory remains contentious – Bowman (1998); Mala on islands – Short & Turner (1994), Bowman (1998); Great desert skink – McAlpin (2001), Pearson (2000); Flannery (1987).
5. The Ecology of Sewage
Pedra Branca skink – Rounsevell, Brothers & Holdsworth (1985), Wilson & Knowles (1988). One population of the skink Niveoscincus pretiosa is also largely dependant on fish dropped by birds (Rounsevell, Brothers & Holdsworth 1985); Ornithocoprophiles – Yugovic (1998); Sydney sewage – Otway, Sullings & Lenehan (1996), Otway et al. (1996); Hindwood (1955); Albatrosses – Battam & Smith (1994); Abattoirs also fed skuas, petrels, seagulls – Hoskin (1991). New genetic work implies that the wandering albatrosses breeding on each island group are a separate species, which means the abattoir was feeding eight seabird species; Brisbane sewage & birds – Driscoll (1998), Thompson (1990); Hodgkinson, cholera, dysentery – Chiffings, Bremner & Brown (1992); Life around 145W drain – Poore & Kudenov (1978), Dorsey (1982); ‘Great Sewage Farms’ – Andrew (1992); Gulls – Ottaway, Carrick & Murray (1985), Ottaway, Carrick & Murray (1988), Smith (1992), Gibson (1979), Menkhorst, Kerry & Hall (1988), Yugovic (1998), Marchant & Higgins (1993); Banded stilt – Bellchambers & Carpenter (1992), Marchant & Higgins (1993); Coast hollyhock – Yugovic (1998); Black kites – Hamilton (1959), Liddy (1959), Roberts (1982); Prawn trawlers in Moreton Bay – Blaber & Wassenberg (1989), Wassenberg & Hill (1987), Corkeron, Bryden & Hestrom (1990); Trawlers in the Gulf – Harris & Poiner (1991), Martin, Brewer & Blaber (1995), Blaber, Brewer & Harris (1994), Blaber & Milton (1994); Crown-of-thorns – McGhee (1995); Coral-eating snails – Fellagara & Newman (1996); Superphosphate in SA – Cappo et al. (2000); Lyngbya – www.botany.uq.edu.au/research/marine_botany/lyngbya/lyngbya.html; Sydney’s mangroves spreading – McCoughlin (2000); Clements (1983); Faithfull (1995) and pers. comm. He updated the beetle numbers from those appearing in Faithfull (1995); Pelsaert, Dampier – Stanbury (1978); Bush flies – Beckmann (1987), Mathiesson & Hayles (1983).
6. Structure for Nature
Manyon – pers. comm.; Cityscapes are like cliffs – Gilbert (1989, p. 165); Peregrines in cities – Marchant & Higgins (1993); In Canberra – Olsen & Allen (1997); London kestrels – Gilbert (1989, p. 168); Phillipps (1994); Ward (1998); Roadside mulga – Norton & Smith (1999); Christmas Island bat (Pippistrellus murrayi) – Duncan, Baker & Montgomery (1999); Martins in culverts – Reilly & Garrett (1973); Bats in martin nests – Schulz (1997). Schulz lists ten species and I have also recorded Vespadelus findlaysoni from a culvert martin nest in the Pilbara; Bats in mines – Hall et al. (1997); Orange mine bats – Pavey and Burwell (1995); A house in Logan (near Brisbane) – they were little broad-nosed bats; Melbourne’s marbled geckoes – John Coventry (formerly Museum of Victoria); Tyler (1999); Cotton – McEvey (1974); Meredith (1844); McKeown (1952); Hoser (1996); Tyler (1976, p. 48); Artifical reefs – Pickering & Whitmarsh (1997); Queensland reef – Zeller (1998); Birds around a homestead – Barrett (1922); Canberra birds – Wilson (1967), Pescott (1916, p. 12); Tyler – Tyler & Watson (1998); Gould (1973, p. 5); Landsbergh et al. (1999), James, Landsbergh & Morton (1999); Sturt – Baker & Caughley (1994); Some birds need water – Fisher, Lindgren & Dawson (1972); Barnard (1925); Nail-tail wallaby – Fisher (1998), Evans (1996). The clearing in Taunton has angered some experts. The park could arguably have been enhanced for wallabies in less destructive ways; Mallee birds – Luck, Possingham & Paton (1999), Taylor & Kirsten (1999).
7. Nature Needs Weeds
Czechura (1999); Lantana hybrid, grown by Macarthur – Swarbrick (1986), Day & Hannan-Jones (1999); Tenison-Woods (1881); Birds use lantana – Crome, Isaacs & Moore (1994), Czechura (1999), Bayly & Blumstein (2001); Button-quail – Blakers, Davies & Reilly (1984); Mike Olsen – former lecturer at Griffith University, Brisbane; Drop-off in bandicoots – Greg Hocking at Tasmanian Parks and Wildlife Service; Spiny emex and cockatoos – Scott, Yeoh & Woodburn (2000); Birds suffer from calicivirus – Olsen (1998) discusses six threats to raptors and lists ‘broadscale control of pests’, by which she means rabbits, second; Prickly pear commission, bounties – Anonymous (1927); Cassowaries and pond apples – Breaden (2001); Biologists want camphor laurels – Date et al. (1996), Frith (1982); Pigeons – Date, et al. (1996), Frith (1982), Frith (1957); Birds eat weeds – Loyn & French (1991), Ekert & Bucher (1999), Higgins (1999) and other references listed therein; Parrots eat weed seeds – Higgins (1999) and references therein; Corellas – Temby & Emison (1986), Environment and Natural Resources Committee (1995); Turquoise parrot – Jarman (1973), Higgins (1999, p. 575); Norfolk parrot – Garnett & Crowley (2000); Rock wallabies like gardens – Winkel (1998); Koalas eat camphor laurel, pines – Stephen Phillips, Griffith University, Gold Coast; French (1944); French (1942); Bladder cicada – Moulds (1990); Mistletoes on foreign plants – Seebeck (1997); Mildura’s birds of prey – Baker-Gabb (1983); Little eagles in WA – Johnstone & Storr (1998); Barn owls eat mice – Morton & Martin (1979); NZ screwshells – Nic Bax, CSIRO, Hobart; Study around Canberra – by Darren Evans, University of Canberra. The small birds included finches, fairy-wrens, thornbills and speckled warblers; Bandicoots around Adelaide – Regel et al. (1996); Action Plan – Garnett & Crowley (2000); Four rare Tasmanian plants – Lepidium pseudotasmanicum, L. hyssopifolium, Vittadinia gracilis, V. muelleri (see Kirkpatrick 1995); Mesilov – from an internal Forestry Tasmania report, and (second quote) pers. comm.; Birds as crop pests – Temby (1995). I have added to his numbers by including other reports eg. Birt (1999); Grape pests – Tracey et al. (2001); Bogong moths – Green et al. (2001); Cottony cushion scale – Low (1999); Spider beetles – Gilbert (1989, p. 172); Brazilian eucalypts blighted – Ohmart & Edwards (1991); Paperbarks as habitat – O’Hare & Dalrymple (1997); Barbets extend range – MacDonald (1986); Komodo dragon – Diamond (1987).
8. Urban Ecology
Ludwig (1989); Canine zone – (Gilbert 1989, p. 162); Platypuses in Melbourne – Serena (1996); Platypuses in Sydney – Grant (1998); Cairns Crocodiles – Mark Read, Environment Protection Agency, Townsville; Sharks near Brisbane (at Carbrook Golf Course) – The Sunday Mail, 7 April 200
1; Marbled geckoes – John Coventry, Museum of Victoria; Goannas in Perth – Thompson (1996–7); Birds in Sydney – Hoskin (1991); Melbourne zoo – Dunn (1989); Aedes notoscriptus – Hamlyn-Harris (1927), Hamlyn-Harris (1931), Watson (1998); Distance travelled – Watson, Saul & Kay (2000); Ratcliffe (1932); Markus (2001); Four bat camps – see Eby et al. (1999) for NSW camps; Melbourne’s flying-foxes – Peake, Ward & Carr (1996); Urban heat – Gilbert (1989, p. 25); Fleay (1968, pp. 58, 60); Owls in Melbourne – Higgins (1999); Owls in Sydney – The Sydney Morning Herald 9 May 2000 p. 9; Owls in Brisbane – Pavey (1993); Canberra’s birds – Taylor (1992); Sewell & Catterall (1998); Highest bird tallies – Blair (1996); Gilbert (1989, p. 256); England’s hedgehogs, foxes, frogs – Gilbert (1989); Raccoons, coyotes, oppossums – Adams (1994); Raghu (1998); Mangroves expanding – McCoughlin (2000); English birds multiplying – Gilbert (1989, pp. 116, 257); Sydney’s new birds – Hoskin (1991); Littler (1902); Guns in 1958 – McGill (1958); 3 Polyrhachis ant species have invaded Brisbane – Rudi Kohout, Queensland Museum; Magpies – Darry Jones, Griffith University, Brisbane; Darwin honeyeaters – Noske (1998); Garden birds big – Bailey & Blumstein (2001), Brooker & Brooker (1998), Woodall (1995); Neophilia – Greenberg (1990), Davis (1999); Gould (1865, p. 122); Seagulls – Higgins & Davies (1996); Cockatoos, Corellas – Environment and Natural Resources Committee (1995); Forebrain size – Lefebvre et al. (1998); Galvanised burr – Everist et al. (1976), Groves (2001); Ibis at Healesville – Symonds (1999), Geoff Underwood, Wildlife Officer, Tidbinbilla (formerly of Healesville); Taronga liberty flock – press release issued by Taronga Zoo 31 January 1973; Tidbinbilla – Geoff Underwood; Gold Coast – Eco-Sure (1999, 2000); Mauritius kestrels – Jones et al. (1994); Emus in WA – Grice, Caughley & Short (1985); Wood ducks (also called maned ducks) – Kingford (1992); Sugar cane – Low (1993); Canefield rats – Whisson (1996); Butterfly foodplants – Common & Waterhouse (1981); Ord region – Tony Start, Department of Conservation and Land Management, Kununurra; Rice frogs – Graham Pyke, Australian Museum; Rice weeds – McIntyre, Ladiges & Adams (1988), McIntyre & Barrett (1985).
9. On the Move
Gilbert – his notes were incorporated into Gould (1865); New birds in WA – Storr (1991), Storr & Johnstone (1988), Johnstone & Storr (1998); Sydney birds – Hindwood & McGill (1958), Hoskin (1991); More than a hundred – This guesstimate results from assessing various sources, eg. Smith & Smith (1994), Storr & Johnstone (1988), Johnstone & Storr (1998), Baxter (1989), Blakers, Davies & Reilly (1984). Many unexpected birds are involved, eg. banded whiteface, black-necked stork, peregrine falcon; Not many have noticed – Smith & Smith (1994) are a notable exception; Pizzey guides – Pizzey (1980), Pizzey (1997); Distorted image of Australia – in another example, galahs can be heard calling along the NSW coast during the colonial era in the film Oscar & Lucinda; Galahs in Sydney – Hindwood & McGill (1958), Hoskin (1991); Horseshoe bats – Menkhorst (1995), Kerle (1979); seven cave bats benefited – Hall et al. (1997); Flying-foxes – Ratcliffe (1932), Eby et al. (1999); Butterflies – Common & Waterhouse (1981), Eichler (1999); Swamp wallaby – Menkhorst (1995), Bird (1992); Barred bandicoot – Driessen, Mallick & Hocking (1996); Mosses – Downing & Oldfield (2001–02); Crested pigeon – Gould (1865), Mills (1997), Hoskin (1991), Higgins & Davies (1996); Gerygones and mangroves – Hindwood & McGill (1958), Hoskin (1991), McCoughlin (2000); Lawson (1905); Serventy & Loaring (1951); Birds and drought in WA – Storr & Johnstone (1988) matched against Flood & Peacock (1997); Leeuwin Current – Dunlop & Wooller (1986), Johnstone & Storr (1998); Terns hybridising – Garnett & Crowley (2000) and references therein, Ross, Egan & Priddel (1999); Kangaroo Island birds – Baxter (1989). Other newcomers include little egret, hardhead, royal and yellow-billed spoonbill, black-shouldered kite; North American birds – Root & Weckstein (1994); Monk parakeets – Forshaw (1989); Yellow chats – Garnett (1983); Regent parrot – Garnett & Crowley (2000), Johnstone & Storr (1998); Sydney losers – Hindwood & McGill (1958), Hoskin (1991); Declining woodland birds – Robinson & Traill (1996).
10. Foreign Exchange
Birds to New Zealand – Oliver (1930), Best cited in Oliver (1930), Heather & Robertson (1996), Ornithological Society of New Zealand (1990). Masked lapwings can be heard calling during the film Lord of the Rings, which was shot in New Zealand; Spiders – Auckland Institute & Museum display; Butterlies – Early, Parrish & Ryan (1995); Fig wasps – Gardner & Early (1996) and John Early pers. comm.; Meteorologists estimate – Close et al. (1978); Orchids – Auckland Institute & Museum display; Maori clearing – Atkinson & Cameron (1993), King (1984); Cook – Begg & Begg (1969, p. 116); Bird remains not found – Richard Holdaway pers. comm. and Holdaway, Worthy & Tennyson (2001); Wardle (1991); Endangered stilt – Heather & Robertson (1996); New Zealand drop-ins – Oliver (1930), Heather & Robertson (1996); Norfolk Island – Schodde, Fullager & Hermes (1983), Smithers & Disney (1969); Lord Howe – Hutton (1990), Hindwood (1940) and Ian Hutton pers. comm.; Chatham Island – Heather & Robertson (1996), Ornithological Society of New Zealand (1990). White-faced herons have also colonised these islands; Conservation concerns – Garnett & Crowley (2000), Duncan, Baker & Montgomery (1999); Barn swallows – Blakers, Davies & Reilly (1984), Pizzey (1997); Kelp gulls – Potts (1882), Oliver (1930), Coulson & Coulson, Higgins & Davies (1996); Cattle egrets – Long (1981), Maddock & Geering (1994); Pizzey (1950), Pizzey (1997); Horsehoe bats – Hall et al. (1997); Butterflies – Braby (2000), Common & Waterhouse (1981), Dunn & Eastwood (1991); Sparrows – Ericson, et al. (1997), Sumners-Smith (1988); Neolithic site – Terry O’Connor, University of York; Mammals introduced – Mark Williamson, University of York.
11. Hidden Hitchhikers
Raven – see Raven & Gallen (1987). See also Web Page Http://www.uq.edu.au/~xxrraven; McKeown (1952); Aflalo (1896, p. 276); Morris (1898); Main (1993); On Tristan da Cunha – Wace (1968); Banana frogs – G. Marantelli pers. comm., O’Dwyer, Buttermer & Priddel (2000); Mucor – Connolly et al. (1997), Berger, Speare & Humphrey (1997), Munday & Stewart (1999); Chytrid fungus – Low (1999); Fruit fly – Sproule, Broughton & Monzu (1992); Pandanus – Smith & Smith (2000a & 2000b); Palmdarts – Hutchison (1988), Williams (1991), Eichler (1999), Common & Waterhouse (1981); Eucalyptus weevil – Tom Burbidge, Conservation and Land Management, WA; Sawfly – Gwenda Mayo, Adelaide University, and Andrew Loch, CSIRO; Cicadas – Moulds (1990); Butterflies around Alice Springs – Orchard swallowtail; The echidna was found in Melbourne – G. Marantelli pers. comm.; Flatworm – Leigh Winsor, James Cook University, and Low (1999); Weasel skinks – Mark Lintermanns; Stripy snail – John Stanistic, Queensland Museum; Hobart firewood – Todd & Horwitz (1990); Lizards came south – Bush (1987); Lord Howe lizards and frogs – Ian Hutton; Wace (1977); Wilsons Promontory plants – Geoff Carr; Flemington Saleyards – Gray & Michael (1996); Windmill grass – Kloot (1985), MacDonald (1887); Plants spread abroad – Kloot (1985); Scottish wool mills – Low (1999); Swamp dock – Hussey et al. (1997), etc.; Marsh frogs – Martin & Tyler (1978); Black spear grass – Peter Latz, pers. comm.; Ross River virus – McManus et al. (1992). Other examples: QX disease of mussels has spread south into New South Wales. The vegetable grasshopper (Atractomorpha similis) has come south to Brisbane (Geoff Monteith, Queensland Museum). The mainland Australian earthworms Anisochaeta dorsalis & A. sebastianus have colonised Tasmania (Rob Blakemore), as has the mainland landhopper Arcitalitris sylvaticus (Robert Mesibov). Some of the many plant examples are listed in Hussey et al. (1997) and Kloot (1985).
12. Tales of Transportation
South Australian statistics – Copley (1994); Alyawarre spread tomatoes – Peterson (1979); Backhouse (1843); Sugar gliders – Gunn (1851); Acclimatisation – Low (1999) and references therein; Francis (1862); Victorian acclimatisers – the society began as the Zoological and Acclimatisation Society of Victoria and later became the Acclimatisaton Society of Victoria. I have quoted from ‘The Rules and Objects of the Zoological and Acclimatisation Society of Victoria’; In WA
– Jenkins (1977); Lungfish – Marks (1960); Oyster beds – Jenkins (1977); Kookaburras – Jenkins (1977), Kingsmill (1918); Kookaburras and owls – Garnett & Crowley (2000); Kookaburras and wrens – Ron Johnstone, Western Australian Museum. Mainland emus were also taken to Tasmania in place of the extinct Tasmanian race, but none survived (Jenkins, 1977); Mueller (1870); Another talk – Mueller (1871); Giles (1875); Ladybird exchanges – Wilson (1960); Lord Howe – Hutton (1990), McCulloch quoted in Hindwood (1940); Boobook – Garnett & Crowley (2000), Higgins (1999); Lord Howe bat – Strahan (1995); More Lord Howe birds – Hutton (1990); Blackbirds – Garnett & Crowley (2000); Brushtails - Craig Walker, Queensland Environment Protection Agency; Goannas in SA – Robinson (1989), Copley (1994); Tiger snakes – Bonnet et al. (1999); Cocos-Keeling Islands – Gibson-Hill (1950), Stokes, Sheils & Dunn (1984); Kangaroos, wallabies on Queensland islands – Craig Walker, Queensland Environment Protection Agency; Rottnest – Jenkins (1977), Coyle (1988); Gunn (1851); Cunningham (1827); Gould on galahs – Gould (1865); Taronga releases – Hoskin (1991); Sydney boasts . . . – Hoskin (1991); Perth – Long (1988), Johnstone & Storr (1998); Long-billed corellas – Environment and Natural Resources Committee (1995), Morris (1992); Perth’s lorikeets – Lamont (1997), Lamont & Burbidge (1996); Cockatoos east of Perth – Long (1988), Johnstone & Storr (1998); Red-browed finches near Perth – Long (1988); Sydney turtles – Carol Brown; Melbourne water dragons – John Coventry, formerly Museum of Victoria; Eucla frogs – Gerry Marantelli, Melbourne; Mt Tamborine butterflies – Gary Sankowsky pers. comm.; Brush-turkeys at Healesville – Symonds (1999) and Geoff Underwood of Tidbinbilla Nature Reserve. There were also escapes of peaceful doves (Blakers, Davies & Reilly 1984); Belair National Park – National Parks and Wildlife Service (1989), Flannery (1994).