by Ben Mezrich
marriage of, 60–61, 68
married life of, 63–68
motion sickness of, 41–42
Nantucket trip of, 230–31, 233–34, 236–37, 239–40
narcolepsy of, 37–38, 222, 257
on Neanderthals, 156–57, 244
on ostriches, 261–62
parents and stepparents of, 23–24, 26–27, 35–44, 46
passenger pigeons and, 92–93, 95
PGP of, 75–76, 90, 92, 244
Ph.D. dissertation of, 50
physical appearance of, 17–19, 24, 40, 43, 46, 54, 58, 61, 71, 73, 94, 128, 139, 204, 222, 225
pig organ transplantation project and, 125, 128, 131
Pleistocene Park and, 114–15, 191
precocity of, 35–36, 47
and proposed resurrection of Mammoths, 77–80, 88, 92, 94–96, 108, 110, 129–30
and rareness of cancer in elephants, 209–10
skiing of, 46–50, 54–55
social life of, 57–61
stepbrothers of, 36–37
surprise party for, 221–26
synthesizing human cells and, 244–45
synthesizing stem cells and, 224
synthetic biology and, 75, 79, 257
synthetic uterus and, 226–27
TEDx Talk and, 149
Venus flytrap project of, 38
Warp Drive and, 146, 149, 174
wife courted by, 57–58, 60
wife’s relationship with, 57–61, 63–68, 72–73, 80
World’s Fair visit of, 40–44
Yang’s relationship with, 125–26, 128–30
yard fire of, 39–40
Church, Marie, 80, 87, 95
Brand–Phelan conference and, 108
childhood and adolescence of, 72–73
Church, Virginia:
and son’s childhood and adolescence, 23–24, 26–27, 35–44, 46
World’s Fair visit of, 40–44
Clearwater Bay, Fla., 35–40
climate change:
Kotelny Island and, 83
Pleistocene Park and, 115
Zimov and, 111–14, 118–20, 130
cloning, 108–9, 155, 157–58, 271
of dinosaurs, 78
of dogs, 183, 215–17, 219, 224
of Dolly the sheep, 109, 184
of humans alleged, 183–84, 216–17
of Mammoths, 150, 185–86, 191, 219–20, 253
Minh and, 183–86, 213–17, 219
of Neanderthals, 157
of passenger pigeons, 94
of Pyrenean ibex, 109
clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR), 151–54, 200, 231, 264–65
cloning Mammoths and, 186
controversy over, 235–36
and implanting Mammoth genetic material into elephant cells, 151, 153–54, 172–73, 190, 242
synthesizing stem cells and, 201
Yang on, 151–52, 193
Colbert, Stephen, 19, 237–38
conservation, 107–8
Brand and, 91–93, 95, 108, 269, 271–72
Church and, 76, 95–96, 205
elephants and, 145, 205, 210
Mammoth ivory and, 84–85
Pleistocene Park and, 114
cows, 183, 216, 270
Crichton, Michael, 78, 80, 114
Crick, Francis, 50–51, 152
crystallography, 48, 59
D
Davis Island, 23–27
dengue fever, 235
Dhadwar, Bobby, 191, 197–202
acquiring elephant stem cells and, 162–63
acquiring elephant tissue and, 155–56, 158–61
altered hemoglobin cells and, 241–42
background of, 135, 137, 141, 227
Church’s first meeting and interview with, 137, 139–40
Church’s relationship with, 134, 141–42
creating synthetic uterus and, 227
CRISPR and, 136–37, 152
in crossing U.S.–Canadian border, 133–42
education of, 134, 137–39, 145
family of, 135, 137, 141
immortalizing elephant cells and, 199–202, 205, 223
and implanting Mammoth genetic material into elephant cells, 162, 223, 226, 240, 242–43, 246–47
Mammoth team and, 145, 147–48, 152, 154, 159–63, 175, 188, 197–98, 201, 205, 223, 226, 242–43, 246–47
research on aging of, 136–39, 141–42, 198–99, 243
synthesizing stem cells and, 205, 223
wife of, 134–42, 145, 198
Yang’s relationship with, 141–42
dinosaurs, 42, 156
DNA of, 78, 80, 261–63
resurrection of, 78, 80
Disney Pavilion, 43
DNA, 127–28, 210, 219–20, 244, 271
ancient, 78, 80, 172, 261–63, 265–66
body size traits and, 259
Cas 9 protein and, 152–53
chemical building blocks of, 51, 53, 152
Church and, 17–19, 47, 50, 55, 59, 94, 109–10, 139, 221, 230, 261–66
cloning and, 191, 216
CRISPR and, 193, 231
Dhadwar and, 136–37, 152
double helix structure of, 47, 51, 152
editing of, 18, 109–10, 193, 264–65
fruit fly genetics and, 62
HGP and, 54
immortalizing cells and, 199
and implanting Mammoth genetic material into elephant cells, 162, 172, 174–75, 190, 246
Mammoths’ genetic traits and, 150
Minh’s Mammoth specimen and, 185
passenger pigeons and, 94
and proposed resurrection of Mammoths, 79–80, 110
sequencing of, 17, 50, 54–55, 74, 78, 94, 148
synthesizing stem cells and, 200–201
transplantation medicine and, 124
DNA Direct, 91–92
dogs, 222, 266–67
cloning of, 183, 215–17, 219, 224
Dolly the sheep, 109, 184
dragonflies, 26
Duke University, 47–50, 73, 225
E
E. coli, 165, 168, 237–38, 244
Electric Kool-Aid Acid Test, The (Wolfe), 89
Elements Café, 143–45, 154, 156, 159, 161
elephants, 145, 261
acquiring stem cells of, 162–63, 167–68, 173, 189, 194
acquiring tissue of, 155–56, 158–62
African, 79, 84, 158–61, 206–7
Asian, 79, 84, 160–62, 166–69, 172, 205–11, 224, 226, 242, 262–63, 266–67, 269–70
Church’s childhood and, 95
Church’s visit with herd of, 204–9, 211, 223
in circuses, 205–7
comparisons between Mammoths and, 77, 79, 84–85, 147
complex and emotional lives of, 210–11
fetal GMO, 267
genome of, 154, 262, 264–67
gestation period of, 163, 259, 270
giving birth, 166–69
hemoglobin and, 262–63
herpes in, 211–12, 223–24
immortalizing cells of, 199–202, 205, 212, 223, 240, 242
implanting Mammoth genetic material into cells of, 110, 150–51, 153–54, 162–63, 172–75, 190–91, 223–24, 226, 240, 242–43, 246–48
ivory tusks of, 84–85, 211
placentas of, 162–63, 167–70, 173–74, 194
and proposed resurrection of Mammoths, 79–80
rareness of cancer in, 173, 194, 209–10, 259
during rutting season, 208
sequencing of, 189–90
sizes of, 258–59
synthetic uterus and, 226–27
temperaments of, 159–60, 168–69, 206–9
Zimov’s manifesto and, 118
elk, 101–5, 114–15, 251
Energy Department, U.S. (DOE), 52–55, 74
environment, 20, 89
of Arctic, 30–32
body size traits and, 259
of
Chersky, 12–15, 111
and Church’s childhood and adolescence, 24–27, 35–44
creating synthetic life forms and, 237–38
of Kolyma, 97–98
of Kotelny Island, 81–83, 85–86
of Mammoths, 3–7, 16, 76–77, 79, 84–86, 113, 130, 147–48, 160–61, 220, 262, 269
Minh’s excavation project and, 180
Pleistocene Park and, 251
Quinn and, 9–16
Wasatch Mountains and, 45–46, 53–54
Zimov’s childhood and, 32, 98
Zimov’s cross-country trip and, 98–105
Zimov’s father’s manifesto and, 117–20
and Zimov’s trip to Wrangel Island, 249–52, 254
Esvelt, Kevin, 232–35, 239–40
European aurochs, 110, 270
extinction vortex, 271
F
facilitated adaptation, 272
Fernandez-Arias, Alberto, 108–9
Ford Motor Pavilion, 42
Founders Fund, 192
frogs, 146, 271–72
fruit flies, 62, 262
Futurama, 41–42
G
Gates Foundation, 129
General Motors (GM) Pavilion, 41–42
genes, genetics, 50–52, 128, 134, 144, 146–51, 157, 192, 210
acquiring elephant tissue and, 160–61
in active creation, 21
body size traits and, 259
Cas 9 protein and, 153
Church and, 18–19, 47–48, 50, 61–62, 74, 76, 92, 96, 109–10, 126, 129, 132, 139, 151, 172, 190–91, 221–24, 226, 230, 234, 240, 242–43, 246–48, 259–62, 265–67, 269
cloning and, 109, 191, 217, 219
and database of elephants, 208–9
Dhadwar’s research and, 136–38, 141
of dinosaurs, 78
of fruit flies, 62
fungus-resistant, 271–72
gene drives and, 234–36
genetic rescue and, 272
immortalizing cells and, 199–200
and implanting Mammoth genetic material into elephant cells, 110, 150–51, 153–54, 162–63, 172–75, 190–91, 223–24, 226, 240, 242–43, 246–48
knockout, 123
Minh and, 179–80, 183, 185
mosquitoes and, 74, 123, 129, 132, 234–36
passenger pigeons and, 94
and proposed resurrection of Mammoths, 80, 108
sequencing of, 109, 148–49, 153–54, 161, 163, 173, 189–90, 240, 243, 245
stem cells and, 154, 200–201, 267
synthesizing human cells and, 245
and traits of Mammoths, 147–48, 150, 161, 190, 224, 242, 248
and Wu’s career at Harvard, 62–63
genetically modified organisms (GMOs), 260–61, 267
genetic engineering, 91, 173
acquiring elephant tissue and, 161
Church and, 74, 79, 94, 96, 109, 156–57, 253
creating synthetic life forms and, 237, 239, 244
CRISPR and, 152, 193
Dhadwar’s research and, 136–38, 158
fetal GMO elephants and, 267
genetically enhanced mosquitoes and, 234–36
and implanting Mammoth genetic material into elephant cells, 248
of mice, 233–37, 239–40
and proposed resurrection of Mammoths, 79–80
Quinn and, 13
synthesizing stem cells and, 200
transplantation medicine and, 124, 243
Warp Drive and, 146–47
genomes, 271–72
Church and, 19, 50, 52–54, 61–62, 69, 74–77, 79, 94, 109–10, 156–57, 222–23, 225, 231, 258, 260–61, 264–67, 269
and creation of synthetic life forms, 237–39
curing elephant herpes and, 212
of dinosaurs, 80
of elephants, 154, 262, 264–67
of fruit flies, 62
and implanting Mammoth genetic material into elephant cells, 153
of Mammoths, 76, 148, 150, 154, 161, 223, 262, 265, 267
passenger pigeons and, 94
and proposed resurrection of Mammoths, 77, 79–80
sequencing of, 50–54, 61–62, 74–75, 77, 79–80, 94, 148, 222, 265–66
Wu’s work on, 67
see also Human Genome Project
grass, 5, 13, 15, 129, 159
climate change and, 111, 113
Pleistocene Park and, 114
Zimov’s manifesto and, 117–19
great auks, 270
Grigoryev, Semyon, 218
H
Harvard Medical School, 143, 157, 209, 239, 243–45
Anatomy Department of, 63
Church’s employment at, 50, 52, 54, 61–67
Church’s lab at, 72, 115, 151, 222
Church’s Ph.D. dissertation and, 50
and Church’s relationship with wife, 63–67
Genetics Department at, 63–64
New Research Building at, 17–21, 72, 123–32, 139–40, 145, 149
Reich’s lab at, 149, 161, 190
synthesizing human cells and, 244–45
Wu’s career at, 62–67
Wu’s tenure evaluation at, 65
Harvard University, 48, 57, 92, 134, 141, 158
Church’s enrollment at, 50, 58–60
Church’s surprise party at, 221–26
physical appearance of campus of, 58–59
Wu’s enrollment at, 58–60
Yang’s enrollment at, 125–28
Hawaii, exotic diseases in, 271–72
Hayflick limit, 174, 242
heath hens, 270
hemoglobin, 20, 174
altered cells of, 241–43
of Mammoths, 77, 148, 150, 161, 190, 200, 242, 262–63
herpes virus, 211–12, 223–24, 260
Hiroshima, 52–53
horses, 11–13, 15, 31, 113–15
How to Clone a Mammoth (Shapiro), 265
Hubbard Hall, 107–8, 115
Human Genome Project (HGP), 19, 74–75, 244–45
finances of, 54, 67, 74
founding of, 61–62, 74, 90, 108
Mammoths’ genetic traits and, 150
PGP and, 75
Human Genome Synthesis Project (HGP2), 244
humans, 138, 222, 227, 260
alleged cloning of, 183–84, 216–17
cells of, 153, 162, 173–74, 244–45
CRISPR and, 153
DNA of, 148, 150
emergence of, 113
hunting of, 6–7, 14–15, 76–77, 82–85, 93, 95, 113, 118–19, 180, 182, 211, 253, 270
Neanderthals and, 156–57
and rareness of cancer in elephants, 209–10
surgery on, 214–15
transplantation medicine and, 124
Zimov’s manifesto and, 118–19
hunting:
of humans, 6–7, 14–15, 76–77, 82–85, 93, 95, 113, 118–19, 180, 182, 211, 253, 270
for ivory, 211, 253
Kotelny Island and, 82–85
passenger pigeons and, 93, 95
Yakuts and, 82–83, 85, 180, 182
Zimov’s manifesto and, 118–19
Hwang Woo Suk, 183–86, 191, 215–17, 219–20
I
IBM Pavilion, 42
ice ages, 14, 76–77, 111, 113, 118
“Induction of Pluripotent Stem Cells from Adult Human Fibroblasts by Defined Factors” (Yamanaka), 200–201
in vitro fertilization (IVF), 141, 227
Irkutsk, 29–33
ivory-billed woodpeckers, 270
J
Jurassic Park (Crichton), 78, 80, 114
Jurassic Park (film), 78, 160
K
Kesey, Ken, 89
Khan, Timur, 81–86
kidneys, 124–25, 130–31
Kim, Sung Hou, 48–50, 255
Kolyma Region, 97–105
Kolyma River, 33, 250–52
Kotelny Island, 81–86
L
> lichens, 10, 13, 15, 31, 111, 113
Pleistocene Park and, 114–15
Zimov’s manifesto and, 118
liver, 124–25, 128, 130–31, 170, 243–44
Long Now Foundation, 91
Luhan Yang, see Yang, Luhan
Lyme disease, 232–37
M
McDonald, Stewart, 26, 36, 46
malaria, 19
avian, 271–72
genetically enhanced mosquitoes and, 74, 123, 132
Mali, Prashant, 124, 153
“Mammoth Plus” (Brand), 269–72
Mandell, Dan, 239
mice, 173, 222, 262
Dhadwar’s research and, 136–38, 141
genetically engineered, 233–37, 239–40
gestation period of, 259–60
and implanting Mammoth genetic material into elephant cells, 246–48
Minh, Jy, 213–20
background of, 180, 183
cloning and, 183–86, 213–17, 219
excavation project of, 179–86
Mammoth carcass discovered by, 185, 218–19
and Mammoth carcass discovered by Russians, 218–20
MIT Technology Review, 157
moas, 270
Monroe, Margo, 243
acquiring elephant tissue and, 159–61
CRISPR and, 152
Mammoth team and, 145, 147, 152, 154, 159–61, 175, 198, 223, 226
mosquitoes, 78, 272
genetically enhanced, 74, 123, 129, 132, 234–36
mosses, 5, 10, 12–13, 15, 31, 111, 113–15, 118
Multiplex Automated Genome Engineering (MAGE), 110
musk oxen, 114, 251–52, 254–55
mutations, 52, 136–37, 154, 247, 260, 262
in aging, 198
body sizes and, 259
cloning and, 224
immortalizing cells and, 200
and rareness of cancer in elephants, 173, 210
Muus Khaya, 86, 179–82, 219
cave halfway up, 180–82, 184–85
N
naked mole rats, 136–39, 141
Nantucket, Mass., 229–37
Church’s trip to, 230–31, 233–34, 236–37, 239–40
Lyme disease in, 232–37
Nantucket Sound, 229–31
Napolitano, Michael, 239
National Geographic, 149, 242
National Geographic Society, 108–16
Nature, 165, 215–16
Neanderthals, 156–57, 244
“Neanderthals Are People Too” (Pääbo), 265
New York Times, 19, 76–77, 80, 88, 148, 236, 243–45, 265
Northeast Science Center:
environment around, 111
Quinn and, 9–10
Zimov and, 30–31, 33, 98, 252–53, 255
Novosibirsk, 30–32, 34
O
Oligopaints, 266
ostriches, 261–62, 270
P
Pääbo, Svante, 265
passenger pigeons, 92–95, 110, 270
pastures, 31, 117–20, 129–30, 159, 206
Penn State University, 76–77, 148