19 John Hollingshead, According to My Lights (London: Chatto & Windus, 1900), 48–9.
20 Grey, Crowley’s Brewery, 13.
21 291 in Charles Dickens, “An Unsettled Neighborhood,” Household Words, 11 Nov 1854, 10(242): 289–92.
22 544 in An Ex-Official, “Tales out of School,” London Society: An Illustrated Magazine of Light and Amusing Literature for the Hours of Relaxation, May 1883, 43(257): 544–56.
23 Edmund Hodgson Yates, Edmund Yates: His Recollections and Experiences, vol. 1(London: R. Bentley & Son, 1884), 121.
24 Hollingshead, According to My Lights, 50.
25 Hollingshead, According to My Lights, 48–9.
26 E.g., Times (London), 24 Jun 1843 and 1 Jul 1843.
27 Classified ads in Times (London) for 25 May 1844, 22 Jan 1853, 25 Feb 1854, and 21 Nov 1863. Henry Downes Miles, The London and Suburban Licensed Victuallers’, Hotel and Tavern Keepers’ Directory together with a List of the Brewers, Maltsters, Hop Factors, Distillers, and Rectifiers of the United Kingdom (London: the author, 1874). Kelly’s Directory of the Wine and Spirit Trades, with Which Are Included Brewers and Maltsters, and Other Trades connected Therewith, of England, Scotland and Wales, and Also the Principal Wine Merchants, etc., on the Continent (London: Kelly and Co., 1884).
28 “Abridged Police Intelligence,” Observer (London), 12 Oct 1846, 7; a photo of Crowley’s Alton Ale Wharf (c. 1915), referred to in the Times article, can be seen at http://www.lashtal.com/nuke/module-pnCPG-view-soort-1-album-10-pos-2024.phtml (accessed Jul 26 2009). W. T. Marchant, In Praise of Ale; or, Songs, Ballads, Epigrams, & Anecdotes Relating to Beer, Malt, and Hops; with Some Curious Particulars Concerning Ale-wives and Brewers, Drinking-Clubs and Customs (London: George Redway, 1888), 462.
29 “Money Market and City Intelligence,” Spirit of the Times: A Chronicle of the Turf, Agriculture, Field Sports, Life, 24 Aug 1950, 20(27): 315.
30 GRO, Class HO107; Piece 1679; Folio 151; page 37; GSU roll: 193587.
31 GRO RG9/704, Folio 116, page 5.
32 Grey, Crowley’s Brewery, 11. Much as they did with the Curtis family, the Crowleys also married into the Ashby family: Abraham’s sister Elizabeth (1789–1879) married Thomas Ashby Jr. (c. 1787–1866) in 1819; his sister Maria (1785–1854) married Ashby’s other son, William (1788–1850), in 1811; his son Abraham Curtis married Ann Ashby (1827–1909) in 1850; his son Alfred married Catherine Sophia Ashby (1826–1854) in 1850; and his daughter Elizabeth (1828–1912) married Charles Ashby (1828–1914) in 1853. Crowley family tree, op cit., and the Ashby family genealogy at http://captionsfordisplay.blogspot.com/2008/09/c.html. Elizabeth “Bella” Crowley’s marriage notice appears in the 4 Mar 1819 Times (London), 10613: 3, and her death date of November 25, 1879, is given in The Annual Monitor for 1881, or Obituary of the Members of the Society of Friends in Great Britain and Ireland, for the Year 1880 (London, 1880), 13. Elizabeth Crowley’s notice of marriage to Charles Ashby on September 14 appears in the Observer (London), 18 Sep 1853, 8. The marriage and death dates of Catherine Sophia Ashby are found, respectively, in GRO Croydon, Surrey, Q1, 1850, 4: 77, and GRO Croydon, Surrey, Q1, 1854, 2: 85; her January 13, 1854, death is also reported in The Annual Monitor for 1855, or Obituary of the Members of the Society of Friends in Great Britain and Ireland, for the Year 1854 (London, 1854), 24.
33 Counterpart lease of the Barley Mow Public House, 39M89, Knight Archive, Hampshire Record Office. This partnership continued through 1824; see http://www.manicai.net/genealogy/crowley/letter_to_ashbys.pdf for letters dated 1926 between the Crowley and Ashby families regarding dissolution of their partnership.
34 Paul Hudson, “English Emigration to New Zealand, 1839–1850: Information Diffusion and Marketing a New World.” Economic History Review 2001, 64(4): 680–98. Abraham Crowley was the sixth of seventy-four agents employed by the company (p. 696).
35 “Obituary,” Gentleman’s Magazine, Jul 1864, 2: 123.
36 Grey, Crowley’s Brewery, 13–4.
37 See, for instance, the agreement signed in 1867 by Abraham Curtis, Alfred, Frederick, and Philip Crowley: “Counterpart lease, 31 Dec 1867,” 34M91W/472/8, St. John’s Winchester Charity, Hampshire Record Office.
38 W. H. Jacob, Hampshire at the Opening of the Twentieth Century (Brighton: W. T. Pike & Co., 1905), 62M91/1, Hampshire Archives and Local Studies, Hampshire Record Office; William White, History, Gazetteer and Directory of the County of Hampshire, Including the Isle of Wight … (Sheffield: W. White, 1878), 104–5. Curtis, Short History, 132–4.
39 Journal of the Society of Arts 16 Oct 1857, 643; “Obituary,” Gardeners’ Chronicle, Dec 29, 1900, 481; “The Late Mr. Philip Crowley,” Gardeners’ Magazine 1900 (43): 847; Proceedings of the Linnean Society of London 1901, 113: 42–3; “Obituary,” Entomologist’s Monthly Magazine 1901, 49; “Obituary,” Ibis: A Quarterly Journal of Ornithology 1901 1: 352–3, 521–2; Croydon Natural History and Scientific Society, Proceedings and Transactions 1903, 5: xlvii–iii.
40 Harry Percy Burrell married Abraham Crowley’s daughter Gertrude Evelyn (1858–1939) in 1878, a year after taking over the brewery; Crowley family genealogy, op cit.; “Deaths,” Times (London), 25 May 1938, 48003: 1; “Deaths,” Times (London), 12 Jul 1939.
41 “Married,” Times (London), 22 Aug 1823, 11957: 3. Mary Crowley’s date of death (29 May 1868) is given in “Births, Marriages, and Deaths,” Observer (London), 7 Jun 1868, 8 and is recorded in GRO, London, Surrey, Q2, 1d: 321. Sarah Maria Crowley’s birth is announced in “Births, Marriages and Deaths,” Observer (London), 23 Aug 1829, 4.
42 For Sarah Maria Crowley’s birth, see “Births, Marriages and Deaths,” Observer (London), 23 Aug 1828, 4. Re. Edward Crowley: Aleister Crowley’s August 17, 1943, diary reads “My father’s 109th birthday—had he lived” (Yorke Collection, Warburg Institute, University of London), implying an 1834 birthdate. However, Edward Crowley’s March 5, 1887, death certificate gives his age as fifty-seven years (GRO, Millbrook, Southampton), as does his death notice in the Times (8 Mar 1887), suggesting he was born around 1830. This latter year is more consistent with his age in the British Census from 1841 to 1881. If Aleister is correct about the date (August 17), then Edward Crowley would have to have been born in 1829 to be fifty-seven years old at the time of his death.
43 Reports from Committees: Sixteen Volumes. 14 Part II, Railway Subscription Lists 407, Bath and Weymouth Railway Subscription List, Session 31 January–17 July 1837 vol. 18, part 2 (London: House of Commons, 1837).
44 Henry Tuck, Railway Directory for 1845: Containing the Names of the Directors and Principal Officers of the Railways in Great Britain (London: Railway Times Office, 1845). Henry Glynn, Reference Book to the Incorporated Railway Companies of England and Wales (London: John Weale, 1847). Henry Glynn, A Reference Book to the Incorporated Railway Companies of Ireland, Alphabetically Arranged (London: John Weale, 1847). Charles Barker & Sons, The Joint Stock Companies’ Directory for 1876 (London: John King & Co., 1867). “Court Circular,” Times (London), 13 Nov 1844, 18767: 5. “Railway Intelligence,” Observer (London), 29 Sep 1845, 2. The London Times reported on the elections of directors in its “Railway Intelligence” section, with the Crowley brothers appearing in the following issues: 17 Dec 1851, 20987: 8; 24 Jan 1852, 21020: 8; 18 Jul 1853, 21483: 8; 31 Jan 1855, 21965: 7; 30 Jan 1856, 22277: 6; 7 Feb 1856, 22284: 5; 9 Feb 1863, 24477: 6. Additionly, various British railways announced the results of their directors’ meetings, or printed prospecti for new railways, in the classified sections of the London Times; the Crowley brothers appear as directors in classified ads in the following issues: 21 Jun 1843, 3; 7 Sep 1844, 3; 5 Jul 1845, 1; 15 Jul 1845, 2; 31 Jul 1845, 11; 8 Aug 1845, 2; 21 Oct 1845, 13; 19 Apr 1848, 3; 26 Jan 1849, 8; 1 Jan 1851, 2; 3 Nov 1852, 9; 27 Jan 1854, 4.
45 Meeting notice in classified ad section, Times (London), 6 Aug 1852, 21187: 2.
46 “Railway Speculation,” Times (London), 13 Aug 1846, 19314: 3.
47 The June 16, 1843, elections of the London and Brigh
ton Railway were announced in the June 21 issue, while the Alton Ales notice ran on the 24th.
48 Henry O’Neil, Two Thousand Years Hence (London: Chapman & Hall, 1867), 113.
49 “Select Committees on Bills,” Times (London), 31 Mar 1846, 19198: 7 and “Select Committees on Bills,” Times (London), 29 Apr 1846, 19223: 7, respectively.
50 “London and South Western Railway,” Observer (London), 27 Oct 1850, 2.
51 “Branch Railway to Alton,” Hampshire and Southampton County Paper, 31 Jul 1852, 4. Curtis Museum of Alton 4M51/212.
52 Edward Crowley, The Age We Live In: High Art No Evidence of a High State of Civilization (Clapham: Clapham Athenæum, 1854).
53 “Deaths,” Times (London), 19 Feb 1856, 22294: 1. Edward Crowley, Last will and testament, prob 11/2228, Public Record Office, National Archives.
54 The Law Times: The Journal of the Law and the Lawyers, 16 May 1868, 45: 56; Classified ad, Times (London), 25 Apr 1868, 26108: 15.
55 GRO Wandsworth, Surrey. “Births, Marriages, and Deaths,” Observer (London), 7 Jun 1868, 8.
56 His occupation is listed as “civil engineer” as early as the 1851 census (HO107, piece 2137, folio 34, page 10, GSU roll 87767) and on his 1853 marriage certificate (GRO, Marylebone, London, 1a: 796). Although his occupation is listed as “head of household and householder” in 1861, he appears as a civil engineer in the 1867 Surrey Post Office Directory (p. 1671), 1871 census, and the 1878 Surrey Post Office Directory (p. 2174); in the 1881 census, he appears as a retired civil engineer.
57 For the railway crash, see “Dreadful Collision on the Brighton Railway,” Times (London), 2 Nov 1852, 21262: 5 and “The Collision on the Brighton Railway,” Times (London), 3 Nov 1852, 21263: 8. Provisional protection for the patent is noted in “Notices of Intentions to Proceed,” Mechanics’ Magazine, Museum Journal, and Gazette, 2 Nov 1852, 57(1529): 439; “Provisional Protections Granted,” London Journal of Arts, Sciences, and manufactures, and Repository of Patent Inventions 1852, 41(252): 473. Details of the invention are in Charles Dickens, “Self-Acting Railway Signals,” Household Words 1853, 7(155): 43–5; Anonymous, “Crowley’s Safety Switch and Self-Acting Railway Signals,” Mechanics’ Magazine, 22 Jan 1853, 58(1537): 66–7.
58 He was balloted for and elected as an associate on January 13, 1863, see Minutes of the Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers 1863, 22: 167; his election was also reported in “Learned Societies,” The Reader 1863, 4: 103.
59 He became a fellow of the Geographical Society on November 11, 1861 (see Proceedings of the Royal Geographical Society of London 1861, 6: 1; Journal of the Royal Geographical Society of London 1862, 32: xxviii) and of the Ethnological Society on January 14, 1862 (see Transactions of the Ethnological Society of London 1863, 2: 34).
60 GRO, Marylebone, London, 1a: 796; their wedding was also announced in “Marriages,” Times (London), 17 May 1853, 21430: 9, and “Births, Marriages, and Deaths,” Observer (London), 23 May 1853, 8.
61 “Deaths.” Times (London), 15 Aug 1854, 21820: 1 and “Births, Marriages, and Deaths,” Observer (London), 21 Aug 1854, 8. For Agnes and Claude Crowley, see the biographical supplement (vol. 7) to the unexpurgated edition of The Confessions of Aleister Crowley, ed. Hymenaeus Beta.
62 Certified record of death, 23 Aug 1869, GRO: Marylebone, Middlesex.
63 Her surname is given as “Higginbotham” on her April 2, 1840, birth certificate (GRO, Colesville, Warwick); as “Heginbottom” on her April 4, 1872, marriage certificate (GRO Coventry, 6d: 590); and variously as “Higgenbotham,” “Heginbotham,” and “Higginbotham” on the 1841, 1861, and 1871 censuses, respectively. Similarly, her forename was “Ann” on the registration of her birth, “Anne” on her marriage certificate, and all censuses from 1841 until 1891, where she appears as “Anna.” On the 1901 census, she is listed as “Annie.” For additional details, see the biographical appendix to the unabridged Confessions, op. cit.
64 Certified record of marriage, 12 Sep 1869, GRO: Warwick, Warwickshire, 6d: 609; certified record of death, 15 Dec 1880 GRO: Warwick, Warwickshire, 6d: 328; certified record of death, Q4, 1890, GRO: Warwick, Warwickshire, 6d: 377. “Deaths,” Times (London), 23 Dec 1880, 30072: 1.
65 Crowley, Confessions, unexpurgated edition, biographical index.
66 Certified record of marriage, GRO Lambeth, Surrey 1d: 605. “Births, Marriages, and Deaths,” Observer (London), 24 Sep 1854, 1.
67 “Deaths,” Daily News (London), 19 Feb 1856, 7.
68 “Obituary,” Solicitors’ Journal and Reporter, 29 Jan 1870, 283. “Legal Obituary,” Law Times, 19 Feb 1870, 325. Thrupp and Dixon are listed as “petitioners’ solicitors” for the Crowleys in a classified announcement in Times (London), 8 Jun 1865, 25206: 3. For John Thrupp’s writing, see: Historical Law Tracts (London: O. Richards), 1843. The Anglo-Saxon Home: A History of the Domestic Institutions and Customs of England, from the Fifth to the Eleventh Century (London: Longman, Green, Longman & Roberts, 1862) and On the Domestication of Certain Animals in England between the Seventh and Eleventh Centuries (np, 1865?).
69 Confessions, 35.
70 1851 census, Battersea, Surrey, HO107, piece 1577, 165: 19. 1861 census, Clapham, Surrey, RG9, piece 368, 230: 5. 1881 census, Leamington Priors, Warwickshire, RG11, piece 3093, 48: 39. Around this time, while living in Wandsworth, Edward Crowley also ran a classified ad offering a £1 reward for the return of his lost black dog, Pilot; Times (London), 22 Sep 1864, 24984: 1.
71 Classified ad, Times (London), 26 Nov 1853, 21596: 3. Additional ads for the company ran regularly for nearly two years.
72 “From the London Gazette of Tuesday, April 24,” Observer (London), 29 Apr 1855, 8. See also the ad by Crowley, White, and Crowley in Pope’s Yearly Journal of Trade Advertiser 1854, 90.
73 Aleister Crowley, The Law is for All: The Authorized Popular Commentary on Liber AL vel Legis sub figura CCXX The Book of the Law, ed. Louis Wilkinson and Hymenaeus Beta (Tempe, AZ: New Falcon, 1996), 90.
74 The 1841 census of the Crowley household lists a female servant named Ann Lewis, aged thirty-five (GRO, Battersea, Surrey, HO107, piece 1046, district 8, 57: 14); Edward was eleven years old at the time. She may be the namesake of Edward Crowley’s card “Poor Anne’s Last Words,” described in Confessions, 39. A card by this title, however, is not in Anthony R. Naylor, Notes towards a Bibliography of Edward Crowley, tegether with Library Resources and Catalogue Information (Thame: I-H-O Books, 2004).
75 Napoleon Noel and William Franklin Knapp, The History of the Brethren (Denver: W. F. Knapp, 1936), 140. See also Grayson Carter, Anglican Evangelicals: Protestant Secessions from the Via Media, C. 1800–1850, Oxford theological monographs (Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press, 2001), 400, where Edward Crowley appears in the appendix of “Evangelical Seceders from the Church of England, c. 1730–1900.”
76 Members of this group eschew any labels which smack of denominationalism, preferring simply to call themselves “Christians.” Thus, Edward Crowley’s 1865 pamphlet on the sect is titled “The Plymouth Brethren, so-called.” I nevertheless use the term “Brethren” for the sake of clarity.
77 Dr. James H. Brooks, quoted in H. A. Ironside, A Historical Sketch of the Brethren Movement (Neptune, NJ: Loizeaux Brothers, 1985).
78 See Ironside, Historical Sketch; Miles J. Stanford, “The Plymouth Brethren: A Brief History,” http://withchrist.org/MJS/pbs.htm; Napoleon and Knapp, History of the Brethren; Peter Blackwell, “The Plymouth Brethren,” http://www.victorianweb.org/religion/plymouth.html; Shawn Abigail’s “Plymouth Brethren FAQ,” http://www.brethrenonline.org/faqs/Brethren.htm (all sites accessed on Apr 23 2010).
79 This evangelical sophism is interesting in light of Crowley’s later instruction for his followers to “say Will” before every meal. While variants exist, its general form is illustrated on this page.
80 Crowley, World’s Tragedy, xiii.
81 Confessions, 46.
82 GRO Q1 1848 births, Farnborough, Hampshire. “Deaths,”
Times (London), 25 Apr 1917. GRO 26 Nov 1854 deaths, Taunton, Somerest. GRO 1871 Census, Kensingon, London, RG10, piece 34, 7: 7. GRO 18 Nov 1874, Kensington, London. Unexpurgated Confessions, biographical supplement. Note the marriage record incorrectly gives Emily’s age as twenty.
83 Times (London), 11–13 Oct 1875.
84 Confessions, 54.
85 Confessions, 37. While Crowley only gives surnames for Miss Arkell and Miss Carey, evidence from the 1881 Warwickshire census identifies them. For instance, Mary Arkell of 31 Campion Terrace, Leamington, is listed as a “daily governess” living with three of her sisters (RG11, piece 3093, 122: 8; her birth and death records are also in Warwickshire). Mary A. Carey is listed as a “lady” born in Warwick and visiting the widow Frances M. Ferguson of 25 Dale Street, Leamington (RG11, piece 3092, 94: 27). Emma and Susan Copwer are listed as “annuitants” at 67 Rugby Road, Leamington, with the former recorded as head of household (RG11, piece 3094, 106: 2).
86 Again, the parallels to Crowley’s later spirituality leap out. In AL ii.28–33, we read “Now a curse upon Because and his kin! May Because be accursèd for ever! … Enough of because! Be he damned for a dog!”
87 World’s Tragedy, xx.
88 Krsitine Hughes, The Writer’s Guide to Everyday Life in Regency and Victorian England (Cincinnati: Writer’s Digest Books, 1998).
89 GRO, 1881 Census, Leamington Priors, Warwickshire, RG11, piece 3093, 48: 39.
90 Crowley’s Confessions, 42, says she lived five hours; her record of death gives four hours and includes the cause of death (GRO Warwick, Warwickshire, 6d: 374).
91 This response is typical, as death is generally not understood by young children. Worden, Davies & McCowan (1999) note that, among boys, sibling loss has much less impact than parent death. For children experiencing the death of a sibling, the greatest response is frequently not to the death itself, but to their parents’ coping behaviors (Schwab, 1997). J. William Worden, Betty Davies,& Darlene McCown, “Comparing Parent Loss with Sibling Loss,” Death-Studies 1999, 23(1): 1-15. Reiko Schwab, “Parental Mourning and Children’s Development,” Journal of Counseling and Development 1997, 75(4): 258–65.
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