by Woolf, Greg
8. Cicero, On Duties 2.27.
9. Cicero, To his Brother Quintus 1.1.
10. Richardson, The Language of Empire.
11. D. S. Levene, ‘Sallust’s Jugurtha: An “Historical Fragment”’, Journal of Roman Studies, 82 (1992).
12. Sallust, Histories 4.69.17.
13. Claude Nicolet, Space, Geography and Politics in the Early Roman Empire, trans. Hélène Leclerc, Jerome Lectures (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1991).
14. Gruen, Culture and National Identity in Republican Rome; Thomas Habinek (ed.), The Politics of Latin Literature: Writing, Identity and Empire in Ancient Rome (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998).
15. Elizabeth Rawson, Intellectual Life in the Late Roman Republic (London: Duckworth, 1985); Andrew Wallace-Hadrill, ‘Review Article: Greek Knowledge, Roman Power’, Classical Philology, 83/3 (1988); Elaine Fantham, Roman Literary Culture from Cicero to Apuleius, Ancient Society and History (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996).
16. Purcell, ‘Becoming Historical’.
17. D’Arms, The Romans on the Bay of Naples: A Social and Cultural History of the Villas and their Owners from 150 B.C. to A.D. 100; M. Frederiksen, Campania (London: British School at Rome, 1984).
18. T. Keith Dix, ‘The Library of Lucullus’, Athenaeum, 88/2 (2000).
19. Mantha Zarmakoupi (ed.), The Villa of the Papyri at Herculaneum: Archaeology, Reception and Digital Reconstruction (Berlin: De Gruyter, 2010).
20. Marcello Gigante, Philodemus in Italy: The Books from Herculaneum, trans. Dirk Obbink, The Body, in Theory: Histories of Cultural Materialism (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1995); David Sider, The Library of the Villa dei Papiri at Herculaneum (Los Angeles: Getty, 2005).
21. E. Bartman, ‘Sculptural Collecting and Display in the Private Realm’, in E. Gazda (ed.), Roman Art in the Private Sphere: New Perspectives on the Architecture and Decor of the Domus, Villa and Insula (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1991).
22. Andrew Wallace-Hadrill, Rome’s Cultural Revolution (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2008).
23. David Sedley, ‘Philosophical Allegiance in the Greco-Roman World’, in Griffin and Barnes (eds.), Philosophia togata, i.
24. Simon Swain, ‘Bilingualism in Cicero? The Evidence of Code-Switching’, in J. N. Adams, Mark Janse, and Simon Swain (eds.), Bilingualism in Ancient Society: Language Contact and the Written Text (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002).
25. Ingo Gildenhard, Paideia Romana: Cicero’s Tusculan Disputations, ed. Tim Whitmarsh and James Warren, Proceedings of the Cambridge Philological Society Supplements (Cambridge: Cambridge Philological Society, 2007).
26. Cicero, Tusculan Disputations 1.1.
CHAPTER 11
1. Elizabeth Rawson, ‘Caesar’s Heritage: Hellenistic Kings and their Roman Equals’, Journal of Roman Studies, 65 (1975).
2. Suetonius, Life of the Deified Augustus 101.
3. Nicholas Purcell, ‘Livia and the Womanhood of Rome’, Proceedings of the Cambridge Philological Society, 32 (1986).
4. Susan Wood, ‘Messalina, Wife of Claudius: Propaganda Successes and Failures of his Reign’, Journal of Roman Archaeology, 5 (1992); Susan Wood, ‘Diva Drusilla Panthea and the Sisters of Caligula’, American Journal of Archaeology, 99/3 (1995).
5. R. R. R. Smith, ‘The Imperial Reliefs from the Sebasteion at Aphrodisias’, Journal of Roman Studies, 77 (1987).
6. Zvi Yavetz, Plebs and Princeps (London: Oxford University Press, 1969).
7. Richard J. A. Talbert, The Senate of Imperial Rome (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1984).
8. Ségolène Demougin, Hubert Devijver, and Marie-Thérèse Raepsaet-Charlier (eds.), L’Ordre équestre: Histoire d’une aristocratie (IIe siècle av. J.-C.–IIIe siècle ap. J.-C.), Collection de l’École Française de Rome (Rome: École Française de Rome, 1999).
9. Averil Cameron, ‘The Construction of Court Ritual: The Byzantine Book of Ceremonies’, in David Cannadine and Simon Price (eds.), Rituals of Royalty: Power and Ceremonial in Traditional Societies, Past and Present Publications (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987).
10. Yates, ‘Cosmos, Central Authority and Communities in the Early Chinese Empire’; Michael J. Puett, To Become a God: Cosmology, Sacrifice, and Self-Divinization in Early China, Harvard-Yenching Institute monograph series (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2002).
11. Amélie Kuhrt, ‘Usurpation, Conquest and Ceremonial: From Babylon to Persia’, in Cannadine and Price (eds.), Rituals of Royalty; Maria Brosius, ‘New out of Old? Court and Court Ceremonies in Achaemenid Persia’, in Antony Spawforth (ed.), The Court and Court Society in Ancient Monarchies (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007).
12. Herodotus, Histories 3.80–2, Cassius Dio, Roman History 52.2–40.
13. Lucretius, On the Nature of Things 5.1105–60. Karl August Wittfogel, Oriental Despotism: A Comparative Study of Total Power (New York: Yale University Press, 1957).
14. John A. Hall, Powers and Liberties: The Causes and Consequences of the Rise of the West (Oxford: Blackwell Publishers, 1985); Patricia Crone, Pre-industrial Societies, New Perspectives on the Past (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1989).
15. Clifford Geertz, ‘Centers, Kings and Charisma: Reflections on the Symbolics of Power’, in Joseph Ben-David and Terry Nichols Clarke (eds.), Culture and its Creators: Essays in Honor of Edward Shils (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1977; reprint, Local Knowledge: Further Essays in Interpretive Anthropology (New York: Basic Books, 1983), 121–46).
16. Jonathon Spence, Emperor of China: Self Portrait of K’ang-hsi (London: Cape, 1974).
17. Michel Austin, ‘Hellenistic Kings, War and the Economy’, Classical Quarterly, 36/2 (1986).
18. Saller, Personal Patronage under the Early Empire; Claude Nicolet, ‘Augustus, Government and the Propertied Classes’, in Fergus Millar and Erich Segal (eds.), Caesar Augustus: Seven Aspects (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1984).
19. Fergus Millar, The Emperor in the Roman World (London: Duckworth, 1977).
20. Norbert Elias, The Court Society (Oxford: Blackwell Publishers, 1983).
21. Keith Hopkins, ‘Divine Emperors, or the Symbolic Unity of the Roman Empire’, in Conquerors and Slaves: Sociological Studies in Roman History, i (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1978).
22. Price, Rituals and Power in Roman Asia Minor.
23. Brian Campbell, The Emperor and the Roman Army 31 BC–AD 235 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1984).
24. Andrew Wallace-Hadrill, ‘The Imperial Court’, in Alan Bowman, Edward Champlin, and Andrew Lintott (eds.), Cambridge Ancient History, x: The Augustan Empire 43 B.C.–A.D. 69 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996); Aloys Winterling, Aula Caesaris: Studien zur Institutionalisierung des römischen Kaiserhofes in der Zeit von Augustus bis Commodus (31 v. Chr.–192 n. Chr.) (Munich: R. Oldenburg, 1999); Jeremy Paterson, ‘Friends in High Places: The Creation of the Court of the Roman Emperor’, in Spawforth (ed.), The Court and Court Society in Ancient Monarchies.
25. Elias, The Court Society; Jeroen Duindam, Myths of Power: Norbert Elias and the Early Modern European Court (Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, 1994).
26. Paul Zanker, ‘Domitian’s Palace on the Palatine and the Imperial Image’, in Alan Bowman et al. (eds.), Representations of Empire: Rome and the Mediterranean World, Proceedings of the British Academy (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002).
27. Andrew Wallace-Hadrill, ‘Civilis princeps: Between Citizen and King’, Journal of Roman Studies, 72 (1982); Wallace-Hadrill, ‘The Imperial Court’.
28. Helmut Halfmann, Itinera principum: Geschichte und Typologie der Kaiserreisen im Römischen Reich, Heidelberger althistorische Beiträge und epigraphische Studien (Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag, 1986).
29. Catharine Edwards and Greg Woolf (eds.), Rome the Cosmopolis (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003).
CHAPTER 12
1. Keith Hopkins, ‘The Politica
l Economy of the Roman Empire’, in Ian Morris and Walter Scheidel (eds.), The Dynamics of Ancient Empires: State Power from Assyria to Byzantium, Oxford Studies in Early Empires (New York: Oxford University Press, 2009).
2. Michael H. Crawford, Coinage and Money under the Roman Republic: Italy and the Mediterranean Economy (London: Methuen, 1985).
3. Peter Rhodes, ‘After the Three-Bar Sigma Controversy: The History of Athenian Imperialism Reassessed’, Classical Quarterly, 58/2 (2008).
4. J. G. Manning, ‘Coinage as Code in Ptolemaic Egypt’, in William Vernon Harris (ed.), The Monetary Systems of the Greeks and Romans (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008).
5. Bang and Bayly, Tributary Empires in History.
6. Galinsky, Augustan Culture.
7. Peter Fibiger Bang, The Roman Bazaar: A Comparative Study of Trade and Markets in a Tributary Empire, Cambridge Classical Studies (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008).
8. P. A. Brunt, ‘The Revenues of Rome’, Journal of Roman Studies, 71 (1981); P. A. Brunt, ‘Publicans in the Principate’, in Roman Imperial Themes (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1990); Michel Cottier et al. (eds.), The Customs Law of Asia, Oxford Studies in Ancient Documents (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008).
9. Chapter 4 above.
10. Garnsey, Famine and Food Supply in the Greco-Roman World.
11. Peregrine Horden and Nicholas Purcell, The Corrupting Sea: A Study of Mediterranean History (Oxford: Blackwell Publishers, 2000); Nicholas Purcell, ‘The Boundless Sea of Unlikeness? On Defining the Mediterranean’, Mediterranean Historical Review, 18/2 (2004).
12. Alan Bowman and Andrew Wilson (eds.), Quantifying the Roman Economy: Methods and Problems, Oxford Studies on the Roman Economy (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009).
13. Anthony John Parker, Ancient Shipwrecks of the Mediterranean and the Roman Provinces, British Archaeological Reports International Series (Oxford: Tempus Reparatum, 1992); Andrew Wilson, ‘Approaches to Quantifying Roman Trade’, in Bowman and Wilson (eds.), Quantifying the Roman Economy.
14. Purcell, ‘Wine and Wealth in Ancient Italy’; Greg Woolf, ‘Imperialism, Empire and the Integration of the Roman Economy’, World Archaeology, 23/3 (1992).
15. Wilson, ‘Machines, Power and the Ancient Economy’; François de Callataÿ, ‘The Graeco-Roman Economy in the Super Long Run: Lead, Copper, and Shipwrecks’, Journal of Roman Archaeology, 18/1 (2005); Dennis P. Kehoe, ‘The Early Roman Empire: Production’, in Scheidel, Morris, and Saller (eds.), Cambridge Economic History of the Greco-Roman World.
16. J. B. Ward-Perkins, ‘From Republic to Empire: Reflections on the Early Provincial Architecture of the Roman West’, Journal of Roman Studies, 60 (1970).
17. Greg Woolf, Becoming Roman: The Origins of Provincial Civilization in Gaul (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998), 169–205.
18. Susan E. Alcock, Graecia capta: The Landscapes of Roman Greece (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993).
19. Keith Hopkins, ‘Economic Growth and Towns in Classical Antiquity’, in Philip Abrams and E. A. Wrigley (eds.), Towns in Societies: Essays in Economic History and Historical Sociology, Past and Present Publications (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1978); R. F. J. Jones, ‘A False Start? The Roman Urbanisation of Western Europe’, World Archaeology, 19/1 (1987); Greg Woolf, ‘The Roman Urbanization of the East’, in Susan E. Alcock (ed.), The Early Roman Empire in the East (Oxford: Oxbow Books, 1997).
20. Keith Hopkins, ‘Rome, Taxes, Rents and Trade’, Kodai, 6/7 (1995/6); R. P. Duncan-Jones, ‘Taxes, Trade and Money’, in Structure and Scale in the Roman Economy (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990).
21. R. P. Duncan-Jones, ‘The Impact of the Antonine Plague’, Journal of Roman Archaeology, 9 (1996).
22. Christer Bruun, ‘The Antonine Plague and the “Third-Century Crisis”’, in Olivier Hekster, Gerda de Kleijn, and Daniëlle Slootjes (eds.), Crises and the Roman Empire, Impact of Empire (Leiden: Brill, 2007).
23. Orlin, Temples, Religion and Politics in the Roman Republic.
24. Roselaar, Public Land in the Roman Republic.
25. Coarelli, ‘Public Building in Rome between the Second Punic War and Sulla’.
26. Brunt, ‘Publicans in the Principate’.
27. Cottier et al., The Customs Law of Asia.
28. Jérôme France, Quadragesima Galliarum: L’organisation douanière des provinces alpestres, gauloises et germaniques de l’Empire romain, 1er siècle avant J.-C.–3er siècle après J.-C., Collections de l’École Française à Rome (Rome, 2001).
29. Richardson, ‘The Spanish Mines and the Development of Provincial Taxation in the Second Century B.C.’.
30. Dominic Rathbone, ‘The Imperial Finances’, in Bowman, Champlin, and Lintott (eds.), Cambridge Ancient History, x.
CHAPTER 13
1. Tacitus, Germany 37.
2. Rolf Michael Schneider, Bunte Barbaren: Orientalenstatuen aus farbigem Marmor in der römischen Repräsentationskunst (Worms: Wernersche Verlagsgeselschaft, 1986); R. R. R. Smith, ‘Simulacra gentium: The Ethne from the Sebasteion at Aphrodisias’, Journal of Roman Studies, 78 (1988); M. Sapelli (ed.), Provinciae fideles: Il fregio del templo di Adriano in Campo Marzio (Milan: Electa, 1999).
3. Erich Gruen, ‘The Expansion of the Empire under Augustus’, in Alan Bowman, Edward Champlin, and Andrew Lintott (eds.), Cambridge Ancient History, x: The Augustan Empire 43 B.C.–A.D. 69 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996).
4. Nicolet, Space, Geography and Politics in the Early Roman Empire.
5. Strabo, Geography 4.5.32.
6. Appian, Preface.
7. Garnsey and Saller, The Roman Empire.
8. A. N. Sherwin-White, The Roman Citizenship, 2nd edn. (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1973); Peter Garnsey, ‘Roman Citizenship and Roman Law in Late Antiquity’, in Simon Swain and Mark Edwards (eds.), Approaching Late Antiquity: The Transformation from Early to Late Empire (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004).
9. Paul Veyne, Le Pain et le cirque: Sociologie historique d’un pluralisme politique (Paris: Seuil, 1976); Arjan Zuiderhoek, The Politics of Munificence in the Roman Empire: Citizens, Elites and Benefactors in Asia Minor, Greek Culture in the Roman World (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009).
10. Edward N. Luttwak, The Grand Strategy of the Roman Empire: From the First Century AD to the Third (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1976).
11. Fergus Millar, ‘Emperors, Frontiers and Foreign Relations, 31 BC to AD 378’, Britannia, 13 (1982).
12. Tacitus, Annales 4.4–5.
13. Alan Bowman, Life and Letters on the Roman Frontier: Vindolanda and its People (London: British Museum Press, 1994).
14. Benjamin Isaac, The Limits of Empire: The Roman Army in the East (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1990).
15. Campbell, The Emperor and the Roman Army 31 BC–AD 235.
16. Egon Flaig, Den Kaiser herausfordern: Die Usurpation im römischen Reich (Frankfurt-am-Main: Campus Verlag, 1992).
17. Brent D. Shaw, ‘Soldiers and Society: The Army in Numidia’, Opus, 2 (1983).
18. Ramsay MacMullen, Soldier and Civilian in the Later Roman Empire (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1963).
19. Lattimore, Inner Asian Frontier of China.
20. Jürgen Kunow, Der römische Import in der Germania libera bis zu den Markomannenkrieg: Studien zu Bronze- und Glasgefässen, Göttinger Schriften zur Vor- und Frühgeschichte (Neumunster: K. Wachholtz, 1983); L. Hedeager, ‘Empire, Frontier and the Barbarian Hinterland: Rome and Northern Europe from A.B. 1–400’, in Michael Rowlands, Møgens Trolle Larsen, and Kristian Kristiansen (eds.), Centre and Periphery in the Ancient World (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987); Michael G. Fulford, ‘Roman and Barbarian: The Economy of Roman Frontier Systems’, in J. C. Barrett (ed.), Barbarians and Romans in North-West Europe from the Later Republic to Late Antiquity, International Series (Oxford: British Archaeological Reports, 1989).
21. Michael Kulikowski, Ro
me’s Gothic Wars from the Third Century to Alaric, Key Conflicts of Classical Antiquity (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2007); John Drinkwater, The Alamanni and Rome 213–496 (Caracalla to Clovis) (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007).
22. Kulikowski, Rome’s Gothic Wars from the Third Century to Alaric.
23. Brian Campbell, ‘War and Diplomacy: Rome and Parthia 31 BC–AD 235’, in John Rich and Graham Shipley (eds.), War and Society in the Roman World (London: Routledge, 1993).
CHAPTER 14
1. Miriam Griffin, ‘Claudius in Tacitus’, Classical Quarterly, 40/2 (1990).
2. Sherwin-White, The Roman Citizenship.
3. Garnsey, ‘Roman Citizenship and Roman Law in Late Antiquity’.
4. Fergus Millar, ‘Empire and City, Augustus to Julian: Obligations, Excuses and Statuses’, Journal of Roman Studies, 73 (1983).
5. J. P. V. D. Balsdon, Romans and Aliens (London: Duckworth, 1979); Benjamin Isaac, The Invention of Racism in Classical Antiquity (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2004).
6. Scheid, ‘Graeco ritu’.
7. Julián Gonzáles, ‘Lex Irnitana: A New Copy of the Flavian Municipal Law’, Journal of Roman Studies, 76 (1986).
8. Acts 21–2.
9. MacMullen, Soldier and Civilian in the Later Roman Empire; Adrian Goldsworthy and Ian Haynes (eds.), The Roman Army as a Community, Journal of Roman Archaeology Supplements (Portsmouth, RI: Journal of Roman Archaeology, 1999).
10. Fikret K. Yegul, Baths and Bathing in the Roman World (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1992).
11. I. Nielsen, Thermae et Balnea: The Architecture and Cultural History of Roman Baths, 2 vols. (Aarhus: Aarhus University Press, 1990).
12. Michael Wörrle, Stadt und Fest in kaiserzeitlichen Kleinasien: Studien zu einer agonistischen Stiftung aus Oinoanda, Vestigia (Munich: C. H. Beck, 1988); Onno van Nijf, ‘Local Heroes: Athletics, Festivals and Elite Self-Fashioning in the Roman East’, in Goldhill (ed.), Being Greek under Rome; Jason König, Athletics and Literature in the Roman Empire, ed. Susan E. Alcock, Jas Elsner, and Simon Goldhill, Greek Culture in the Roman World (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005); Zahra Newby, Greek Athletics in the Roman World: Victory and Virtue, ed. Simon Price, R. R. R. Smith, and Oliver Taplin, Oxford Studies in Ancient Culture and Representation (New York: Oxford University Press, 2005).