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Glossary of Technical Terms
The best place to find full information on Roman institutions is the Oxford Classical Dictionary (4th edition, 2012). This glossary is designed to help explain terms used in the text.
Adventus The ceremonial entrance of an emperor into a city. The emperor would be welcomed by crowds and speeches, and might hand out gifts to the people. The theme is common on Roman imperial coinages and the ceremony became especially important in the late empire.
ager publicus Land owned by the state, mostly acquired by conquest and leased out to citizens in return for rents (vectigalia).
censor During the Republican period a pair of censors were elected for eighteen months every five years from among the most senior senators. Their duties included reviewing the membership of the senate and equestrian orders, assigning all citizens to their correct political orders and issuing contracts for public works. They also came to exercise moral authority. Under the principate a few emperors took the power of censors or held censorships, and in practice assumed many of their functions.
census Originally the head-count of citizens conducted every year by the censors who also assigned each citizen into an order based on the amount of property he owned. The term later came to be used for periodic assessments of tax-liability in the provinces.
centurions The main officers of the legions whose expertise was vital given the aristocratic commanders were often relatively inexperienced. Most centurions commanded units of 80-100 men, and during the Republic were selected from the most experienced soldiers. Under the principate an elaborate hierarchy of ranks and pay developed, and senior centurions were often detached to act as administrators of various kinds.
consul From the early Republic two consuls were elected every year and jointly acted as chief magistrates of the Roman state. Their duties included convening the senate, presiding at major rituals, leading armies and holding elections.
curiales Members of the councils of provincial cities in the Roman empire. The Greek equivalent ter
m was bouleutai. These groups were in effect local equivalents of the senatorial order in Rome and like them were recruited from the propertied classes.
dictator During times of military emergencies a single dictator was elected in place of the consuls for a limited period only. The term was later appropriated first by Sulla and then Julius Caesar to provide a traditional name for their control of the state.
equites The richest citizens of the Republic were enrolled in the equestrian order from which senators were elected. Equites are also sometimes termed knights, and at times the term equestrian is used to designate any citizen with the requisite property qualification, whether or not they had been formally enrolled as equites equo publico. Augustus created a new senatorial order above the equestrian one, for which the property qualification was higher, and gave both orders specific roles in the government of the empire and the ceremonial of the city.
fasces The attendants of consuls and dictators carried before them an axe bound together into a bundle of rods as a simple of power.
hoplite A Greek term for a heavy-armed infantryman who fought hand to hand in a close formation termed a phalanx.
imperium The term originally meant a command, both one issued and one given to a general. Holding imperium conferred a range of religious and political powers and obligations, and so it was formally assumed at the start of a campaign and laid down at the end of one. The term was extended to mean the authority of the Roman people, and at the end of the Republic came to be used in the term of the territory subject to the commands of the Romans, from which our sense of territorial empire derives.
legate A legate meant a Roman assigned a particular task by the state. Some legates were effectively ambassadors sent to conduct negotiations, some (legati legionis) were commanders assigned to legions, and from the last century BC there were also legates assigned to govern parts of very large provinces, such as that awarded to the emperor.
legion From the middle Republic until the late empire, the Roman army was based on units of around 5,000 heavily armed infantrymen, each of which was termed a legion. Typically these units were supported by light infantry, missile troops, cavalry, engineers and other auxiliaries.