banishes Plautilla, 233
antipathy towards his brother Geta, 233–4
goes to Britain, 234
death of his father, and truce with Geta, 235
feud with Geta, 236
and death of Geta, 237–8
reign of, 238–9
death, 239
Domna’s reaction to death of, 240
brief references, 216, 217, 218, 231, 241, 246
Caratacus, 139
Carnuntum, 222
Carrhae, 239
Carthage, 261, 313
Cassius, 11, 12, 13, 19, 23, 29
Cassius Apronianus, 195
Cassius Dio, 61, 123, 150, 195, 199, 216, 221, 228, 229, 233, 234–5, 237, 240, 241, 244
Castel Sant’Angelo, Rome, 205
Catherine de Medici, 4, 218
Catherine the Great, 4
Cato the Elder, 38, 172
Catulus, 48
Celadus, 95
celibacy, 260–1, 292
Ceres, 93, 137, 181, 194, 209
Cerinthus, 203
Cestius Gallus, 163
Chalcedon, Council of, 311
Chalcis, 161
Champagne, 311
Charmion, 45
Chatsworth House, 263
Chaucer, Geoffrey, 35
childbirth, 16–17
children’s upbringing, 17–19, 51–3 see also education
Christianity, 183, 219, 249, 251, 254, 257–8, 258–9, 260, 261, 266, 267, 268, 269, 276, 280, 281, 283, 290, 292
Christina of Sweden, 218
Chrysaphius, 304, 307, 308
Church of the Ascension, Jerusalem, 267, 306
Church of the Holy Sepulchre, Jerusalem, 269
Church of the Nativity, Bethlehem, 267
Cicero, 13, 16, 20, 21, 29, 31, 34, 42, 52, 55, 171
Circe, 62
Circus Maximus, Rome, 226
Claudia, 26
Claudia Antonia, 126
Claudia Marcella Maior, 64
Claudia Octavia, 6, 126, 135, 138, 146, 147, 150, 162, 181, 182
Claudia Pulchra, 112
Claudian, 286, 288
Claudian family (Claudii), 12, 13, 22, 28, 40
Claudius
portrayed in work of Robert Graves, 2
writings of, 6
birth, 94
attitude of Livia and Antonia towards, 96, 97
childhood, 96–7
disabilities, 96, 97
meets procession led by Agrippina with ashes of Germanicus, 87, 120
as candidate for succession, 121
becomes emperor, 124–5
lacks support from senatorial classes, 125
orders deification of Livia, 125
bestows title on his deceased mother, 125
recalls nieces from exile, 125–6
first two marriages, 126
marries Messalina, 126
birth of children, 126
tries to win over sceptics, 126–7
conquers Britain, 127
vetoes bestowal of title of Augusta on Messalina, 127
and Messalina’s sexual behaviour, 128
atmosphere of paranoia and suspicion at court of, 128–9
and banishment of Julia Livilla, 129
perceived as puppet, 129–30
and death of Asiaticus, 131
and Messalina’s relationship with Silius, 132, 133
and death of Messalina, 133
in ancient accounts of Messalina’s downfall, 135
marries Agrippina Minor, 136–7
adopts Nero, 138
and Caratacus, 139
and public unrest, 140
stages mock naval battle, 140
last years, and death, 142
divine cult, 144
and Julius Agrippa, 160, 161
brief references, 3, 62, 75, 98, 141, 143, 145, 147, 159, 163, 182, 270
Claudius Pompeianus, 213
Cleander, 222
Cleopatra
willing to work with Rome, 34
affair with Julius Caesar, 34
relationship with Antony, 24, 34–6, 37, 41
projects her image across her kingdom, 39
depicted on Antony’s coinage, 41
and Donations of Alexandria, 41
portrayal in Roman accounts, 35–6, 42–3
and Antony’s will, 43
at war with Octavian, 43–4
defeat at Actium, 12, 35, 44
death, 44–5
Poppaea compared with, 149–50, 165
and Berenice, 171, 173, 175, 186
brief references, 21, 40, 46, 55, 57, 58, 62, 89, 94, 103, 121–2, 218, 250
Cleopatra (film), 35
Cleopatra Selene, 36
Clodia Metelli, 21
Clodius, 21
Clodius Albinus, 223, 224
Cloelia, 20, 21
Cluvius Rufus, 146
Coel, King, 273, 274
coins, 24–5, 33–4, 39, 41, 66, 93, 111, 122, 125, 136–7, 144, 146, 181, 182–3, 185, 194, 205, 208, 209, 211, 226, 235, 236, 245, 246, 262, 282–3, 291, 298, 301, 305, 309
Colchester, 273
Cologne, 271 see also Ara Ubiorum; Colonia Agrippinensis
Colonia Agrippinensis, 139
Colosseum, Rome, 167, 176
Colossus of Memnon, 103, 187–8, 203, 204, 227
Column of Antoninus Pius, Rome, 210
Commagene, 96, 187, 203
Commodus, 1, 189, 209, 211, 213, 214, 215, 216, 217, 220, 221, 222, 225, 243, 251
Concordia, 78
Consolatio ad Liviam, 75, 94
Constans, 262, 277
Constantia (wife of Gratian), 279, 302
Constantia (wife of Licinius), 258
Constantina, 262, 278, 279
Constantine
birth, 251
and lack of evidence about his mother’s origins, 251–2
education, 254–5
proclaimed as his father’s successor, 255
marries Fausta, 256–7
and battle of Milvian Bridge, 257–8
and Christianity, 249, 254, 257–8
assumes control of western empire, 258
concord with Licinius disintegrates, 258
defeats Licinius and reunifies the empire, 258
legislation, 259–60, 260–1, 264
importance of images in reign of, 262
birth of children, 262
and the Roman public, 264–5
and deaths of his son and his wife, 265–6
and his mother’s religious faith, 267, 268
entrusts his mother with monitoring building works in Jerusalem, 269
and iconography of Helena and the True Cross, 271
and death of his mother, 272
last years of reign, and death, 277
burial in Constantinople, 312
brief references, 5, 250, 270, 274, 279, 280, 284, 302
Constantine II, 262, 277
Constantine III, 289, 291, 296
Constantine VI, 314
Constantinople, 263, 264–5, 271, 272, 276, 277, 278, 281, 282, 283, 285, 286, 287, 289, 291, 292, 294, 296–7, 297–8, 299, 300, 301, 303–4, 305, 306–7, 309, 310, 311, 312, 314
Hagia Sophia, 291
St Lawrence, 306–7
Constantius Chlorus, 250–1, 252, 254, 255, 262, 277
Constantius II, 262, 269, 277–8, 279, 280
Constantius (Flavius Constantius) see Flavius Constantius
Copenhagen: Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek, 154
Corbulo, 170
Corcyra, 86
Coriolanus, 20
Corneille, Pierre: Tite et Bérénice, 158
Cornelia (mother of the Gracchi), 18, 38, 48, 52, 58, 59–60, 76, 94, 97, 146, 172, 181, 207
Cornelia (Vestal Virgin), 177
Cornelius Cinna, 56
Cornelius Fronto see Fronto
Cornificia, 212, 237–8
Corsica, 138
Coss
a, Pietro: Messalina, 135
Crepereius Gallus, 151
Crinagoras, 94
Crispus, 256, 265, 266, 267, 268
Ctesiphon, 195, 212, 227
Cybele, 93
Cyclops Polyphemus, 64
Cynewulf: Elene, 271
Cypros, 159, 160
Cyril of Alexandria, 305
Cyril of Jerusalem, 269
Cyrus, 304
Dacian Wars, 190, 196
Dalmatians, 74
damnatio memoriae, 81, 118, 133–4, 176, 184, 265, 266
Damo, 204
Dante, 275
Divine Comedy, 276
Danube, the, 83, 100, 166, 190, 195, 213, 238, 280, 285, 289
Davis, Lindsey, 169
De Medicamentis Liber, 62–3
Deffand, Madame du, 229
Delphi, 54
Demeter, 143
Demosthenes, 181
Diana, 51, 214, 232
Didius Julianus see Julianus
Dido, Queen of Carthage, 140
Diocletian, 252, 253, 254, 255, 257
Diogenes, 174
Dionysia, 204
Dionysius (bailiff), 95
divorce, 67, 259–60
Dolabella, 13
Domitia Lepida, 126, 141
Domitia Lepida Minor, 126, 133
Domitia Longina, 3, 170–1, 175, 176–7, 178, 179, 180, 181, 182, 184, 185–6, 191, 196, 222, 308
Domitia Lucilla, 97, 206, 207–8, 210
Domitian, 168, 170–1, 176, 177–8, 181, 182, 183–4, 189, 190, 191, 192, 232
Domitilla, 183
Domitius Ahenobarbus, 120–1, 126
Domitius Marsus, 69, 79
Domna (Julia Domna)
political influence, 217, 218, 238
intellectual interests, 217, 229–30, 230–1
contemporary opinion of, 218
meets Septimius Severus, 219, 220
marries Severus, 220–1
birth of sons, 221
and Severus’s seizure of power, 223
portraits of, 223, 224, 226, 231–2
travels with her husband, 224, 226
titles, 224, 225, 233, 235, 236
relatives rise to prominent positions, 227
visits Egypt, 227
marital relationship, 227
and Plautianus, 227–8, 228–9, 233
‘circle’ of, 229
on tour of Africa, 231
and Saecular Games, 232
sponsors restoration of temple of Womanly Fortune, 232
in Britain, 234–5
and relationship between Caracalla and Geta, 235, 236
increase in honours and privileges, 236
and death of Geta, 237, 238
during reign of Caracalla, 238–9
relationship with Caracalla, 239
and Caracalla’s death, 240
death, 240
remains placed in mausoleum of Augustus, 240
deification, 240–1
brief references, 200, 216, 243, 253, 268, 298
Domus Aurea (Golden House), Rome, 167
Domus Flavia, Rome, 178
Donations of Alexandria, 41
Donatus, 61
Dorcas, 52
Drepanum (later Helenopolis), 250, 251, 263, 268
Dresden, 134
dress, 14, 51–2, 70–1, 231–2, 282–3, 287
Drummond, Dr Robert, 116
Drusilla, 103, 116, 122, 123–4
Drusus (father of Germanicus), 27, 29, 51, 72, 75–6, 83, 87, 94, 106, 109, 117, 198
Drusus (son of Tiberius), 73, 98, 99, 100, 102, 110, 159
Drusus Caesar (son of Germanicus), 110, 116
Dryden, John, 35
Dumas, Alexandre, 127
dyes:
for clothes, 70–1
for hair, 178–9
Eboracum, 234, 235, 255 see also York
Echternach, 273
Eclectus, 222
education, 52–3, 230–1, 286
Egeria, 261, 268, 269
Egypt, 34, 35, 36, 43, 44, 82, 89, 95, 103–4, 115, 149, 166, 167, 172, 179–80, 187–8, 195, 202, 213, 227, 250
Elagabal, 220, 243
Elagabulus (formerly known as Avitus), 241–2, 243–4, 246, 247
Eleanor of Aquitaine, 4
Elgin, Lord, 1
Eliot, George: Daniel Deronda, 175
Elizabeth I, Queen, 294
Elpidia, 286–7
Emesa, 219–20, 227, 241, 250
Ephesus, 212
ecumenical council at, 304–5
Epicurean school of philosophy, Athens, 197–8, 230
Erasmus: Senatulus, 242
Eros (litter-bearer), 95
Esquiline hill, Rome, 77, 260
Eucherius, 287, 288, 289, 312
Eudocia (Aelia Eudocia; formerly Athenais), 268–9, 299–300, 302, 304, 305–6, 307–8
Eudocia (daughter of Valentinian III), 269, 308, 313
Eudoxia, 286, 291, 301, 304, 314
Eugenius (estate manager), 310
Eugenius (usurper), 284
Eumachia, 77
Eunomius of Cyzicus, 281
Euphrates, River, 83
Europe, 185
Eusebia, 279, 280, 281, 282
Eusebius, 250, 251, 265, 266–7, 270, 272, 274
Eutactus, 50
Eutropia, 252, 267
Eutropius, 291
Eutychianus, 241
Fabius Rusticus, 146
Fadilla, 212
Fast, Howard
Agrippa’s Daughter, 164
Spartacus, 164
Fausta, 3, 256–7, 258, 262–3, 265, 266, 267, 268, 277, 279, 282, 314
Faustina, 1–2, 206, 208–9, 211, 212, 213–14, 221, 224, 225, 263, 282
Faustinopolis (formerly Halala), 214, 263
Favorinus, 18
Fayum, 172
Festus, 162
Feuchtwanger, Lion: The Jew of Rome, 164
Flacilla see Aelia Flacilla
Flavia Domitilla (wife of Vespasian), 168, 170
Flavia Domitilla (niece of Domitian), 183
Flavia Titiana, 222
Flavian dynasty, 158, 166–86, 188, 190, 191, 220
Flavius Aetius see Aetius
Flavius Clemens, 183
Flavius Constantius, 294, 295–6, 297, 300, 302, 309
Flavius Felix, 303
Flavius Sabinus, 182
Florus, Gessius, 162–3, 175
Fonthill Abbey, 116
Fordyce, James: Sermons to Young Women, 4
Fortuna Muliebris/Womanly Fortune, temple of, 76–7, 232
Forum Clodii, 93–4
Forum of Augustus, 79
France, 158
Franks, 277, 313
Frigidus, River, 284
Fronto (Cornelius Fronto), 74, 207–8, 209, 212, 214 Fucine Lake, 140
Fulvia, 19–20, 21, 22, 23, 26, 31, 35, 36, 37, 58, 81, 102, 139, 261
Fulvius Plautianus see Plautianus
Fundi, 13
fundus Laurentus, 263–4, 272
Gabii, 185
Gaius, 66, 72–3, 74, 78, 82–3
Gaius Claudius Marcellus see Marcellus (Gaius Claudius Marcellus)
Gaius Octavianus, 17
Gaius Silius see Silius
Galatea, 64
Galba, 165–6, 167, 225
Galen, 113, 224–5, 229
Galeria Fundana, 168
Galerius, 252, 254–5, 257
Galilee, 160
Galla, 280, 284, 287
Galla Placidia see Placidia
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