Machiavelli, Niccolò, 188
Macrinus (Opellius Macrinus), 239–40, 241, 242, 246
Macro, 160
Macrobius: Saturnalia, 69, 70, 79
Maecenas, 57, 64, 69
Maesa (Julia Maesa), 217, 220, 227, 239, 240, 241, 242, 243, 244, 245, 280
Magnentius (Magnus Magnentius), 277, 278, 279
Magnus Maximus, 283–4
Mai, Angelo, 207
Malalas, John, 299
Mamaea (Julia Mamaea), 217, 241, 243, 244, 245, 246, 249, 280
Mancini, Marie, 158
Mankiewicz, Joseph L., 35
Marcellus (Octavia’s son), 51, 58, 60–2, 63, 73, 84, 94, 97, 109
Marcellus (senator), 174
Marcellus (Gaius Claudius Marcellus), 24, 58
Marcia, 215, 222
Marcia Furnilla, 171
Marcian, 308–9, 311
Marciana (Ulpia Marciana), 192–3, 194, 195
Marcomanni, 213
Marcus Aurelius
birth and childhood, 206
adopted by Antoninus Pius, 204, 206
Faustina betrothed to, 206
takes up residence on the Palatine, 207
correspondence with Fronto, 207, 208, 209, 212, 214
relationship with his mother Domitia Lucilla, 207
marries Faustina, 208
birth of children, 208–9, 212
honours adoptive parents, 210
becomes co-emperor with Lucius Verus, 210–11
reign of, 211–12, 213
and Lucilla’s marriages, 212, 213
and Faustina’s death, 214, 263
death, 214
Meditatations, 208, 210
Septimius Severus strives to link himself with, 224–5
brief references, 2, 97, 113, 188, 189, 219, 222
Marcus Julius Alexander, 160, 161
Marcus Lepidus see Lepidus
Marcus Livius Drusus, 13
Marcus Livius Drusus Claudianus, 13
Marcus Salvius Otho see Otho
Marcus Verrius Flaccus, 52–3
Marcus Vinicius, 129
Maria, 286, 287–8, 312
Marie Antoinette, 4, 133, 155
Marina, 291
Marina Severa, 278, 279
Mark Antony see Antony, Mark
marriage, 13–16, 259, 260
legislation, 67–8, 259–60
Mars the Avenger, temple of, Rome, 79
Marseilles, 83
Mary, Virgin, 259, 298, 304
Mary Queen of Scots, 4
Matidia Minor, 193, 200, 212, 288
mausoleum of Augustus (Julio-Claudian family mausoleum), Rome, 59, 61, 73, 81, 84, 114, 122, 165, 240
Mausoleum of Galla Placidia, Ravenna, 275–6
mausoleum of Hadrian, Rome, 205, 240
Maxentius, 255, 257
Maximian, 252, 254, 255, 256, 257
Maximinus Daia, 255, 257, 258
Maximinus Thrax, 246
Maximus (Magnus Maximus), 283–4
Medea, 62, 212
medicines, 62–3
Melania the Elder, 268
Melania the Younger, 268, 292, 305–6
Menophilus, 50
Mesopotamia, 190, 195
Messalina, 2, 126–8, 129, 130, 131, 132–5, 137, 141, 148, 151–2, 154, 170, 184, 218, 314
Metellus (Caecilius Metellus), 59, 60
Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, 64
Milan, 253, 258, 275, 279, 283, 284, 285
Ambrosian library, 207
Milonia Caesonia see Caesonia
Milvian Bridge, battle of, 257
Minerva, 150, 153, 177, 194
Minervina, 256, 265
Mnester, 131
Monte Citorio, 210
Monteverdi, Claudio: L’incoronazione di Poppea, 154
Monumentum Liviae, 49–50, 91, 95, 113, 173
Monza, cathedral of, 287
Mount of Olives, 267, 306
Mucia Tertia, 55
Mucianus, 166
Munatia Plancina see Plancina
Museo del Palazzo dei Conservatori, Rome, 205
Museo Nazionale, Naples, 64
Museo Nazionale, Rome, 32, 39–40
Mutilia Prisca, 110
Mytilene, 139
Naissus, 251
Naples, 11, 22, 152
Bay of, 119
Museo Nazionale, 64
Napoleon III, 48
Narbonne, 294
Narcissus, 130, 132, 136, 140–1, 147
National Gallery, London, 271
National Museums, Berlin, 223
Naulochus, battle of, 30, 37
Nelson, Admiral, 116
Nemausus, 190
Neptune, 34
Nero
birth, 121, 156
reunited with his mother Agrippina Minor, 126
at Saecular Games, 130, 136
Seneca is placed in charge of education of, 138
adopted by Claudius, 138
marries Claudia Octavia, 138
row between Britannicus and, 140
Agrippina resents influence of Domitia Lepida over, 141
becomes emperor, 142, 143
role of Agrippina during early days of reign, 144, 145
relationship with Agrippina, 146–8
and death of Britannicus, 147
and accusations against Agrippina, 148–9
begins affair with Poppaea, 149
and assassination of Agrippina, 150–1
behaviour after Agrippina’s death, 152–3
unsuccessful conspiracy against, 154
and Jewish rebellion, 163
crises in reign of, 164–5
and death of Poppaea, 165
marries Statilia Messalina, 165
death, 164, 165
palace, 167
brief references, 1, 6, 63, 76, 133, 135, 162, 169, 182, 202, 217, 239, 243, 251, 309
Nero Caesar, 110, 116
Nerva, 188, 189, 190
Nestorius, 304–5, 307
New York
Metropolitan Museum of Art, 64
Pierpoint Morgan Library, 271
Nicaea, Council of, 280
Nicene Creed, 280
Nicomedia, 253, 254, 255, 277
Niger (Pescennius Niger), 222, 223, 224
Nile, River, 103, 187, 203, 227
Nola, 84
North Africa see Africa/North Africa
Nugent, Thomas, 275
Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek, Copenhagen, 154
Obama, Michelle, 8
Octavia
marries Antony, 23–4
reputation, 24
as maternal paragon, 24, 58
appears on coinage, 24–5, 33–4, 39
role as peacemaker, 33, 36
left behind by Antony, 34
travels to Athens, but is forbidden to join Antony, 37
public image promoted by Octavian (later Augustus), 37–40, 46, 58
honours and privileges granted to, 38
statuary portraits of, 39–40
divorced by Antony, 43
Cleopatra seeks goodwill of, 44
Portico of Octavia named for, 59
role in sponsorship of public buildings, 60
and death of her son Marcellus, 61, 63
relationship with Livia, 63
and Julia’s marriage to Tiberius, 73
death and funeral, 73
brief references, 6, 35, 49, 50, 55, 62, 66, 77, 81, 83, 84, 86, 94, 97, 101, 109, 114, 126, 163, 230, 236
Octavia (tragedy), 135, 153–4, 155
Octavian see Augustus
Odenathus, 249
Odoacer, 313
Olybrius, 313
Olympias, 292
Olympiodorus, 294, 295
Opellius Macrinus see Macrinus
Oppian Law, 172
Orbiana (Sallustia Orbiana), 245
Origen, 245
Orléans, Henrietta, Duchess of, 158
O
rontes, River, 219, 220
Ostia, 78, 132
Otho (Marcus Salvius Otho), 149, 165–6, 167–8, 225
Ovid, 6, 30, 68–9, 70–1, 77, 91, 179
Oxyrhyncus, 82
Paccia Marciana, 219, 220, 231
Padusia, 303
Palais-Royal, Paris, 158
Palatine, Rome, 16, 29, 47, 48, 51, 53, 58, 65, 85, 94, 95, 96, 98, 105, 120, 148, 171, 173, 178, 182, 191, 193, 207, 226, 253, 255, 257, 290
Palestine, 160, 195
Pallas (servant of Antonia Minor), 117
Pallas (treasurer in reign of Claudius), 130, 136, 141, 147
Pamphilia, 95
Pandateria (now Ventotene), 80, 99, 116, 122, 124, 181, 183
Pannonia, 74, 75, 222
Pantheon, Rome, 197
Paris, 134
Hôtel de Bourgogne, 158
Palais-Royal, 158
Paris (actor), 181
Parmeno, 50
Parthenon, 1
Parthia/Parthian Empire, 33, 34, 36, 96, 190, 195, 211–12, 219, 224, 226, 227, 239, 245
Passienus Crispus, 126, 130, 136
Patterson, Martha Johnson, 8
Paul, St, 162
Paula, 268, 286, 288
Paulinus (biographer of Ambrose), 280
Paulinus (magister officiorum), 304, 307
Peraea, 160
Perennis, 222
Perseus, 64
Persians, 249, 298
Pertinax (Publius Helvidius Pertinax), 222
Perugia, 20
Perusia, 19, 23, 36, 139
Pescennius Niger see Niger
Phaesalis, 89
Philippi, battle of, 12, 13, 19, 29
Philiscus of Thessaly, 229, 230
Philostratus, 217, 229, 230
Apollonius of Tyana, 229
Phoebe, 80
Phyllis, 171, 184
Piacenza Pilgrim, 308
Pierpoint Morgan Library, New York, 271
Pilia, 31
Piso (Calpurnius Piso), 105–6, 107, 110, 139
Pius VI, Pope, 274
Placidia, 313
Placidia (Galla Placidia)
birth, 284
early life, 284, 285, 286–7
remains unmarried throughout teenage years, 288
and death sentence on Serena, 290
taken hostage by Goths, 290
marries Athaulf, 294–5
birth and death of her son Theodosius, 295
widowed, 295
returns to Rome, 295
marries Flavius Constantius, 296
birth of children, 296
receives title of Augusta, 296
exposed position after death of Flavius Constantius, 297
withdraws to Constantinople, 297–8, 300
and declaration of her son as heir to throne, 300
witnesses investiture of Valentinian III, 301
image on coins, 301
commissions basilica dedicated to St John in Ravenna, 301–2
role during reign of Valentinian III, 302–3, 305
and church refurbishment and repair, 303, 310
and Christianity, 309–10
in Rome for reburial of her infant son Theodosius, 310
and Honoria’s marriage, 311
death, 311
remains are discovered, 311–12
Mausoleum of, 275–6
brief references, 9, 277, 280, 313
Plancina (Munatia Plancina), 105, 106, 107, 108, 110, 117, 139
Plautia Urgulania, 105, 126
Plautia Urgulanilla, 126
Plautianus (Fulvius Plautianus), 218, 223, 226, 227–8, 229, 231, 232–3, 234
Plautilla, 228, 231, 232, 233, 238, 239
Plautius Silvanus, 105
Pliny the Elder, 42, 58, 59, 60, 80, 101, 140, 156
Pliny the Younger, 192, 193, 194, 214
Plotina (Pompeia Plotina), 6, 188, 189, 190–2, 193, 194, 195–6, 196–9, 225, 230, 238, 245
Plutarch, 21, 34, 35, 37, 230
Life of Julius Caesar, 1
Pola, 265
Polemo, King of Cilicia, 161
Pollio (Vedius Pollio), 77
Polybius, 132
Polycarpus, 185
Pompeia Plotina see Plotina
Pompeianus (Claudius Pompeianus), 213
Pompeii, 17, 22, 77, 175
Pompey, 22, 23, 42, 55, 56, 203
Pontia, 124
Popillius Theotimus, 197
Poppaea, 3, 42–3, 149–50, 153, 162, 165, 167, 181, 193
Poppaea Sabina, 131
Porsenna, 20
Porta Pia, Rome, 169
Porter, Cole, 276
Portico of Octavia, Rome, 59–60, 109
Porticus Liviae (Portico of Livia), Rome, 77, 78
Praeneste, 22
Priene, 66
Prima Porta, 31–3, 47, 50, 167
Prima Porta Augustus, 31
Prisca, 252, 254, 257
Priscus Attalus, 294
Proba, 289
Proclus, 298
Procopius, 289
Proiecta, 260
Propertius, 127
Protonike, 270
Ptolemais, 163
Ptolemies, the, 39
Publius Helvidius Pertinax, 222
Publius Suillius, 130, 131
Pucinum region, 113
Pudicitia Patricia, 77
Pudicitia Plebeia, 77
Pulcheria
as inheritor of Helena’s role, 276–7
childhood, 291–2
strong-willed, 292
pledges herself to celibate life, 292
role in teaching Theodosius II, 293
opinions about powerful influence of, 293, 298
forges powerful identity for herself, 294
represented in imperial iconography, 298
and cult of Virgin Mary, 298
and marriage of Theodosius to Athenais (later called Eudocia), 299
role after her brother’s marriage, 304
and Nestorius, 304–5
relationship with Eudocia, 305, 307
and relics of St Stephen, 306–7
marries Marcian, 308–9
publicly acclaimed as a ‘New Helena’, 311
death, 311
brief references, 269, 301, 302, 310, 313, 314
Punic Wars, 172
Quadi, 213
Quintia, 95
Quintilian, 173, 286
Quintus Crispinus, 80–1
Quintus Dellius, 35
Quintus Hortensius see Hortensius
Quintus Hortensius Hortalis, 29
Quirinal hill, Rome, 184, 242
Rabirius, 178
Racine, Jean, 174
Bérénice, 158
Raphaneae, 241
Ravenna, 275, 285, 289, 290, 294, 296, 297, 300, 303, 305, 310, 313
Biblioteca Classense, 297
Mausoleum of Galla Placidia, 275–6
St John, Basilica of, 301–2
Reagan, Nancy, 8, 85
Regium, 81
Remus, 16
Rhine, the, 83, 100, 101, 103, 109, 165, 201, 246, 285, 289
Rhodes, 78, 82
Rhône, River, 223
Rimini, 303
Robespierre, Maximilien, 155
Roma, 99
Roman Catholic Church, 183
Rome
Cleopatra’s image carried in triumphal procession in, 45
building projects during reign of Augustus, 58–60, 76–7
Tiberius returns to, 82
The First Ladies of Rome Page 54