May We Forever Stand

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May We Forever Stand Page 38

by Imani Perry


  Radical Republicans, 2

  Radio: and advocates for educational equity, 112; and politics of representation, 113–14; black radio programs, 143–44, 152–53; black radio ownership, 197

  Ragtime, 21–22

  Rainbow Coalition, 208

  Rainey, Ma, 22

  Randolph, A. Philip, 61, 116, 143, 155

  Randolph, Virginia Estelle, 77

  Rasbach, Oscar, 113

  Razaf, Andy, 114

  Reagan, Ronald, 205–10, 212, 213

  Reagon, Bernice Johnson, 149, 150

  Reagon, Cordell, 150–51

  Reconstruction era, 2, 3, 5, 8, 18–19, 73, 112

  Red Cross, 233n21

  Redford’s Variety Store, 154

  Redmond, Shana, xiii

  Red Summer of 1919, 31, 55, 56

  Reeb, James, 157–58, 160

  Reed, Henry, 108–9

  Remi, Salaam, 214

  Republican Party, 2, 4–5, 58, 209–10

  Residential security maps, 59

  Restrictive covenants, 62

  Reuther, Walter, 172

  Revolutionary War, 114

  Rhythm & blues (R&B) music, 212

  Richmond, Va., 186

  Richmond News Leader, 154

  Richmond Symphony Orchestra, 186

  Ricks, Willie, 165

  Rihanna, 224

  Ritual practices: and black formalism, 7, 8, 9–10, 11, 12, 33, 35, 82, 110, 115, 223; and “Lift Every Voice and Sing,” 12–13, 36–37, 40, 47, 82, 84, 87, 89, 105–6, 214; and oratorical tradition, 110; and Double V campaign, 115; and Nairobi College, 185; loss of, 194

  Roach, Max, 188–89

  Robertson, Carole, 155

  Robeson, Paul: and Harlem Community Art Center, 68; and Negro History Week programs, 97; and Freedom’s People radio documentary, 114; and Jomo Kenyatta, 123; on Africa, 124, 129; and SNYC, 125; and Henry Wallace, 126; and leftist politics, 130, 144–45; and Jackie Robinson, 131–33; Lloyd Brown’s biography of, 134; “Ballad for Americans,” 139; and “Lift Every Voice and Sing,” 144

  Robichaux, John, 22

  Robinson, Earl, 139

  Robinson, Jackie, 130–33

  Robinson, Joanne, 141

  Robinson, Smokey, 223

  Rollins, Sonny: Freedom Suite, 139; “The House I Live In,” 139, 191

  Rome, Ga., 154

  Roosevelt, Eleanor, 68, 112, 124, 125, 132

  Roosevelt, Franklin Delano, 58, 59, 61, 94, 112, 116, 125

  Rosenberg, Ethel, 139

  Rosenberg, Julius, 139

  Rosengard, David, 204

  Rosenwald, Julius, 75, 76. See also Julius Rosenwald Fund

  Rowan, Carl, 168

  Rowell, Victoria, 193

  Royal Philharmonic Orchestra of London, 204

  Roy Haynes Hip Ensemble, 187–88

  Rumph, Roy L., “Jungle Paradise,” 117–18

  Rural areas, Jeanes teachers serving, 77

  Rustin, Bayard, 116, 155, 168, 171–72

  St. Louis Blues (film), 50

  Sales, William, 205–6

  Sam, Vilburn Guillaume, 35

  Samuel, Bonna MacPerine, 145

  Sanchez, Sonia, 174

  Saunders, Pharaoh, 177

  Savage, Augusta, 67–68, 99, 138; After the Glory, 68; The Harp, 68–70, 71, 204

  Savage, Barbara, 112, 113–14

  Savage Studio of Arts and Crafts, 68

  Savor, Lonis, 9

  Saxon, Camille, 106

  Schlitz Brewing Company, 192

  Schomburg, Arturo, 92

  Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture, 92

  School desegregation, 103–6, 146, 179, 180, 181, 190, 193–94

  School segregation: and frontal assault on segregated society, 72; southern requirements of, 73, 79; and equalization of expenditures and resources, 74, 102; and quality of schools, 78, 95; and daily practice of singing “Lift Every Voice and Sing,” 80, 88, 178–79; and separate but equal rules, 81; and black formalism, 81, 82; and lack of oversight of white elites, 88; and immersion within black community, 89; black studies in, 92–93, 195; and NAACP pursuing court cases on, 102–4; and U.S. Supreme Court, 103–5

  Schubert, Franz, 144

  Schweitzer, Albert, 142

  Schwerner, Michael, 205

  The Score, 214

  Scottsboro case, 57, 124, 235n61

  Second World Festival of Black Art, Nigeria (1977), 200

  Seeger, Pete, 130

  Segregation: NAACP’s challenges to, 29, 102–4, 122; and manifesto of Pan-African Congress of 1927, 39; in South Africa, 39, 207, 208–9; and “Lift Every Voice and Sing” as symbol of collective will, 50; Walter Daykin on, 62; Booker T. Washington’s accommodationist stance on, 63; and W. E. B. DuBois on double consciousness of, 86–87; de facto segregation in North, 89, 119–20; and mass media, 114; and World War II, 115, 116, 122; entrenchment of, 144; and civil rights movement, 149–52, 154, 157–60; legal ending of, 207. See also Integration; Jim Crow; School segregation

  Selma, Ala., 156–57, 159–61

  Selma to Montgomery March (1965), 171

  Semper Fidelis club, 145

  Seven Principles of Blackness, 184

  Seven Principles of Kwanzaa, 184, 196

  Seventh World Congress of the Comintern (1935), 60–61

  Sexual violence, 14, 137

  Shabazz, Betty, 203

  Sharecropping, 75, 77, 80

  Shepp, Archie, 177

  Sherrod, Charles, 150

  Shore, Herbert L., 121–22

  Shropshire, Louise, 147–48

  Shuttlesworth, Fred, 147, 152

  Simon, Charlie May, All Men Are Brothers, 1, 142

  Simone, Nina, 159, 172, 197; “Young, Gifted and Black,” 197

  Sit-ins, 146–47, 154, 188

  Sixteenth Street Baptist Church, Birmingham, 126, 145, 155–56

  Slavery: and sexual assault of black women, 14; Marcus Garvey on, 34; in pageants, 40, 41; and African American history, 97, 98; and slave insurrections, 167

  Smalls, Robert, 82

  Smith, Bessie, 50

  Smith, Hale, 186–87

  Smith, Martha, 88

  Smith, Maybelle, 166

  Smith, Samuel L., 76

  Snow Hill Institute, 77

  Social class: and black culture, xi, 65, 196, 214; black formalism engaged across, 8, 10–12; and black women’s organizations, 24; and NAACP, 60; and black elites, 64–65, 179, 211; and class cleavages in black life, 64–65, 211; and black leadership class, 78; and racial liberalism, 120. See also Middle-class blacks; Working-class blacks; Working-class whites

  Social democrats, 120

  Socialists: and working-class blacks, 52, 54; and Popular Front, 54–55; from West Indies, 55; W. E. B. DuBois identifying as, 60; racial liberalism contrasted with, 120; and Pan-African Congress of 1945, 123; and Henry Wallace, 126; NAACP’s disengagement from, 127; and black radicals, 128; and Black Panther Party, 185

  Social justice movement, 86, 116

  Social Security Act, 59

  Solimon, Angelo, 97

  Somalia, 136

  Sontonga, Enoch, 208

  Soul: W. E. B. DuBois on, 44, 189; Gerald Westbrook on, 166–67; Kenneth Fish on, 181

  South: public school system introduced in, 2; Radical Republicans in, 2; black associational life in, 8; James Weldon Johnson’s NAACP organizing tour of, 31; Communist Party in, 60; Rosenwald school program in, 75; and Anna Jeanes’s donations for teachers in black schools, 77; and “Lift Every Voice and Sing” prevalent in school programs, 88; and Brown v. Board of Education, 104; school desegregation in, 104–5; oratorical tradition in, 110; legal racial stratification in, 144; cultural resources of, 175

  South Africa: racial segregation in, 39, 207, 208–9; Africa National Congress in, 135; boycott of, 206; Ronald Reagan’s policies toward, 207, 208, 209; and U.S. student antiapartheid movement, 208–9

  South America, 128

  Southeast Children’s Theate
r group, 101

  Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC): role in civil rights movement, 138, 154, 155; and SNCC, 147, 152; funding of, 148; and freedom songs, 149, 151; and voting rights, 156; and CORE, 163; Freedom Now slogan, 166; Martin Luther King Jr.’s speech at 1967 convention, 169–70; and Andrew Young, 174; and inclusion, 185; and Max Roach, 188; and Jesse Jackson, 192

  Southern Negro Youth Congress (SNYC), 124–25, 126, 127, 128, 133, 147, 173

  Southern Sons, 118

  Southern University, 189, 198–99

  Spanish American War, 114

  Spanish language, 19

  Spelman College, 75, 208

  Spencer, Anne, 65–66

  Spencer, Chauncey, 65–66

  Spillers, Hortense, 11

  Spingarn, Joel, 30, 59–60

  Spirituals: in pageants, 40–41; and “School Improvement Day” programs, 86; and Negro History Week, 106; and black associational life, 145; and Highlander Folk School, 147; and civil rights movement, 151, 153; and Nairobi Day School, 182–83; recordings of, 204; and black culture, 211. See also specific spirituals

  Stallone, Sylvester, 191

  Standing, Thomas Gilbert, 63, 64, 65

  Stanton School for Negroes, Jacksonville, 3, 4, 7

  Star of Ethiopia pageant, 39–40

  “The Star-Spangled Banner”: “Lift Every Voice and Sing” compared to, 37–38, 119, 193; “Lift Every Voice and Sing” sung with, 115, 116, 174, 178–79; and Periclean Club program, 145; and black nationalism, 184; and black power, 190–91; interpretations of, 214, 218

  States’ rights, 205, 206

  Stax Records, 191, 192

  “Steal Away,” 41, 150, 151

  “Steal Away Jesus,” 50

  Stepto, Robert, 45

  Stereotypes, 113

  Stewart, Michael, 212

  Still, William Grant, 49, 68; Afro-American Symphony, 71

  Stock market crash of 1929, 26

  Stokes, Carl, 201, 210

  Strayhorn, Billy, 187

  Stubblefield, Eleathea, 85

  Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC): and voter registration, 125, 149, 156; role in civil rights movement, 138, 155; creation of, 147; and freedom songs, 150–52; and black power, 164, 165, 166; and Vietnam War, 168; and Connie Curry, 174–75

  Studio Museum, Harlem, 219

  Swahili language, 184

  Swarthmore College, 208

  “Swing Low, Sweet Chariot,” 40

  Sylvia’s restaurant, Harlem, 47

  Taft, Howard, 31

  Talbert, Mary B., 30

  Talented Tenth, 64

  Talladega College, 95

  Tanner, Henry Ossawa, 93

  Tanzania, 199, 208

  Taylor, Glen, 126

  Taylor, Samuel Coleridge, 93, 96, 97

  “Tell Me, Dusky Maiden” (Johnson and Johnson), 13

  Temple of Progress (pageant), 41

  Tennessee, 76

  Terkel, Studs, 203

  Terrell, Mary Church, 30, 78, 137

  Thicke, Robin, 221

  Thompson, James, 115

  Thurman, Howard, 66, 94

  Till, Emmett, 84

  Time, 118–19, 120

  Tindley, Charles Albert, 147–48

  Tocqueville, Alexis de, 6

  Toloso (Johnson and Johnson), 21

  Tonight Show (television show), 191–92

  Tony Brown’s Journal, 207

  Topeka Plain Dealer, 16

  Tougaloo College, 166

  Touré, Who’s Afraid of Post-Blackness, 221, 222

  Tourism, 2

  Toussaint-Louverture, François-Dominique, 84, 91

  Trade unions: and “Lift Every Voice and Sing,” 56; communists active in, 61, 127; ban on racial discrimination in, 116; black membership in, 121; and Pan-African Congress of 1945, 123; NAACP’s disengagement from, 127; and Montgomery Bus Boycott, 141

  Trenholm, G. W., 74

  Trotter, William Monroe, 55

  Truman, Harry, 126, 127–28

  Truth, Sojourner, 138

  Tubman, Harriet, 81, 138, 162, 195

  Tubman, William, 162

  Turnage, Edith, 9

  Turner, Nat, 80

  Tuskegee Institute, 7, 74, 75, 76, 77, 95

  Tutu, Desmond, 208, 224

  Unisonance, 39, 140, 146

  United Auto Workers, 116, 172

  United Nations, 122–23, 124

  United Negro College Fund, 88, 120–21

  United Negro Improvement Association (UNIA), 27–28, 29, 32–35, 36

  United Negro Improvement Association (UNIA) Motor Corps, 32

  U.S. Bureau of Investigation (later FBI), 35

  U.S. Constitution, Commerce Clause, 156

  U.S. Justice Department, 136, 156, 207

  U.S. Park Service, 216

  U.S. Postal Service, 214

  U.S. State Department, 129, 142

  U.S. Supreme Court: and legal segregation, 3, 79; and Scottsboro convictions, 57, 235–36n61; on funding for black schools, 73; and school segregation, 103–5; and Montgomery Bus Boycott, 141

  Universal Ethiopian Anthem, 32

  Urban League, 61, 66, 127, 128, 201, 206

  Urban League Convention of 1980, 205

  Vanderbilt University, 208

  Venezuela, 30–31

  Vernacular form: and black formalism, 8, 10–11, 12, 22, 67, 212; and Langston Hughes, 42; and music, 48–49, 51, 148, 212–13; and black writers, 67; and black English, 184

  Versailles Peace Conference, 32

  Victoria (queen of England), 17

  Vietnam War: Stokely Carmichael on, 165; Martin Luther King Jr. on, 168, 170, 172; and antiwar activists, 194, 209

  Village Gate, N.Y., 148–49

  Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act, 215

  Virginia Avenue Elementary School, Louisville, Ky., 93

  Virginia Negro Education Association, 74

  Virginia State University, 95

  Visual arts: and Afro-American modernism, 26, 67–68; “Lift Every Voice and Sing” as inspiration for, 51–52, 68–70; and collective spirit of black America, 138; and postblackness, 220. See also specific artists

  Von Eschen, Penny, 133–34, 135

  Von Suppé, Franz, 16

  Voting rights: and black civic life, 3, 4–5, 125, 156, 158–59; and voter registration, 125, 149, 156, 206

  Voting Rights Act (1965), 158–59, 161, 164, 206

  Walker, Clara Leticia, 85

  Walker, Kara, 221

  Walker, Margaret, “For My People,” 66–67

  Walker, Vanessa Siddle, 85

  Wallace, Henry, 125–26, 130

  Ware, Virgil, 155

  Ware High School, Augusta, Ga., 106

  Waring, Laura Wheeler, 51

  Warrick, Meta, 93

  Washington, Booker T.: and black educational life, 7, 87, 89; and National Negro in Business League conference, 22–23; and Marcus Garvey, 27–28, 29; funeral of, 28; and James Weldon Johnson, 30; and pageants, 41; and black political life, 63–64; on industrial education, 74; Negro Education Association established by, 74; and funding for school development, 75; and Anna Jeanes, 77; portraits of, 81; and Negro History Week, 96; political alignment of, 128; Tony Brown compared to, 207

  Washington, Harold, 203–4

  Washington Welfare Association, 233n21

  Waters, Ethel, 49

  Waters, Maxine, 100

  Watson, Bobby, 187

  Watts rebellion, Los Angeles, 161, 163, 167, 192–93

  Wattstax, 192–93

  Watts Writers Workshop, 177

  “We Are Americans, Too,” 114, 115

  Welfare reform legislation, 215

  Wellington, Muriel, 98–99

  Wells, Ida B., 14

  Wendell Phillips High School A Cappella Choir, 204

  Wepner, Chuck, 191

  “We Shall Not Be Moved,” 116, 153

  “We Shall Overcome,” 82, 147–48, 153–54, 158–59, 168, 174�
��75, 177–78

  Wesley, Cynthia, 155

  West Africa, 40

  Westbrook, Gerald, “The Essence of Soul,” 166–67

  West Indies, 55, 123, 128

  Weston, Kim, 191–92, 193

  Westside Missionary Baptist Church, St. Louis, Mo., 224

  White, Charles: “Ingram Case,” 137; “Toward Liberation,” 137; “Life Every Voice . . .” series, 137–38; “The Living Douglass,” 138

  White, Stella, 202–3

  White, Tall Paul, 152

  White, Walter, 31, 60, 63, 122, 126

  White primaries, 3

  Whites: white elites, 46; white scholars on black political life, 61–64, 65; accessibility of public education for, 76; funding of public education for, 82; resistance to school desegregation, 104, 105; resistance to residential integration, 119–20; protests on hiring of black workers, 120

  White Stadium, Roxbury neighborhood, Boston, 173

  White supremacy: “redemption” of, 3; state constitutions asserting, 3; black formalism as refuge from violence of, 8; stringency of, 14; and Crisis, 29; dangers of, 83–84; assaults of, 109; ideology of, 134, 145; and Negro History Week programs, 134–35; black activists’ confrontations with agents of, 157; commitment to, 164; generational struggles with, 199; global system of, 209

  Whitney Young Classic football game, 189

  Wilkerson, M. L., 174

  Wilkins, Roy, 168, 171–72

  Williams, Bert, 41

  Williams, Deniece, 211

  Williams, Mary Lou, 167

  Williams, M. Mikel, 96

  Williams, Serena Warren, 101

  Williams, Vivian, 190

  Williams and Walker Glee Club, 22–23

  Willis, Ruth White, “Let Our Rejoicings Rise,” 97

  Wilson, Darren, 224

  Wilson, Flip, 191–92

  Wilson, Valerie, 177

  Wilson, Woodrow, 29, 31

  Wise, Stephen S., 38–39

  WMAL, 113

  Woman’s Loyal Union, 14

  Women’s Committee for Equal Justice, 137

  Women’s International League of Peace and Freedom, 233n21

  Wonder, Jerry, 214

  Wonder, Stevie, 214

  Wood, Abraham, 155–56

  Wood, Virgil, 173

  Woods, Sylvia, 47

  Woodson, Carter G., 62, 78, 91–92, 93; African Heroes and Heroines, 92

 

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