Bringing Down the Colonel
Page 44
Degler, Carl N. “What Ought to Be and What Was: Women’s Sexuality in the Nineteenth Century.” American Historical Review 79 (Dec. 1974): 1467–90.
D’Emilio, John, and Estelle B. Freedman. Intimate Matters: A History of Sexuality in America. 2nd ed. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1997.
Demos, John. A Little Commonwealth: Family Life in Plymouth Colony. New York: Oxford University Press, 1970.
Deutsch, Sarah. Women and the City: Gender, Space and Power in Boston, 1870–1940. New York: Oxford University Press, 2000.
Duffield, Isabel McKenna. Washington in the 90’s. San Francisco: Press of Overland Monthly, 1929.
Farr, Samuel. Elements of Medical Jurisprudence. London: T. Becket, 1788.
Fischer, David Hackett. Albion’s Seed: Four British Folkways in America. New York: Oxford University Press, 1989.
Fitzpatrick, Ellen. Endless Crusade: Women Social Scientists and Progressive Reform. New York: Oxford University Press, 1990.
Foraker, Julia. I Would Live It Again: Memories of a Vivid Life. New York: Harper and Brothers, 1932.
Fuller, Paul. “Congressman Breckinridge and the Ladies, or Sex, Politics, and Morality in the Gilded Age.” Adena 2 (1977): 1–13.
________. Laura Clay and the Women’s Rights Movement. Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 1975.
Glazer, Penina Migdal, and Miriam Slater. Unequal Colleagues: The Entrance of Women into the Professions, 1890–1940. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1987.
Godbeer, Richard. Sexual Revolution in Early America. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2002.
Gonda, Susan. “Strumpets and Angels: Rape, Seduction, and the Boundaries of Consensual Sex in the Northeast, 1789–1870.” Ph.D. diss., University of California, Los Angeles, 1999.
Goodwin, Joanne L. Gender and the Politics of Welfare Reform: Mother’s Pensions in Chicago, 1911–1928. University of Chicago Press, 1997.
Gordon, Michael, ed. The American Family in Social-Historical Perspective. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1973.
Gordon, Sarah Barringer. “Law and Everyday Death: Infanticide and the Backlash Against Women’s Rights After the Civil War.” In Lives in the Law, edited by Austin Sarat, Lawrence Douglas, and Martha Umphrey, 55–81. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2002.
Grossberg, Michael. Governing the Hearth: Law and the Family in Nineteenth-Century America. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1985.
Hacker, David J., Libra Hidle, and James Holland Jones. “The Effect of the Civil War on Southern Marriage Patterns.” Journal of Southern History 76 (Feb. 2010): 39–70.
Hall, Basil. Travels in North America. Vol. 3. Edinburgh: Cadell and Co., 1829.
Harrison, Lowell H. The Anti-Slavery Movement in Kentucky. Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 1978.
Haven, Alice B. “A Morning at Stewart’s.” Godey’s Lady’s Book and Magazine, May 1863, 429–33.
Hay, Melba Porter. Madeline McDowell Breckinridge and the Battle for a New South. Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 2009.
Hollingsworth, Randolph. Lexington: Queen of the Bluegrass. Charleston, SC: Arcadia Publishing, 2004.
Horan, James D. Confederate Agent: A Discovery in History. New York: Crown Publishers, 1954.
Humble, H. W. “Seduction as a Crime.” Columbia Law Review 21 (Feb. 1921): 144–54.
Ireland, Robert. “The Libertine Must Die: Sexual Dishonor and the Unwritten Law in the Nineteenth-Century United States.” Journal of Social History 23 (Autumn 1989): 27–44.
Jabour, Anya. Scarlett’s Sisters: Young Women in the Old South. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2007.
Jacob, Kathryn Allamong. Capital Elites: High Society in Washington After the Civil War. Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1995.
Jett, Denis. American Ambassadors: The Past, Present, and Future of America’s Diplomats. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2014.
Johnson, Joan Marie. Southern Women at the Seven Sister Colleges: Feminist Values and Social Action, 1875–1915. Athens: University of Georgia Press, 2008.
Kessler-Harris, Alice. Out to Work: A History of Wage-Earning Women in the United States. New York: Oxford University Press, 1982.
Klotter, James C. The Breckinridges of Kentucky: 1760–1981. Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 1986.
Kunzel, Regina G. Fallen Women, Problem Girls: Unmarried Mothers and the Professionalization of Social Work, 1890–1945. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1993.
Laslett, Peter. “Comparing Illegitimacy over Time and Between Cultures.” In Bastardy and Its Comparative History, edited by Peter Laslett, Karla Oosterveen, and Richard M. Smith, 1–65. London: Edward Arnold, 1980.
Leach, William. True Love and the Perfect Union: The Feminist Reform of Sex and Society. Middletown, CT: Wesleyan University Press, 1980.
Lenroot, Katharine F. “Sophonisba Preston Breckinridge, Social Pioneer.” Social Service Review 23 (March 1949): 88–92.
Lewis, Jan, and Kenneth Lockridge. “‘Sally Has Been Sick’: Pregnancy and Family Limitation Among Virginia Gentry Women, 1780–1830.” Journal of Social History 22 (Autumn 1988): 5–19.
Lexington, Fayette. The Celebrated Case of Col. W.C.P. Breckinridge and Madeline Pollard. Chicago: Current Events Publishing, 1894.
Lincoln, Abraham. Collected Works of Abraham Lincoln. Vol. 4. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan, 2001.
Lindemann, Barbara. “To Ravish and Carnally Know.” Signs 10 (Autumn 1984): 63–82.
Livermore, Mary A. What Shall We Do with Our Daughters? Superfluous Women, and Other Lectures. Boston: Lee and Shepard, 1883.
Lynch, Denis Tilden. Grover Cleveland: A Man Four Square. New York: Horace Liveright, 1932.
Marsden, George. Jonathan Edwards: A Life. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2003.
Martin, Asa Earl. “The Anti-Slavery Movement in Kentucky Prior to 1850.” Ph.D. diss., Cornell University, 1918.
McHatton, Thomas A. “The Honorable Peter Stirling by Paul Leicester Ford.” Georgia Review 7 (Fall 1953): 247–49.
Merrill, Horace Samuel. Bourbon Leader: Grover Cleveland and the Democratic Party. Boston: Little, Brown, and Co., 1957.
Meyerowitz, Joanne J. Women Adrift: Independent Wage Earners in Chicago, 1880–1930. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1988.
Miller, Julie. Abandoned: Foundlings in Nineteenth-Century New York. New York: New York University Press, 2008.
Moldow, Gloria. Women Doctors in Gilded-Age Washington: Race, Gender, and Professionalization. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1987.
Nevins, Allan. Grover Cleveland: A Study in Courage. New York: Dodd, Mead and Company, 1962.
Nevins, Allan, ed. Letters of Grover Cleveland, 1850–1908. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1933.
Norgren, Jill. Rebels at the Bar: The Fascinating, Forgotten Stories of America’s First Women Lawyers. New York: New York University Press, 2013.
Odem, Mary E. Delinquent Daughters: Protecting and Policing Adolescent Female Sexuality in the United States, 1885–1920. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1995.
O’Neill, William L. Everyone Was Brave: A History of Feminism in America. Chicago: Quadrangle Books, 1969.
Peiss, Kathy. Cheap Amusements: Working Women and Leisure in Turn-of-the-Century New York. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1986.
Penny, Virginia. The Employments of Women: A Cyclopaedia of Woman’s Work. Boston: Walker, Wise, and Company, 1863.
Perkins, Linda M. “Racial Integration of the Seven Sisters Colleges.” Journal of Blacks in Higher Education 19 (Spring 1998): 104–8.
Pivar, David J. Purity Crusade: Sexual Morality and Social Control, 1868–1900. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1973.
Reedy, William Marion. “Sex O’Clock in America.” Current Opinion 55 (Aug. 1913): 1–7.
Repplier, Agnes. “The Repeal of Reticence.” The Atlantic Monthly, March 1914, 297–304.
Resseguie, Harry E. “Alexander T
urney Stewart and the Development of the Department Store, 1823–1876.” Business History Review 39 (Fall 1965): 301–22.
Richardson, Heather Cox. “What on Earth Was a ‘Bourbon Democrat’?” Historical Society, March 15, 2011, http://histsociety.blogspot.com/2011/03/what-on-earth-was-bourbon-democrat.html.
Rothman, Ellen K. Hands and Hearts: A History of Courtship in America. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1987.
Scott, Anne Firor. Natural Allies: Women’s Associations in American History. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1993.
________. The Southern Lady: From Pedestal to Politics, 1830–1930. Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1970.
Shaw, Marian. World’s Fair Notes: A Woman Journalist Views Chicago’s 1893 Columbia Exposition. St. Paul, MN: Pogo Press, 1992.
Shotwell, John B. A History of the Schools of Cincinnati. Cincinnati, OH: School Life Company, 1902.
Smith, Daniel Scott. “The Long Cycle in American Illegitimacy and Prenuptial Pregnancy.” In Bastardy and Its Comparative History, edited by Peter Laslett, Karla Oosterveen, and Richard M. Smith, 362–78. London: Edward Arnold, 1980.
Smith, Daniel Scott, and Michael S. Hindus. “Premarital Pregnancy in America.” Journal of Interdisciplinary History 4 (Spring 1975): 537–70.
Smith-Rosenberg, Carroll. Disorderly Conduct: Visions of Gender in Victorian America. New York: Oxford University Press, 1985.
Stansell, Christine. City of Women: Sex and Class in New York, 1789–1860. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1987.
Stern, Madeleine B. So Much in a Lifetime: The Story of Dr. Isabel Barrows. New York: Julian Messner, 1964.
________. We the Women: Career Firsts of Nineteenth-Century America. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1962.
Steward, Frank, ed. “Alexander Turney Stewart: The Story of a Hundred Millions.” Frank Leslie’s Popular Monthly, June 1876, 641–56.
Stiles, Henry Reed. Bundling: Its Origin, Progress and Decline in America. Reprint, Sandwich, MA: Chapman Billies, 1999.
Storer, Horatio. “The Law of Rape.” Quarterly Journal of Psychological Medicine and Medical Jurisprudence 2 (1868): 47–66.
Tapp, Hambelton, and James Klotter. Kentucky: Decades of Discord, 1865–1900. Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 2008.
Travis, Anthony R. “Sophonisba Breckinridge, Militant Feminist.” Mid-America: An Historical Review 58 (April 1976): 111–18.
Tucker, Jane [Agnes Parker]. The Real Madeleine Pollard: A Diary of Ten Weeks’ Association with the Plaintiff in the Famous Breckinridge-Pollard Suit [TRMP]. New York: G. W. Dillingham, 1894.
Ulrich, Laurel Thatcher. A Midwife’s Tale: The Life of Martha Ballard, Based on Her Diary, 1785–1812. New York: Vintage Books, 1990.
VanderVelde, Lea. “The Legal Ways of Seduction.” Stanford Law Review 48 (April 1996): 817–901.
Walmsley, James Elliot. “The Last Meeting of the Confederate Cabinet.” Mississippi Valley Historical Review 6 (Dec. 1919): 336–49.
Wells, Robert V. “Illegitimacy and Bridal Pregnancy in Colonial America.” In Bastardy and Its Comparative History, edited by Peter Laslett, Karla Oosterveen, and Richard M. Smith, 349–61. London: Edward Arnold, 1980.
Wiebe, Robert H. The Search for Order, 1877–1920. New York: Hill and Wang, 1967.
Willard, Frances E., and Mary A. Livermore, eds. A Woman of the Century. Vol. 2. New York: Gordon Press, 1893.
Williams, R. Hal. Years of Decision: American Politics in the 1890s. New York: John Wiley and Sons, 1978.
Wood, Sharon E. The Freedom of the Streets: Work, Citizenship and Sexuality in a Gilded Age City. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2005.
Woodward, C. Van. Origins of the New South, 1877–1913. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1951.
Wright, Helen R. “Three Against Time: Edith and Grace Abbott and Sophonisba P. Breckinridge.” Social Service Review 28 (March 1954): 41–53.
Acknowledgments
Bringing Down the Colonel represents a ten-year project of historical excavation. The Breckinridge-Pollard scandal was all but forgotten by history, dismissed as a tawdry sex scandal. But the history of women is inextricably tied up with the history of sex, and from the moment I discovered the scandal I knew it was an important chapter in the history of the social, political, and sexual emancipation of women. I have incurred many debts along the road of restoring the Breckinridge-Pollard scandal to history. I am especially indebted to the staff at the Library of Congress, particularly the staff at the Manuscript Reading Room, which holds the Breckinridge Family Papers, and the staff at the Newspaper and Current Periodical Reading Room, whose vast resources allowed me to access newspaper coverage from key nineteenth-century newspapers from Washington, New York, Cincinnati, Kentucky, and beyond. The staff in the Microform Reading Room helped me track down and access one of the few extant copies of Jennie Tucker’s The Real Madeleine Pollard. I am also indebted to Janice Ruth of the Manuscript Division, one of the conveners of the Library of Congress Women’s History and Gender Studies Discussion Group, for the invaluable suggestion to track Madeline Pollard’s post-trial life through immigration records, which allowed me to build a picture of her vibrant life abroad from the late 1890s until her death in 1945.
I am also indebted to the staff at Historic New England, especially Abigail Cramer and Stephanie Krauss, for their assistance with the Tucker Family Papers and photos. I would also like to thank Jennifer Cole at the Filson Historical Society for her assistance with Julia Blackburn’s letters; Matthew Harris and Gordon Hogg of the Special Collections and Research Center at the University of Kentucky for their assistance with the Madeline McDowell Breckinridge letters and various other resources; and Jonathan Jeffrey at Western Kentucky University’s Library of Special Collections for assistance with the Green Family Papers. I am also indebted to Tara Craig at Columbia University’s Rare Book and Manuscript Library, and to the archivists at the John Hay Library at Brown University, the Manuscript and Archives Division at the New York Public Library, the Historical Society of Washington Reading Room, the Booth Family Center for Special Collections at Georgetown University, the Friends Historical Library at Swarthmore College, the Wright State University Libraries, and the Huntington Library.
I would like to thank the Reverend Jim Stewart of the Presbyterian Church in Danville, Kentucky, for providing me with a copy of The Presbyterians: Two Hundred Years in Danville, and Lois Ewald of Hephzibah House in New York for answering my questions about Margaret Thorne’s founding of Hephzibah House and her activities in the 1890s.
I am indebted as always to my friend and mentor Kristin Luker for our regular chats that helped me shape Bringing Down the Colonel, her support and encouragement during the long course of this project, and her as always helpful reading of my manuscript. I would also like to thank Susan Rabiner for graciously reading and commenting on an early draft of the proposal for this book. My gratitude also goes to my friend Dan Sterenchuk for his helpful comments on the first draft of the manuscript.
My thanks especially to my agent, Geri Thoma, for believing in this project as much as I did and for bringing me to the wonderful Sarah Crichton at Farrar, Straus and Giroux, whose skillful editing, insight, and encouragement have been invaluable, and to Kate Sanford for her editing and support of this project. I would also like to thank Maureen Klier for her meticulous copyediting of the manuscript, and the first-rate design, production, and publicity staff at Farrar, Straus and Giroux for their work in bringing this book to fruition.
And as always, my deepest thanks and gratitude to my most faithful companions in life and over the course of this book: my always wonderful and supportive husband, Anthony Spadafore, who has heard more about Willie Breckinridge and Madeline Pollard than anyone deserves and yet always encouraged me to soldier on, and my lovely dog Rosie, who always reminded me when it was time to put the past down and go for a walk.
Index
The index that appeare
d in the print version of this title does not match the pages in your eBook. Please use the search function on your eReading device to search for terms of interest. For your reference, the terms that appear in the print index are listed below.
Abbott, Edith
Abbott, Grace
abortion
Academy of the Holy Cross
Acton, William
Actors Protective Union of New York
Adams, Abigail
Adams, Henry
Adams, John
Adams, Marian “Clover”
Addams, Jane
African Americans; Breckinridge family’s views on race; civil rights for; housing discrimination and; slavery and, see slaves, slavery; women
Agricultural and Mechanical College of Kentucky
Aid to Families with Dependent Children
Alaska
Albany Business College
Albany Law Journal
Alcott, Louisa May
Alien and Sedition Acts
Allen, James Lane
Allen, John Mills
Allen, Nathan
Alpha
Alpha Doctrine
Ambrose, Mrs.
American colonies
American frontier
American Medical Association
American Revolution
Anthony, Lucy
Anthony, Susan B.
Arcos, Duke of
Aron, Cindy Sondik
Ashland district
Association of Collegiate Alumnae
Atlantic, The
Aurand, A. Monroe, Jr.
Avery, Charles
Baker, William
Ball, George
Ballard, Jonathan
Ballard, Martha
Baltimore Literary and Religious Magazine
Barrows, Isabel
Barton, Clara
Bayard, Florence
Bayard, Thomas Francis
Beard, Frank
Beaver Island Club
Beck, James
Beech, Bessie
Beecher, Henry Ward
Bell, Charles
Benson, Susan Porter
Bible