by George Dyson
11. “Institute for Advanced Study Electronic Computer Project Monthly Progress Report, January 1957,” p. 3, IAS.
12. Henry D. Smyth to Dr. Leonard Carmichael, June 11, 1958, IAS.
13. Julian Bigelow to John R. Pasta, June 6, 1958, JHB.
14. Martin Schwarzschild to Hedi Selberg, June 6, 1958, courtesy of Lars Selberg.
15. Herman Goldstine to Garrett Birkhoff, January 28, 1954, IAS.
16. S. Kidd to R. Vogt, November 30, 1959, JHB.
17. James I. Armstrong to Julian H. Bigelow, January 7, 1960, JHB.
18. Colin S. Pittendrigh to Carl Kaysen, October 31, 1966, IAS.
19. J. Robert Oppenheimer, notation on Roald Buhler to J. Robert Oppenheimer, September 30, 1966, IAS.
20. John von Neumann, Biographical background on J. H. Bigelow, November 14, 1950, IAS.
21. Bigelow, Pomerene, Slutz, Ware, “Interim Progress Report.”
22. Willis H. Ware, interview with Nancy Stern.
23. John von Neumann to Klára von Neumann, November 9, 1946, KVN.
24. History of the National Bureau of Standards Program for the Development and Construction of Large-Scale Electronic Computing Machines, no author, n.d., evidently late 1949, JHB.
25. Herman Goldstine and John von Neumann to General Leslie R. Groves, June 14, 1949, VNLC.
26. Ralph E. Gomory, “Herman Heine Goldstine, September 13, 1913–June 16, 2004,” Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 150, no. 2 (June 2006): 368.
27. Jack Rosenberg, unpublished memoir, May 21, 2008 (courtesy of Jack Rosenberg).
28. Jack Rosenberg, interview with author.
29. Gerald and Thelma Estrin, interview with author.
30. Andrew Booth, personal communication, February 26, 2004, GBD.
31. Harris Mayer, interview with author, May 25, 2011, GBD.
32. FBI SAC (special agent in charge), New York, Memo to Director, FBI (Att: Liaison Section), August 25, 1955, PM.
33. Beatrice Stern, notes on conversation with Jean Flexner Lewinson, October 23, 1955, IAS-BS.
34. Lewis F. Richardson, “The Distribution of Wars in Time,” Journal of the Royal Statistical Society 107, no. 3/4 (1944): 248.
35. Norbert Wiener, in “Revolt of the Machines,” Time 75, no. 2, January 11, 1960, p. 32.
36. Stanislaw Ulam, “Further Applications of Mathematics in the Natural Sciences,” 1981, reprinted in Science, Computers and People: From the Tree of Mathematics (Boston: Birkhauser, 1986), p. 153.
37. Edward Teller, “The Road to Nowhere,” Technology Review, 1981, reprinted in Better a Shield Than a Sword: Perspectives on Defense and Technology (New York: Free Press, 1987), pp. 118–20.
38. Edward Teller, interview with author.
39. JmcD to John von Neumann, “A note regarding what we talked about last Wednesday,” n.d., ca. 1956, VNLC.
40. Capt. I. R. Maxwell to Klára von Neumann, March 24, 1957, KVN.
41. Verna Hobson, IAS, notes of telephone conversation between J. Robert Oppenheimer and Captain I. Robert Maxwell, October 2, 1957, KVN.
42. The San Diego County coroner reported, after Klári’s death, that “she was in her fifth marriage,” and her autobiography, opening with a statement that “the cat, they say, has nine lives; I have had only five,” mentions a “Maharajah of notorious fame” who “invited me to stay in his palace, this promising adventure however remained unconsummated [due to] the quick and determined action of my more than alarmed, wrathful father.”
43. Klára von Neumann, The Grasshopper.
44. Klára Eckart, age fifty-two, found November 10, 1963, Coroner’s Investigative Report No. 1772-63, County of San Diego, November 18, 1963.
45. Klára von Neumann, The Grasshopper.
46. Paul Baran, interview with Judy O’Neill, March 5, 1990. CBI, OH no. 182.
47. Paul Baran, “On Distributed Communications,” RAND Corporation Memorandum RM-3420-PR, August 1964 (11 parts).
48. Paul Baran, interview with Judy O’Neill.
49. J. D. Williams to John von Neumann, October 18, 1951, VNLC.
50. Harris Mayer, interview with author, May 25, 2011, GBD.
51. Robert Richtmyer to Nicholas Metropolis, January 11, 1956, VNLC.
52. Richtmyer, “The Post-War Computer Development,” p. 14.
53. Freeman Dyson, “Birds and Frogs,” Notices of the American Mathematical Society 56, no. 2 (February 2009): 220.
54. Benoît Mandelbrot, interview with author.
55. John von Neumann to Klára von Neumann, September 8, 1954, KVN.
56. Saunders Mac Lane, “Oswald Veblen, June 24, 1880–August 10, 1960,” Biographical Memoirs of the National Academy of Sciences 37 (1964), p. 334.
57. Klára von Neumann, Two New Worlds.
58. Marston Morse to Frank Aydelotte, June 5, 1941, IAS.
59. Marston Morse, “Mathematics and the Arts,” read at a conference in honor of Robert Frost, Kenyon College, October 8, 1950, IAS.
60. Kurt Gödel to John von Neumann, March 20, 1956, in Solomon Feferman, ed., Collected Works, vol. 5 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003), p. 375 (German original in VNLC).
61. Julian Bigelow memorial service, March 29, 2003, GBD.
62. Ibid.
63. Rush Taggart, interview with author, May 19, 2005, GBD.
INDEX
Aberdeen Proving Ground (U.S. Army), 3.1, 3.2, 4.1, 4.2, 5.1, 5.2, 5.3, 7.1, 9.1, 10.1, 10.2, 10.3, 15.1, 16.1
absolute addressing
addressing (of memory), 1.1, 14.1, 17.1
Gödel and, 6.1, 6.2
as switching problem, 5.1, 6.1, 8.1
address matrix, prf.1, prf.2, prf.3, ack.1, 1.1, 1.2, 5.1, 6.1, 13.1, 14.1, 14.2, 17.1, 18.1, 18.2
Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA)
Aiken, Howard
Air Force, U.S., 1.1, 5.1, 9.1, 9.2, 10.1, 11.1, 11.2, 11.3, 11.4, 14.1, 14.2, 15.1, 16.1
Air Matériel Command (U.S.), 7.1, 18.1
Alamogordo Bombing Range (New Mexico, site of Trinity nuclear test)
Alexander, Hugh
Alexander, James, 3.1, 4.1, 5.1, 6.1
Alfvén, Hannes (1908–1995), 17.1, 17.2
Alfvén waves
“An Algebra for Theoretical Genetics” (Shannon, 1940)
algorithms, 3.1, 5.1, 6.1, 10.1, 13.1, 13.2, 13.3, 14.1, 17.1, 18.1
see also codes and coding
Amazon.com, 3.1, 17.1
ambiguity, 6.1, 11.1, 12.1, 14.1, 17.1
American Commission for the Protection and Salvage of Artistic and Historic Monuments in War Areas
analog computing, 1.1, 5.1, 5.2, 14.1
and weather prediction, 9.1, 9.2
and Web 2.0
analog vs. digital, 1.1, 1.2, 5.1, 8.1, 9.1, 12.1, 14.1
Android (operating system)
Anschluss (1938), 6.1, 10.1
antiaircraft fire control, 1.1, 5.1, 5.2, 7.1, 13.1
anti-Semitism, 3.1, 4.1, 6.1, 7.1, 8.1, 10.1, 10.2
Ape and Essence (Huxley, 1948)
apps, see codes and coding
Aquitania, 10.1, 11.1
Army, U.S., 1.1, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 5.1, 5.2, 5.3, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 7.1, 7.2, 8.1, 10.1, 11.1, 11.2, 14.1, 16.1, 18.1
see also Aberdeen Proving Ground; ENIAC; Los Alamos
Army Air Corps, U.S.
artificial intelligence, 1.1, 12.1, 12.2, 13.1, 13.2, 17.1
Atanasoff, John Vincent (1903–1995)
Atlas computer (Manchester University)
Atomic Energy Commission, U.S. (AEC), 1.1, 11.1, 11.2, 11.3, 12.1, 14.1, 14.2, 15.1, 15.2, 16.1, 18.1, 18.2, 18.3, 18.4
and IAS, 1.1, 11.1, 14.1, 16.1, 18.1
Atomic Energy for Military Purposes (Smyth, 1945), 7.1, 18.1
Auerbach, Anna
Augenstein, Bruno (1923–2005)
automata, see cellular automata; self-reproducing automata
Automatic Computing Engine (ACE), 8.1, 13.1, 15.1, 17.1
AVIDAC (Argonne Version of th
e Institute’s Digital Automatic Computer)
axiomatization, 4.1, 5.1, 6.1, 15.1
of biology
of set theory
“Axiomatization of Set Theory” (von Neumann)
Aydelotte, Frank (1880–1956), 3.1, 6.1, 6.2, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3, 8.1, 9.1, 10.1, 10.2
and founding of ECP, 5.1, 7.1, 7.2
and Gödel, 6.1, 6.2
on IAS in wartime
and League of Nations at IAS
on Palestine
Babbage, Charles (1791–1871), 8.1, 8.2, 13.1
Bacher, Robert
Bachmeteff, Boris
Bacon, Francis (1561–1626), on binary coding (1623)
bacteriophage, 12.1, 12.2, 15.1
Bahcall, John (1934–2005)
Ballistic Research Laboratory (U.S. Army), 1.1, 4.1, 5.1, 5.2
see also Aberdeen Proving Ground; ENIAC
ballistics
in World War I
in World War II, 5.1, 5.2
Bamberger, Edgar S. (1882–1952)
Bamberger, Louis (1855–1944), 3.1, 3.2, 6.1
Bamberger, Louis and Carrie (Fuld)
on social justice
Bamberger’s (department store), 3.1, 3.2
Baran, Paul (1926–2011), 18.1, 18.2
Barricelli, Nils Aall (1912–1993), 1.1, 1.2, 8.1, 12.1, 16.1, 16.2, 17.1, 18.1, 18.2, 18.3
on extended definition of life, 1.1, 12.1, 12.2, 15.1
on genotype vs. phenotype
on Gödel’s proof, 12.1, 12.2
on intelligence of evolution
on polynucleotides as collector societies
and punched cards, 12.1, 12.2
on sexual reproduction among digital organisms
and T4 bacteriophage
on separation of reproductive function in social organisms
Baruch (disarmament) Plan
Bascom, Willard
Bateson, Gregory
Batory
Beard, Charles
“Behavior, Purpose and Teleology” (Bigelow, Rosenblueth, and Wiener, 1943), 7.1, 14.1
“being digital,” Turing on (1947)
Bell Laboratories, 5.1, 8.1
Bell Telephone relay computer (1944)
Berengaria, 13.1, 13.2
Beria, Lavrentiy
Berkeley, John (1602–1678)
Berlin (Germany), 3.1, 4.1, 4.2, 10.1, 10.2
Bernal, J. Desmond (1901–1971), 8.1, 8.2
BESK (Binär Elektronisk Sekvens Kalkylator), 15.1, 17.1
BESM (Bol’shaya Ehlektronno-Schetnaya Mashina)
Bethe, Hans (1906–2005), ack.1, 4.1, 11.1, 11.2, 11.3, 12.1, 16.1
Bigelow, Alice
Bigelow, Julian H. (1913–2003), ack.1, 5.1, 7.1, 8.1, 8.2, 8.3, 8.4, 8.5, 8.6, 8.7, 9.1, 11.1, 14.1, 14.2, 15.1, 16.1, 18.1, 18.2, 18.3
on alternative models of computation, 14.1, 14.2, 18.1
and analog computing
on antiaircraft fire control, with Norbert Wiener
on Barricelli and artificial intelligence
on computational inefficiency, 6.1, 16.1
and Cybernetics movement
and delays in ECP
Guggenheim fellowship (1951)
and IAS housing project
on processors as organisms
receives Q clearance (1950, 1956), 11.1, 14.1
on reliability, 7.1, 8.1, 8.2
and termination of the ECP, 14.1, 18.1, 18.2
on time (vs. sequence), 16.1, 16.2
on Universal Turing Machine, 8.1, 14.1
visits Manchester (1948)
on von Neumann, 5.1, 5.2, 7.1, 8.1, 8.2, 14.1, 14.2
on von Neumann, Gödel, and Turing, 6.1, 13.1
Bigelow, Mary, 7.1, 8.1, 14.1
Bigelow, Richard
Bikini (Marshall Islands), prf.1, 1.1, 18.1
BINAC (Binary Automatic Computer)
binary coding, see codes and coding
Birch, Frank
Birkbeck College
Birkhoff, Garrett (1911–1996)
Birkhoff, George David (1884–1944)
bit (contraction of binary digit)
origins of, ack.1, 1.1
two species of, 1.1, 7.1, 16.1
Bjerknes, Jacob (1897–1975), 9.1, 9.2, 9.3
Bjerknes, Vilhelm (1862–1951)
Blake, Gwen
Bletchley Park, 13.1, 13.2, 13.3, 18.1
Bliss, Ames
Bliss, Gilbert (1876–1951), 5.1, 7.1
Bluetooth (local wireless)
B-mathematics (Barricelli), 12.1, 18.1
Bochner, Salomon (1899–1982)
Bohr, Harald (1887–1951), 10.1, 10.2
Bohr, Niels (1885–1962), 10.1, 10.2, 10.3
Bolshevik Revolution
Bombe (cryptanalytic machine)
Boolean logic, 12.1, 13.1, 15.1
Booth, Andrew (1918–2009), 8.1, 8.2, 12.1, 18.1
and Turing
Booth, Kathleen (Britten), 8.1, 8.2, 18.1
Boston Herald
Bott, Raoul (1923–2005), 4.1, 9.1
Boyle, Robert (1627–1691)
Bradbury, Norris (1909–1997), 10.1, 11.1, 11.2
Brin, Sergey
British Rubber Producers Research Association (BRPRA), 8.1, 8.2
British Tabulating Machine Company
Brookhaven National Laboratory, 10.1, 12.1
Brown, George
Brownian motion
Brueckner, Keith
Budapest, 4.1, 4.2, 10.1, 15.1, 18.1
Bureau of Standards, U.S., 10.1, 11.1, 18.1, 18.2
Bureau of the Census (U.S.)
Burks, Arthur W. (1915–2008), 5.1, 6.1, 6.2, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3, 8.1, 8.2, 8.3, 11.1, 12.1, 15.1, 18.1
and ENIAC
on von Neumann, Gödel, and Turing
Bush, Vannevar (1890–1974), 5.1, 7.1, 11.1, 11.2
Byllynge, Edward
calculus ratiocinator (Leibniz), 6.1, 6.2, 18.1
Caldwell, Samuel H. (1904–1960), 5.1, 5.2
California Institute of Technology (Caltech), 9.1, 15.1
California, University of, at Los Angeles (UCLA), 9.1, 9.2, 9.3, 9.4, 10.1, 14.1, 14.2, 18.1, 18.2
Cambridge University, 3.1, 6.1, 8.1, 8.2, 13.1, 13.2, 13.3, 16.1
Cantor, George (1845–1918)
capacitors, 5.1, 5.2, 8.1, 8.2, 8.3
carbon dioxide, effect on climate
Carteret, Sir George (1610–1680)
Casino-on-the-Park (New York)
Castle Bravo (hydrogen bomb test, 1952), 1.1, 18.1
cathode-ray tube (CRT), 1.1, 5.1, 8.1, 14.1
proposed as memory (1945)
see also Williams (memory) tubes
cell phones
cellular automata, 8.1, 11.1, 11.2, 11.3, 15.1
central arithmetic unit, 5.1, 8.1, 8.2, 8.3, 12.1
Central Park (New York)
central processing unit (CPU)
Chandrasekhar, Subrahmanyan (1910–1995)
Charles II (1630–1685)
Charney, Elinor, 9.1, 14.1
Charney, Jule (1917–1981), 9.1, 9.2, 14.1, 14.2, 18.1, 18.2
on Bigelow
on von Neumann
on Zworykin
Chicago, University of, 3.1, 3.2, 5.1, 9.1
Church, Alonzo (1903–1995), 13.1, 13.2, 13.3
Church, George
Church-Turing thesis
Clarke, Benjamin
classification (secrecy), 5.1, 5.2, 13.1, 18.1, 18.2, 18.3
Clippinger, Richard (1913–1997)
cloud computing
Cocktail Party, The (Eliot, 1950)
codes and coding
apps (applications), 14.1, 17.1, 18.1