The Year Without Summer: 1816 and the Volcano That Darkened the World and Changed History
Page 32
“A failure of the crops…”: American Advocate, September 28, 1816.
“corn froze to…”: Worthen, Sutton, p. 222.
“It is believed…” Farmer’s Cabinet, September 7, 1816.
“the corn is said to be…”: Daily National Intelligencer, September 13, 1816.
“July of 1816…”: Trigo, “Iberia,” p. 102.
“in many ways the basest king…”: Payne, A History of Spain, p. 428.
“July had only…”: Trigo, p. 102.
“the unusual cool weather…”: ibid.
“I note here as something…”: ibid., p. 103.
“A cold and humid temperature…”: Times (London), September 9, 1816.
“The state of the weather…”: Times (London), September 5, 1816.
“Such a set of venal…”: Frye, After Waterloo, p. 151.
“pure but moderate…”: de Sauvigny, Bourbon, p. 111.
“who do not believe…”: ibid.
“They are more considerable…”: Times (London), September 20, 1816.
“with its cheeks…”: Times (London), September 20, 1816.
“There has not been…”: Adams, p. 438.
“one of the most…”: Times (London), September 5, 1816.
“In the orchards and…”: Times (London), September 5, 1816.
“Snow in harvest…”: quoted in Times (London), September 3, 1816.
“a considerable fall…”: Times (London), September 7, 1816.
“somewhat extraordinary…”: ibid.
“the weather here…”: Times (London), September 11, 1816.
“Indeed, the whole…”: Times (London), September 5, 1816.
“and still the weather…”: Times (London), September 7, 1816.
“The gale has abated…”: Adams, pp. 440–1.
“extraordinary visitation…”: Times (London), September 7, 1816.
“the hops have been…”: Times (London), September 11, 1816.
“the present harvest…”: ibid.
“as large as…”: Times (London), September 16, 1816.
“Snow fell once or twice…”: ibid.
“the late and wet…”: ibid.
“the continuance of the cold…”: Sraffa, pp. 66–7.
“has begun about us…”: ibid., p. 68.
“Secrecy is looked upon…”: Times (London), September 23, 1816.
“the friends of the Government…”: Adams, p. 440.
“the distresses of the country…”: Daily National Intelligencer, October 29, 1816.
“Of distresses, such as now…”: Quarterly Review, October 1816, p. 276.
“Every expedient should be used…”: Times (London), September 4, 1816.
“the season has been even…”: Daily National Intelligencer, September 10, 1816.
“the corn here is…”: Sraffa, pp. 61–2.
“The Swiss are very slow…”: Feldman, p. 132.
“In all that essentially belongs…”: ibid., pp. 132–3.
“Our passage from…”: Jones, Percy Shelley, p. 504.
“The harvest is not yet…”: ibid., pp. 505–6.
“Even now we have…”: Paget, p. 172.
“does not answer to…”: Cochran, “Hobhouse,” p. 191.
“Grapes appeared many…”: ibid., p. 194.
“the most inclement…”: Times (London), October 3, 1816.
“thousands of fathers…”: ibid.
“How cold and triste…”: Edgcumbe, p. 280.
“the weather is dreadfully cold…”: ibid., p. 283.
“incalculable”: Post, Subsistence Crisis, p. 18.
“of the lower class”: Times (London), September 2, 1816.
“This looked as dismal…”: Edgcumbe, p. 288.
“The peasants must…”: ibid., pp. 291–2.
“rendered the seasons…”: Daily National Intelligencer, September 3, 1816.
“I recollect no period…”: Parker, p. 228.
“There never was such distress…”: O’Connell, Correspondence, p. 112.
“I have had an immense…”: ibid., p. 116.
“Between the fall of prices…”: ibid., p. 121.
“I think it still more…”: Parker, pp. 233–4.
9. HARVEST
“The whole summer has also…”: Connecticut Courant, October 15, 1816.
“No prospect of crops…”: Hoyt, p. 123.
“The four greatest frosts known…”: Mussey, p. 444.
“These frosts have destroyed…”: Ludlum, Vermont Weather, p. 98.
“Frost killed almost…”: Hoyt, p. 123.
“The ice on the ponds…”: Connecticut Courant, October 29, 1816.
“The oldest inhabitants…”: Connecticut Courant, October 15, 1816.
“The woods are every where…”: ibid.
“We have seen a gentleman…”: quoted in Connecticut Courant, October 15, 1816.
“I fear that the smoke…”: Connecticut Courant, October 15, 1816.
“Europeans can have little idea…”: Gentleman’s Magazine, November 1816, p. 454.
“Never before in this vicinity…”: Ludlum, Vermont Weather, p. 99.
“Many parishes in Quebec…”: Albany Advertiser, October 19, 1816.
“A fall of snow…”: Daily National Intelligencer, October 29, 1816.
“self-sufficiency and survival…”: Schlegel, p. 1.
“people were in…”: Warren, Waterford, p. 128.
“It is not probable…”: Vermont Journal, October 7, 1816.
“Indian corn on which…”: Hoyt, p. 123.
“of excellent quality”: Connecticut Courant, October 15, 1816.
“there will not be…”: Stommel, Volcano Weather, pp. 74–5.
“It would be well…”: National Register, September 14, 1816.
“The uncommon failure…”: Galusha, “Executive Speech,” pp. 3–4.
“coldness and dryness…”: Skeen, p. 11.
“poison” and “intended by the bounty”: Stellhorn, “Governors,” p. 95.
“cause such restrictions…”: Skeen, p. 12.
“Something, it seemed…”: Stilwell, Migration, pp. 229–230.
“an earthly Paradise…”: Hatcher, Western Reserve, p. 71.
“rude, steep, and…”: Mussey, p. 449.
“some of the more…”: Hatcher, p. 73.
“consistently advanced…”: Mussey, p. 449.
“a kind of Paradise…”: ibid.
“the number of emigrants…”: Stommel, Volcano, pp. 96–97.
“On some days…”: ibid.
“the steam boat moves…”: Niles’ Weekly Register, November 16, 1816, p. 191.
“about 12 inches deep…”: Connecticut Courant, November 5, 1816.
“render the building…”: Skeen, p. 36.
“seemed to enjoy…”: Rutland, Madison, p. 237.
“a thousand Faults…”: Wood, p. 699.
“Dreadful weather…”: O’Connell, Correspondence, p. 121.
“There is not…”: Times (London), October 19, 1816.
“I saw one field…”: ibid.
“Before today…”: ibid.
“All the low grounds…”: ibid.
“I know not whether this…”: ibid.
“to an height unprecedented…”: ibid.
“Yesterday morning it overflowed…”: ibid.
“There is no crop…”: ibid.
“It was a miracle, he said…”: ibid.
“Let no one impose upon you…”: ibid.
“Since the first of this month…”: Peel to Liverpool, October 9, 1816, Peel Papers, British Library Additional Manuscript 40291.
“Distress in this country…”: Parker, p. 235.
“the causes of the disease…”: ibid., p. 261.
“On such occasions…”: ibid.
“No persuasion…”: ibid.
“we also, Madame…”: Times (London), November 11, 1816.
“We attach so little…�
�: Lewis, “Madame de Staël.” Also see Lewis, “Madame de Staël,” Hudson Review, pp. 416–426.
“All of you who…”: Fairweather, p. 458.
“France will be aground…”: Longford, Wellington, p. 36.
“general scarcity of…”: Times (London), October 14, 1816.
“in a deplorable state”: Times (London), October 26, 1816.
“Nothing but the utmost…”: Times (London), October 25, 1816.
“during the rigorous season…”: Times (London), October 17, 1816.
“God help me!…”: Moore, Byron (1838), p. 324.
“very fine, which is more…”: Moore, Byron (1830), p. 373.
“very intelligent and…”: ibid., p. 377.
“tolerably free from…”: ibid., p. 383.
“in some sort lax…”: ibid., p. 385.
“the oil and wine…”: Post, Subsistence Crisis, p. 24.
“most uncommonly”: Times (London), October 16, 1816.
“the immense loss…”: Times (London), November 3, 1816.
“inundation of…”: Times (London), November 9, 1816.
“from 1601 to 1926…”: Post, Subsistence Crisis, p. 17.
“wines rise daily…”: Times (London), October 11, 1816.
“The vintage is next to…”: Times (London), October 16, 1816.
“we shall soon have…”: Times (London), October 11, 1816.
“Every storm of the past…” Post, Subsistence Crisis, p. 18.
“Fields in the highland…”: ibid.
“immense rains”: Gentleman’s Magazine, November 1816, p. 452.
“the vineyard harvest…”: Trigo, p. 102.
“grapes have suffered…”: ibid.
“the house is kept…”: Gentleman’s Magazine, November 1816, p. 409.
“damp,” “discoloured,” and “materially injured”: Times (London), October 23, 1816.
“The unpropitious weather…”: Times (London), October 15, 1816.
“is as excessive as…”: ibid.
“such heavy rains as…”: Times (London), October 14, 1816.
“the crops have sustained…”: ibid.
“immense quantity of rain…”: ibid.
“the largest quantity of sheep…”: Times (London), November 12, 1816.
“The pastures were never…”: Times (London), October 17, 1816.
“the heavy and…”: ibid.
“seasons of scarcity…”: Times (London), October 14, 1816.
10. EMIGRATION
“because he had heard…”: Nokes, Austen, p. 498.
“The Revenue looks…”: Cookson, Administration, p. 91. Cookson also provides an excellent insight into the mind-set of the Liverpool administration in pp. 90–129, passim.
“a vacuum was…”: Quarterly Review, July 1816, p. 566.
“I see no immediate…”: Cookson, p. 96.
“I am sorry that…”: Sraffa, p. 90.
“In this country, it generally happens…”: Times (London), November 7, 1816.
“The best way to…”: Times (London), November 27, 1816.
“the gin-shop…”: Times (London), October 22, 1816.
“labouring poor” and “altering and…”: Times (London), November 27, 1816.
“the industrious poor”: ibid.
“650 men, women…”: Times (London), October 12, 1816.
“in a state of…”: ibid.
“had been partially bad…”: Adams, p. 453.
“through the Providence…”: Times (London), October 18, 1816.
“a Stormy Winter”: Cookson, p. 102.
“quietly and peaceably…”: Times (London), November 1, 1816.
“a most alarming…”: Times (London), October 22, 1816.
“I must also say…”: ibid.
“I am much afraid…”: ibid.
“a circumstance not…”: Times (London), November 16, 1816.
“Everything that concerned…”: Halévy, p. 16.
“the colours of the future…”: ibid.
“the British Bastille…”: Times (London), November 16, 1816.
“His Majesty was rather…”: Times (London), November 3, 1816.
“Tranquility reigns…”: Gentleman’s Magazine, November 1816, p. 450.
“strictly prohibiting…”: Times (London), November 20, 1816.
“a great quantity…”: Times (London), November 25, 1816.
“the more surprising as many…”: ibid.
“This day, at one…”: quoted in Times (London), November 21, 1816.
“In reviewing the present state…”: Madison, “Eighth Annual Message,” December 3, 1816.
“Spanish insolence” and “If it was an…”: Moser, Papers of Andrew Jackson (Jackson to Edward Livingston, October 24, 1816), p. 71.
“So long as any part…”: Times (London), November 21, 1816.
“the effectual and early…”: Madison, “Eighth Annual Message.”
“If I have not…”: ibid.
“had the zealous support…”: Skeen, p. 230.
“inauspicious season” and “precarious times”: ibid., p. 89.
“I asked him if…”: Adams, p. 448.
“no other country…”: Cookson, pp. 104–5.
“A pot of beer…”: Spater, Cobbett, vol. II, p. 350.
“They sigh for a PLOT…”: ibid.
“the effects of such…”: Longford, p. 42.
“This past summer…”: Hoyt, p. 123.
“Warm month…”: Mussey, p. 446.
“Quite warm and pleasant”: ibid.
“the people appear to feel…”: ibid.
“I have seen some families…”: Lawrence, Flagg, p. 5.
“families on foot…”: Hatcher, p. 73.
“somewhat depressed by fatigue…”: Mussey, p. 451.
“Thousands of people…”: Mussey, p. 442.
11. RELIEF
“appears to us to have been…”: National Register, September 28, 1816, p. 70.
“whenever the electrical fluid…”: ibid.
“more universal and terrible…”: ibid., p. 71.
“All nature seems to declare…”: ibid.
“the causes of this…”: Gentleman’s Magazine, February 1817, p. 111.
“the removal of a…”: ibid.
“the Climate of England…”: Gentleman’s Magazine, February 18, 1818, p. 135.
“for fifty years past…”: American Atheneum, I, 1817, p. 43.
“has extended its empire…”: ibid.
“It seems very strange…”: Daily National Intelligencer, September 3, 1816.
“That God has expressed His displeasure…”: Mussey, p. 442.
“from town to town…”: Stilwell, p. 136.
“Fair, the coldest day…”: Mussey, p. 446.
“a circumstance rarely…”: ibid.
“the Barometer [was] as low…”: ibid., p. 447.
“the Overseers of the Poor…”: Eastern Argus, May 18, 1817.
“Many charge it…”: Day, Maine Agriculture, p. 111.
“New England seemed to many…”: Hatcher, p. 70.
“We have had a great deal…”: Mussey, p. 447.
“At last a kind of despair…”: Goodrich, vol. II, p. 79.
“Hardly a family…”: Hatcher, p. 72.
“he himself met on the road…”: Boggess, Illinois, p. 119.
“there are now in this village…”: ibid., p. 119.
“Old America seems to be…”: ibid., p. 119.
“we found some of the…”: Lawrence, p. 6.
“there are many things…”: ibid., p. 5.
“I find the Country…”: ibid., p. 3.
“the weather is warm…”: ibid., p. 6.
“ruinous emigration of…”: Mussey, p. 449.
“a great loneliness”: Hatcher, p. 73.
“The bad things…”: Lawrence, pp. 7–8.
“glasses, cups and hollow ware…”: Hatcher, p. 85.
“are the
most ignorant…”: Lawrence, p. 3.
“they spotted the…”: Stilwell, pp. 141–2.
“amazingly increased…”: Priestly, Prince, p. 187.
“no report was heard…”: Adams, p. 465.
“the general spirit…”: Priestly, p. 187.
“unless some efficacious check…”: Boyer, Poor Law, p. 196.
“a significant new departure…”: Flinn, “Poor Employment Act,” p. 92.
“air and exercise…”: Honan, p. 393.
“I have had a…”: Austen, Jane to Caroline, March 23, 1817.
“You could not eat…”: Post, Subsistence Crisis, p. 41.
“Beggars, very numerous…”: Simond, Switzerland, p. 9.
“were chiefly children…”: Raffles, Letters, p. 156.
“one hundred thousand souls…”: Simond, p. 10.
“The excessive price of bread…”: Post, Subsistence Crisis, p. 82.
“The zeal and firmness…”: ibid., p. 95.
“all sensible people…”: Hugo, Les Misérables, p. 121.
“boarded and rendered…”: Liverpool Mercury, April 4, 1817.
“rob the crew of…”: ibid.
“collected in some thousands…”: ibid.
“A more complete plunder…”: ibid.
“there was therefore no…”: Morning Chronicle, March 8, 1817.
“frequently did more harm…”: ibid.
“Several cargoes of oats…”: Bury and Norwich Post, March 26, 1817.
“nearly one-quarter of the…”: Post, Subsistence Crisis, p. 64.
“the paleness of…”: ibid., p. 91.
“a wild, benumbed…”: ibid.
“the number of beggars…”: Simond, pp. 91–2.
“many distressed people…”: ibid., p. 93.
“crimes multiply…”: ibid., p. 77.
“the perpetually increasing crowd…”: Times (London), May 9, 1817.
“The general impression…”: ibid.
“one for setting fire…”: Simond, p. 92.
“There is nothing Arcadian…”: ibid.
“Neither sentries nor bailiffs…”: Post, Subsistence Crisis, p. 92.
“reminded them of their…”: Schelbert, Swiss Migration, p. 230.
“The Rhine rots with…”: Knapton, The Lady, p. 178.
“It is a disgraceful…”: Ford, Life and Letters, p. 263.
“ruined figures, scarcely…”: Post, Subsistence Crisis, p. 44.
“beggars appeared from…”: ibid., p. 89.
“persons who looked like…”: ibid., pp. 89–90.
“A contagious malady…”: Times (London), April 23, 1817.
“her abhorred and…”: Jones, Percy Shelley, p. 521.
“simply with us…”: ibid., p. 540.