by Peter Watson
34. Ibid., page 33.
35. Ibid.
36. Audrey Leathard, The Fight for Family Planning, London: Macmillan, 1980, page 72.
37. Ibid., page 87.
38. Ibid., page 84.
39. Heidenry, Op cit., page 31.
40. Leathard, Op cit., page 114, on Rock’s philosophy.
41. Heidenry, Op. cit., page 31.
42. Leathard, Op. cit., page 104. Heidenry, Op. cit., page 31.
43. Heidenry, Op. cit., pages 31–32.
44. Ibid, page 32.
45. Leathard, Op. cit., page 105.
46. He originally wanted to publish the book anonymously, to protect his position at Cornell University, where he was a full professor, but Farrar, Straus & Giroux, the publishers, felt this undermined their defence of the book as literature. This account has been disputed. See: Andrew Field, VN: The Life and Art of Vladimir Nabokov, London: Macdonald/Queen Anne Press, 1987, pages 299–300.
47. Ibid., pages 324–325 for VN’s rejection of psychoanalytic interpretations of his work.
48. Daniel Horowitz, Betty Friedan: The Making of the Feminine Mystique, Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1998, page 193.
49. Betty Friedan, The Feminine Mystique, New York: W. W. Norton, 1963; reprinted by Dell Publishing, paperback, 1984, page 7.
50. See Horowitz, Op. cit., page 202 for other reactions.
51. Friedan, Op. cit., page 38.
52. Horowitz, Op. cit., pages 2–3.
53. Friedan, Op. cit., pages 145–146.
54. Ibid., page 16.
55. Ibid., page 383.
56. See also: Horowitz, Op. cit., pages 226–227.
CHAPTER 25: THE NEW HUMAN CONDITION
1. David Riesman, with Nathan Glazer and Reuel Denney, The Lonely Crowd, New Haven: Yale University Press, 1950, reprinted 1989 with the Preface to the 1961 edition and with a new Preface, page xxiv.
2. Ibid., pages 5ff.
3. Ibid., page 11.
4. Ibid., page 15.
5. Ibid., page 18.
6. Ibid., page 19.
7. Ibid., page 22.
8. Ibid., see for example, chapters VIII, IX and X.
9. Ellen Schrecker, The Age of McCarthyism: A Brief History with Documents, Boston: Bedford Books, 1994, page 63.
10. Herman, The Idea of Decline in Western History, Op. cit., page 316.
11. Ibid.
12. Ibid.
13. Adorno implied that the emotionalism that was once provided by the family was now provided by the Party. See: Ben Agger, The Discourse of Domination: From the Frankfurt School to Postmodernism, Evanston, Illinois: Northwestern University Press, 1992, page 251. And T. B. Bottomore, Sociology as Social Criticism, London: George Allen & Unwin, 1975, page 91.
14. Herman, Op cit., page 318.
15. Andrew Jamison and Ron Eyerman, Seeds of the Sixties, Berkeley: Los Angeles: London: University of California Press, page 52. This book, on which I have heavily relied, is an excellent introduction to the thought of the 1960s, very original, which deserves to be far better known.
16. In a letter dated 9 August 1956, Mary McCarthy said that even Bernard Berenson, who had a copy of Origins, was curious to meet Arendt. Carol Brightman, Between Friends: The Correspondence of Hannah Arendt and Mary McCarthy, 1949–1975, London: Secker & Warburg, 1995, page 42.
17. For its difficult gestation, see Young-Bruehl, Op. cit., pages 201ff.
18. Jamison and Eyerman, Op. cit., page 47.
19. Young-Bruehl, Hannah Arendt, Op. cit., pages 204–11.
20. Hannah Arendt, The Origins of Totalitarianism, New York: Harcourt, Brace, Jovanovich, 1951, page 475. Jamison and Eyerman, Op. cit., page 47.
21. Jamison and Eyerman, Op. cit., page 48. Young-Bruehl, Op. cit., pages 206–207.
22. She herself referred to the book as ‘Vita Activa’: Brightman, Op. cit., page 50.
23. Young-Bruehl, Op. cit., page 319.
24. Jamieson and Eyerman, Op. cit., page 50.
25. Ibid., page 57.
26. Erich Fromm, The Sane Society, London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1956.
27. Ibid., pages 5–9.
28. Ibid., pages 122ff.
29. Ibid., page 356.
30. Ibid., pages 95 and 198.
31. Ibid., page 222.
32. W. H. Whyte, The Organisation Man, London: Jonathan Cape, 1957.
33. Ibid., page 14.
34. Ibid., page 63.
35. Ibid., pages 101ff.
36. Ibid., pages 217ff.
37. Ibid., pages 338–341.
38. Jamieson and Eyerman, Op. cit., page 36.
39. Ibid., page 37.
40. Ibid., pages 36–37.
41. Ibid., pages 33 and 34.
42. C. Wright Mills, The Power Elite, New York: Oxford University Press, 1956, pages 274–275. See also: Howard S. Becker, ‘Professional sociology: The case of C. Wright Mills,’ in Roy C. Rist, The Democratic Imagination: Dialogues on the work of Irving Louis Horowitz, New Brunswick and London: Transaction, 1994, pages 157ff.
43. Jamieson and Eyerman, Op. cit., page 39.
44. Ibid., page 40.
45. C. Wright Mills, White Collar: The American Middle Classes, New York: Oxford University Press, 1953, page ix, quoted in Jamieson and Eyerman, Op. cit., page 40.
46. C. Wright Mills, White Collar, Op. cit., pages 294–295. Jamison and Eyerman, page 41.
47. Jamison and Eyerman, Op. cit., page 43.
48. Ibid.
49. C. Wright Mills, The Sociological Imagination, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1959, page 5.
50. Ibid., page 187.
51. Jamieson and Eyerman, Op. cit., page 46.
52. J. K. Galbraith, The Affluent Society, Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1958, Penguin paperback, 1991, page 40.
53. Ibid., page 65.
54. In Galbraith’s first autobiography his debt to Keynes is clearly shown. See J. K. Galbraith, A Life in Our Times, London: André Deutsch, 1981, pages 74–82. See also page 622.
55. Ibid., page 86.
56. Ibid., pages 122ff.
57. Ibid., pages 128ff
58. Ibid., pages 182 and 191–195.
59. Ibid., pages 195ff.
60. Ibid., pages 233ff.
61. In his autobiography, Galbraith says Time awarded it ‘a massive sneer’ but Malcolm Muggeridge put it into the same category as Tawney’s The Acquisitive Society and Keynes’s The Economic Consequences of the Peace. J. K. Galbraith, A Life in Our Times, Op. cit., page 354.
62. W. W. Rostow, The Stages of Economic Growth, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1960, paperback edition, 1971.
63. Ibid., page 7.
64. Ibid., pages 36ff.
65. Ibid., pages 59ff.
66. Ibid., combining tables on pages 38 and 59.
67. Ibid., pages 73ff.
68. Ibid., page 11n.
69. Ibid., page 107.
70. See the discussion by Fukuyama in the Conclusion (infra).
71. Rostow, Op. cit., pages 102–103.
72. Daniel Horowitz, Vance Packard and American Social Criticism, Chapel Hill, N.C.: University of North Carolina Press, 1994, pages 98–100.
73. Ibid., page 105.
74. Ibid.
75. Vance Packard, The Hidden Persuaders, New York: David McKay, 1957.
76. Ibid., pages 87–88.
77. Vance Packard, The Status Seekers, New York: David McKay, 1959.
78. Horowitz, Op. cit., page 123.
79. Vance Packard, The Waste Makers, New York: David McKay, 1960.
80. Horowitz, Op. cit., page 119.
81. Malcolm Waters, Daniel Bell, London: Routledge, 1996, pages 13–15.
82. Waters, Op. cit., page 78.
83. Daniel Bell, The End of Ideology: On the Exhaustion of Political Ideas in the Fifties, Glencoe: The Free Press, 1960; 1965 paperback reprinted by Harvard University Press, 1988, with a new Afterword. Waters, Op. cit., page 79.
84. Waters, Op
. cit., page 80.
85. See the chapters by Malcolm Dean, pages 105ff, and Daniel Bell, pages 123ff in Geoff Dench, Tony Flower and Kate Gavron (editors), Young at Eighty, London: Carcanet Press, 1995.
86. Michael Young, The Rise of the Meritocracy, London: Thames & Hudson, 1958, republished with a new Introduction by the author, by Transaction Publishers, New Brunswick, New Jersey, 1994.
87. Ibid., page xi.
88. Ibid., page xii. It was, however, poorly received by, among others, Richard Hoggart. See: Paul Barker, ‘The Up and Downs of the Meritocracy’, in Dench, Flower and Gavron (editors), Op. cit., page 156.
89. Young, Op. cit., page 170.
90. Barker, Op. cit., page 161, cites reviewers who thought the book lacked ‘the sound of a human voice.’
CHAPTER 26: CRACKS IN THE CANON
1. Peter Ackroyd, T. S. Eliot, Op. cit., page 289.
2. T. S. Eliot, Notes Toward the Definition of Culture, London: Faber & Faber, 1948, paperback 1962.
3. Ackroyd, Op. cit., page 291.
4. For a discussion of Eliot’s wider thinking on leisure, see: Sencourt, T S. Eliot: A Memoir, Op. cit., page 154.
5. Eliot, Notes, Op. cit., page 31.
6. Ibid., page 23.
7. Ibid., page 43.
8. He was conscious himself, he said, of being a European, as opposed to a merely British, or American, figure. See: Sencourt, Op. cit., page 158.
9. Eliot, Notes, Op. cit., page 50.
10. Ibid., pages 87ff.
11. Ibid., page 25.
12. Ian MacKillop, F. R. Leavis, Op. cit., pages 15 and 17ff.
13. F. R. Leavis, The Great Tradition, London: Chatto & Windus, 1948; F. R. Leavis. The Common Pursuit, London: Chatto & Windus, 1952.
14. See Leavis, The Common Pursuit, chapter 14, for the links between sociology and literature, which Leavis was sceptical about; and chapter 23 for ‘Approaches to T. S. Eliot,’ where he counts ‘Ash Wednesday’ as the work which changed Eliot’s standing. (And see the Conclusion of this book, below, page 750.)
15. MacKillop, Op. cit., page 111. See in particular chapter 8, pages 263ff, on the future of criticism.
16. Lionel Trilling, The Liberal Imagination, New York: Macmillan, 1948 London: Secker & Warburg, 1951.
17. Ibid., page 34.
18. Ibid., pages 288ff.
19. Henry S. Commager, The American Mind: An Interpretation of American Thought and Character Since the 1880s, New York: Oxford University Press, 1950.
20. Ibid., pages 199ff and 227fr
21. Ibid., pages 176–177.
22. Ibid., pages 378ff.
23. Jamison and Eyerman, Seeds of the Sixties, Op. cit., pages 150–151.
24. Ibid., page 150.
25. Trilling’s wife described the relationship as ‘quasi-Oedipal.’ See: Graham Caveney, Screaming with Joy: The Life of Allen Ginsberg, London: Bloomsbury, 1999, page 33.
26. Jamison and Eyerman, Op. cit., page 152.
27. Barry Miles, Ginsberg: A Biography, New York: Viking, 1990, page 196.
28. Ibid., page 192.
29. Jamison and Eyerman, Op. cit., page 156.
30. Ibid., pages 158–159.
31. See Miles, Op. cit., page 197 for Ferlinghetti’s reaction to the Howl reading.
32. Ann Charters, Kerouac: A Biography, London: André Deutsch, 1974, pages 24–25. Kerouac broke his leg and never reached the first team, a failure, she says, that he never came to terms with.
33. Jack Kerouac, On the Road, New York: Viking, 1957, Penguin paperback 1991, Introduction by Ann Charters, page x.
34. Ibid., pages viii and ix.
35. Ibid., page xx.
36. Charters, Kerouac: A Biography, Op. cit., pages 92–97.
37. Kerouac took so much benzedrine in 1945 that he developed thrombophlebitis in his legs. See ibid., page 52.
38. For a brief history of bepop, see: Gerald Nicosia, Memory Babe: A Critical Biography of Jack Kerouac, New York: Grove Press, 1983, page 112. Regarding the argument, they made up later, ‘sort of. See pages 690–691.
39. Charters, ‘Introduction,’ Op. cit., page xxviii.
40. See: Jamison and Eyerman, Op. cit., page 159.
41. Alan Freed interview in New Musical Express, 23 September 1956, quoted in: Richard Aquila, That Old Time Rock’n’Roll: A Chronicle of an Era, 1954–1963, New York: Schirmer, 1989, page 5.
42. Donald Clarke, The Rise and Fall of Popular Music, New York: Viking, 1995, Penguin 1995, page 373.
43. Aquila, Op. cit., page 6.
44. Clarke, Op. cit., page 370, which says it was definitely not the first.
45. It wasn’t only imitation of course. See: Simon Frith, Performing Rites: Evaluating Popular Music, Oxford: Oxford University Press, page 195, for Presley’s sexuality.
46. Aquila, Op. cit., page 8.
47. See Frith, Op. cit., passim, for charts and popular music marketing categories.
48. Arnold Goldman, ‘A Remnant to Escape: The American Writer and the Minority Group,’ in Marcus Cunliffe (editor), The Penguin History of Literature, Op. cit., pages 302–303.
49. Ralph Ellison, Invisible Man, London: Gollancz, 1953, Penguin 1965. Goldman, Op. cit., page 303.
50. Jamison and Eyerman, Op. cit., page 160.
51. James Campbell, Talking at the Gates: A Life of James Baldwin, London: Faber & Faber, 1991, page 117.
52. Jamison and Eyerman, Op. cit., page 163.
53. Campbell, Op. cit., page 228.
54. Ibid., page 125, quoted in Jamison and Eyerman, Op. cit., page 166.
55. Colin MacInness, Absolute Beginners, London: Allison & Busby, 1959; Mr Love and Justice, London: Allison & Busby, 1960.
56. See for example: Michael Dash, ‘Marvellous Realism: The Way out of Négritude,’ in Bill Ashcroft, Gareth Griffiths and Helen Tiffin (editors) The Post-Colonial Studies Reader, London and New York: Routledge, 1995, page 199.
57. Ezenwa-Ohaeto, Chinua Achebe: A Biography, Oxford: James Currey and Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press, 1997, page 60. See also: Gilbert Phelps, ‘Two Nigerian Writers: Chinua Achebe and Wole Soyinka,’ in Boris Ford (editor), The New Pelican Guide to English Literature, volume 8: From Orwell to Naipaul, London: Penguin, 1983, pages 319–331.
58. Chinua Achebe, Things Fall Apart, New York: Doubleday, 1959, Anchor paperback, 1994. Phelps, Op. cit., page 320.
59. Ezenwa-Ohaeto, Op. cit., page 66. Phelps, Op. cit., page 321.
60. Ibid., pages 66ff for an account of the various drafts of the book and Achebe’s initial attempts to have it published. Phelps, Op. cit., page 323.
61. See: Claude Lévi-Strauss and Didier Eribon, Conversations with Lévi-Strauss, Op. cit., page 145, for Lévi-Strauss’s views on the evolution of anthropology in the twentieth century. See also: Leach, Op. cit., page 9.
62. Edmund Leach, Lévi-Strauss, London: Fontana, 1974, page 13.
63. Claude Lévi-Strauss, Tristes Tropiques, Paris: Plon, 1955; Mythologiques I: Le cru et le cuit, Paris: Plon, 1964. Translated as: The Raw and the Cooked, London: Jonathan Cape, 1970, volume I of The Science of Mythology; volume II, From Honey to Ashes, London: Jonathan Cape, 1973. Lévi-Strauss told Eribon that he thought psychoanalysis, or at least Totem and Taboo, was ‘a failure.’ See: Eribon and Lévi-Strauss, Op. cit., page 106.
64. Leach, Op. cit., page 60.
65. Ibid., page 63.
66. Ibid., pages 82ff.
67. When Margaret Mead visited Paris, Claude Lévi-Strauss introduced her to Simone de Beauvoir. ‘They didn’t say a word to one another.’ Eribon and Lévi-Strauss, Op. cit., page 12.
68. Basil Davidson, Old Africa Rediscovered, London: Gollancz, 1959.
69. Oliver Neville, ‘The English Stage Company and the Drama Critics,’ in Ford (editor), Op. cit., page 251.
70. Ibid., page 252. Osborne’s own account of reading the ad is in John Osborne, A Better Class of Person: Autobiography 1929–1956, London: Faber & Faber, 1981, page 275.
72. Peter Mudford, ‘Drama since 1950’, in Dodsworth (editor), The Penguin History of Literature, Op. cit., page 396.
73. For the autobiographical overlap of the play, see: Osborne, Op. cit., pages 239ff.
74. Mudford, Op. cit., page 395.
75. Ibid.
76. Michael Hulse, ‘The Movement’, in Ian Hamilton (editor), The Oxford Companion to Twentieth-Century Poetry, Op. cit., page 368.
77. Mudford, Op. cit., page 346.
78. For Larkin’s library career, his reactions to it, and his feelings of timidity, see: Andrew Motion, Philip Larkin: A Writer’s Life, London: Faber & Faber, 1993, page 109ff. For other details about Larkin discussed in this section, see respectively: Alastair Fowler, ‘Poetry since 1950,’ in Dodsworth (editor), Op. cit., page 346; and Motion, Op. cit., pages 242–243 and 269, about publicity in The Times. Seamus Heaney’s poem, published as part of ‘A Tribute’ to Philip Larkin, George Hartley (editor), London: The Marvell Press, 1988, page 39, ended with the line, ‘A nine-to-five man who had seen poetry.’
79. For the ‘helpless bystander’ quote see Michael Kirkham, ‘Philip Larkin and Charles Tomlinson: Realism and Art’ in Boris Ford (ed.), From Orwell to Naipaul, vol. 8, New Pelican Guide to English Literature, London: Penguin, revised edn 1995, pages 286–289. Blake Morrison, ‘Larkin,’ in Hamilton (editor), Op. cit., page 288.
80. Richard Hoggart, A Sort of Clowning: Life and Times, volume II, 1940–59, London: Chatto & Windus, 1990, page 175.
81. Leavis said the book ‘had some value’ but that Hoggart ‘should have written a novel.’ See: Hoggart, Op. cit., page 206.
82. Richard Hoggart, The Uses of Literacy, London: Chatto & Windus, 1957.
83. Raymond Williams, Culture and Society, London: Chatto & Windus, 1958.
84. For a good discussion see: Fred Inglis, Cultural Studies, Oxford: Blackwell, 1993, pages 52–56; and Fred Inglis, Raymond Williams, London and New York: Routledge, 1995, pages 162ff.
85. Stefan Collini, ‘Introduction’ to: C. P. Snow, The Two Cultures, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1959, paperback 1969 and 1993, page vii.
86. Ibid.
87. Ibid., page viii. The fee for Snow’s lecture was 9 guineas (ie, £9.4p), the same rate as when the lecture was established in 1525. See: Philip Snow, Stranger and Brother: A Portrait of C. P. Snow, London: Macmillan, 1982, page 117.