by Peter Watson
Noll, Richard, 760
Nordau, Max, 43–4, 48, 172
Northcliffe, Alfred Harmsworth, Viscount, 339
Nozick, Robert, 548–9, 644, 673; Anarchy, State, and Utopia, 550
Nureyev, Rudolf, 627, 663
Nussbaum, Martha: Cultivating Humanity, 732
O’Brien, Conor Cruise, 721
Oh! Calcutta! (stage musical), 529
Ohain, Hans von, 269–70
O’Hanlon, Redmond: Joseph Conrad and Charles Darwin, 49
O’Hara, Frank, 512
O’Hara, John, 218
Okigbo, Christopher, 713
Okri, Ben, 713
Okunev, Ivan Vasilievich, 315–16
Oldenburg, Claes, 511
Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania, 485–7, 607, 688
Oliphant, Mark, 256, 366, 392–3, 396
Oliver, George, 103
Olivier, Laurence, 640
Olympic Games: 1904, St Louis, 112; 1936, Berlin, 329 & n
O’Neill, Ella, 345
O’Neill, Eugene, 216–17, 345–7, 717–18
Only One Earth (report), 583
Ophüls, Max, 637
Oppenheimer, Frank, 401
Oppenheimer, Robert, 401, 507
Opportunity (magazine), 282
Orbison, Roy, 457
Orpen, Sir William, 173–4
Ortega y Gasset, José, 331, 447, 599, 767; Revolt of the Masses, 291–2
Orwell, George (Eric Blair), 186, 285–8, 334, 337, 346, 464, 466, 472, 768; Animal Farm, 386–7, 413, 472; Down and Out in Paris and London, 286; Nineteen Eighty-Four, 472–3, 481; The Road to Wigan Pier, 287
Osborn, Henry Fairchild, 206
Osborne, John: Look Back in Anger, 463, 466, 470
Otis Brothers (elevator manufacturers), 8in
Oud, J. P., 224
Ovington, Mary, 108–9, 111
Owen, Wilfred, 145, 154–6
Owens, Jesse, 329
Ozenfant, Amédée, 355
Pach, Walter, 127
Pacific-Antarctic Ridge, 553
Packard, Vance, 445–6
Pallot, James, 639
Pangaea, 122
Panofsky, Erwin, 223, 305–6, 355, 360
Pappenheim, Bertha (‘Anna O’), 13, 55
Pargellis, Andrew, 749
Paris: cafes in, 411–12; Dada in, 163–4; intellectual and cultural life in (‘Left Bank’), 411–20; Picasso in, 23–5; rebuilt by Haussman, 52; Universal Exhibition (1900), 24; universities in, 627; see also Pompidou Centre
Park, Robert E., 216, 281–2, 390
Parker, Dorothy, 217
Parkes, Andrew, 97
Parks, Rosa, 458, 524
Parsons, Talcott, 629
Passchendaele, battle of (Great War), 146
Pasternak, Boris, 322–4
Pater, Walter, 5
Paterson, Annabel: Shakespeare and the Popular Voice, 717
Paul VI, Pope, 580
Pauli, Wolfgang, 258–9
Pauling, Linus, 266–8, 343–4, 374, 477–80, 615n
Pauling, Peter, 480
Pavlov, Ivan, 318
Paz, Octavio, 706, 763
Peano, Giuseppe, 101
Pearl Harbor, 354, 371, 397
Pechstein, Max, 301
Peebles, P.J. E., 569–70
Peierls, Rudolf, 392–3, 396
Peirce, Charles Sanders, 75–6
Penguin Books, 337–40
Penrose, Roger, 271, 701–2, 740
Penthouse (periodical), 529
Penzias, Arno, 569–70
Perelman, S. J., 218
Perkins, Anthony, 490–1, 663
Perkins, David, 196
Perls, Fritz, 664
Peru, 118–20
Perutz, Max, 267, 481
Pestalozzi, Johann, 78
Peter, Paul and Mary, 523
Pettigrew, Thomas, 534
Pevsner, Anton, 164
Piaf, Edith, 414
Piaget, Jean, 500, 629, 631, 634
Piano, Renzo, 621–2
Picabia, Francis: Pensées sans langage, 164
Picasso, Conchita, 24
Picasso, Pablo: Apollinaire and, 129; artistic career, 58–63; collaborates with Satie on Parade, 203, 257; designs sets for Diaghilev, 130, 199; Gide and, 201; influence on Rilke, 227; James Joyce evokes, 193; in Paris, 23–5, 59, 411; refuses to emigrate to USA, 353; studies Munch, 35; withdraws money from Paris bank (1914), 144; Les Demoiselles d’Avignon, 58–9, 61–4, 131; Guernica, 332, 335–7
Pickford, Mary (née Gladys Smith), 88–9
Pierre Matisse Gallery, New York, 350, 355, 510
Pigou, Arthur, 383
Pincus, Gregory, 428–9
Pinker, Steven, 692, 695
Pinter, Harold, 418
Pirandello, Luigi, 191, 201, 412; Henry IV, 186, 191–2, 195; Six Characters in Search of an Author, 191 Pirsig, Robert: Zen and the Art of Motorcycle Maintenance, 597–8
Piscator, Erwin, 229, 231, 354
Pistor, Baroness Fanny, 33
Pitchfork, Colin, 683
Pitman, Walter III, 553
Pius X, Pope and St: Editae (encyclical), 68; Pascendi Dominici Gregus (encyclical), 67–8
Pius XII, Pope: Humani Generis (encyclical), 575–6
Pizarro, Gonzalo, 118
Planck, Karl, 145
Planck, Max: on conservatism of scientists, 489; criticises Mach, 37; discussed at St Louis World Fair, 112; family background and values, 5, 20, 757; German education, 74; on light behaving as particle, 260; and quantum physics, 21–3, 29, 36, 93, 95, 134, 258; Schlick studies under, 235; Schrödinger succeeds, 373; son killed in war, 145
Plato, 380
Playboy (periodical), 529
Playfair, Sir Nigel, 231
Ploetz, Alfred, 242
Plumb, J. H., 220
Podhoretz, Norman: Making It, 600
Poincaré, Jules-Henri, 94, 112, 132
Polanyi, Karl, 447, 471
Polanyi, Michael, 183, 471–2, 488, 596; Science, Faith and Society, 471
Polkinghorne, John: Beyond Science, 767
Pollock, Friedrich, 225
Pollock, Jackson, 355, 510, 624
Pommer, Erich, 222
Pompidou Centre, Paris, 621–3, 681
Pompidou, Georges, 621
Popes see John XXIII; Pius X; Pius XII
Popova, Lydia, 164
Popper, Karl, 183, 235, 386–7, 441, 767–8; The Logic of Scientific Discovery, 488; The Open Society and Its Enemies, 379–81
Porter, Cole, 342–3
Porter, Edwin, 87
Porter, Fairfield, 512
Porter, Roy: The Greatest Benefit to Mankind, 665–6
Post, George, 80
Postman, Neil, 770–1
Pötsch, Leopold, 158
Pound, Ezra, 188–90, 334
Prague, 238
Preminger, Otto, 599
Presley, Elvis, 457
Pribram, Karl, 27
Priestley, J. B., 338
Priestley, Joseph, 489
Princeton University, 75; Institute for
Advanced Studies, 303
Prinzhorn, Hans, 295
Prokofiev, Sergei, 130, 513
Proust, Marcel, 28, 137, 199; A la recherche du temps perdu, 137–8, 186, 199–200, 417
Psycho (film), 490–1
Puccini, Giacomo, 54; La Bohème, 24
Putnam, Hilary, 676–7, 701
Quatre Cents Coups, Les (film), 638
Queneau, Raymond, 412, 626
Quine, Willard van Orman, 644, 677, 732
Quinn, John, 126, 128, 190
Qumran, 574
Rabelais, François, 558
Rachmaninoff, Sergei, 356
Radice, Lisanne, 293
Radiocarbon (journal), 563
Rahv, Philip, 439, 459
Rainer, Yvonne, 515
Ramsay, Frank, 160
Randall, John, 366
Rank, Otto, 15
Rao, Raja,
706, 709
Rapaport, David, 306
Ras Shamra, 251–2
Rathenau, Walther, 302
Ratzel, Friedrich, 42
Rauschenberg, Robert, 511–14
Ravel, Maurice, 130–1
Rawls, John, 673; A Theory of Justice, 548–50, 620, 644, 650
Ray, Man, 86, 356
Ray, Satyajit, 712
Raynal, Maurice, 336
Read, Herbert, 334, 336
Reader’s Digest (periodical), 211, 217
Reagan, Ronald, 648–9
Reconstructing Individualism (essays), 730
Red Guards (China), 539–40
Reed, John, 86
Rees, Martin, 743
Rees, Rawlings, 151
Reich, Charles: The Greening of America, 583–6
Reich, Wilhelm, 223, 274, 354
Reichenbach, Hans, 306
Reik, Theodor, 505
Reinhardt, Max, 54, 353
Reith, John (later Baron), 219
Renfrew, Colin: Archaeology and Language, 691–2; Before Civilisation, 562–4
Renoir, Jean, 357, 637
Resnais, Alain, 639
Reston, James, 704
Rewald, John, 127
Rexroth, Kenneth, 455
Rhodes, Richard, 134, 262, 395
Richard, Jules, 271
Richards, I. A., 338, 465
Richardson, R. G. D., 352
Richardson, Tony, 463, 663
Richet, Charles, 113, 157
Richter, Hans, 161
Riefenstahl, Leni, 328, 329
Riesman, David, 592, 731; The Lonely Crowd, 432–6, 438–9, 442, 447, 449, 452, 454, 457, 470, 595, 599, 650
Rift Valley, East Africa, 555
Rilke, Rainer Maria, 186, 227–9, 233, 241, 244, 331; Duino Elegies, 227
Rimbaud, Arthur, 128
Rimsky-Korsakov, Nicolai
Andreyevich, 130, 164
Rivers, Larry, 512
Rivers, W. H., 155
Robbe-Grillet, Alain, 627, 639; Les Gommes, 413
Robeson, Paul, 215
Roche, Hélène, 613
Rock, Dr John, 428–9
Rockefeller Foundation, 352
Rockefeller, John, 119
Rodchenko, Alexander, 165–8
Rogers, Carl, 664
Rogers, Guy, 729
Rogers, Richard, 621–2
Rohmer, Eric, 636
Rolland, Romain, 161
Rollo, Charles, 423
Romero, Carlos, 118–19
Röntgen, Wilhelm Conrad, 49, 91
Roosevelt, Eleanor, 353
Roosevelt, Franklin D., 306–7, 326–7, 342, 383, 386, 396, 400, 646; death, 401
Roosevelt, Theodore, 79, 110–11
Rorty, Richard, 735, 770; Objectivity, Relativism, and Truth, 670–3; Philosophy and the Mirror of Nature, 669–71, 676, 679
Rose, Hajo, 350
Rose, Steven, 692, 696
Rosen, Dr John, 663
Rosenberg, Alfred, 172, 295, 301, 313, 409; Der Mythus des 20. Jahrhunderts, 295–8, 315
Rosenberg, Harold, 511, 721n
Rosenberg, Isaac, 145, 154–5
Rosenberg, Julius and Ethel, 482
Rosenfeld, Isaac, 511
Rosenquist, James, 511
Ross, Harold, 217–18
Rostow, W. W.: The Stages of Economic Growth, 443–5
Roszak, Theodore: The Making of a Counter Culture, 595–8, 601, 605 Roth, Philip: Portnoy’s Complaint, 529, 584, 600
Rothé, Jean Pierre, 554
Rothko, Mark, 510
Rousseau, Jean-Jacques, 245
Routledge, George, 376, 378
Rowntree, Seebohm, 384–5
Roy, Claude, 336
Royal Commission on Population (1944; Great Britain), 428
Royal Court Theatre, London, 463
Royal Society, London, 261, 472
Royer, Clemence August, 42
Rubens, Heinrich, 22–3
Rubinstein, Artur, 356–7
Runyon, Damon, 409
Rushdie, Salman, 706, 715; Midnight’s Children, 710; The Satanic Verses, 710–12
Ruskin, John, 39, 332
Russell, Alys (née Pearsall Smith), 101; Religion and Science, 291
Russell, Bertrand: and 1900 Paris Exposition Universelle, 24; Aldous Huxley meets, 297; as ‘analytic’ philosopher, 32, 75; background and character, 99, 107; debates with John Dewey, 77; and World War I, 144–5; influence on Eliot, 189; and Keynes, 174–5; on logic of music, 58; and proliferation of mathematics, 352; Quine on, 677; status, 65, 98; Wittgenstein and, 99, 159–60; Principia Mathematica (with A. N. Whitehead), 101–2, 270–1; Principles of Mathematics, 100, 158
Russia (and USSR): cinema in, 329–30; Communism in, 293–4, 754; development of atomic weapons in, 400–1, 507–8; in World War I, 145; Great Terror in, 320–1, 323–4; Gulag in, 315–16, 542–4; psychiatric abuse in, 540–1; science in, 473–6, 481–4; Socialist Realism in, 322–3; Soviet
Russia (and USSR)—cont’d control of arts and sciences in, 316–25; space rockets and travel, 482–5, 566–8; Stalinist repression, 412–13; universities, 73, 317; and world spread of communism, 517
Rutherford, Ernest (later Baron), 90–3, 98, 107, 112, 133–4, 142, 183, 256–7, 261–3, 392–4
Ryazanov, Nikolai, 234
Ryle, Gilbert, 236
Sacher-Masoch, Leopold von, 33
Sachs, Hanns, 11, 505
Sacks, Oliver, 760; The Man Who Mistook His Wife for a Hat, 642
Sacy, Silvestre de, 714
Sagan, Françoise: Bonjour Tristesse, 429
Said, Edward, 51, 714–15, 762; Orientalism, 714
Saint Louis, Missouri: Wainwright Building, 81–2; World’s Fair (1903), 112
Saint-Exupéry, Antoine de, 334
Saint-Saëns, Camille, 131
Sakharov, Andrei, 541
Salam, Abdus, 743
Salinger, J. D.: The Catcher in the Rye, 584
Salmon, André, 129
Samoa, 278–9, 665
Samuelson, Paul, 648–9, 704
Sandberg, Wilhelm, 622
Sanger, Fred, 615
Santa Fe Institute, New Mexico, 748
Santayana, George, 110, 324
Sarajevo, 144
Sarnoff, David, 210
Saroyan, William, 409
Sarraute, Nathalie, 416
Sarris, Greg, 721
Sartre, Jean-Paul: as ‘continental’ philosopher, 32; education and background, 286, 407–9; effect on religious thinkers, 575; existentialist philosophy, 233, 407–10, 421, 627, 638, 770; ‘famille’, 412, 421; Lévi-Strauss attacks, 630; and Marcuse’s negation, 503; Nietzsche influences, 39; political beliefs, 410–13, 416; Rorty synthesises, 669; and Simone de Beauvoir, 421
Sarzec, Ernest de, 249
Sassoon, Siegfried, 99, 145, 155
Satie, Erik, 23, 157, 203
Saussure, Ferdinand de, 626, 630
Sautuola, Don Marcelino de, 369
Saxl, Fritz, 223
Say, Jean-Baptiste, 341
Schaeffer, Claude, 251
Schaller, George, 611
Schaudinn, Fritz, 104–5
Scherchen, Hermann, 313
Scherman, Harry, 211
Schiele, Egon, 180
Schiller, Friedrich von, 234
Schlemmer, Oskar, 300–2, 351
Schlesinger, Arthur, 721
Schlick, Moritz, 160, 183, 235–6, 270, 379
Schliemann, Heinrich, 15–16, 54
Schmidt-Rottluff, Karl, 294, 351
Schnitzler, Arthur, 28–30, 32, 36, 44, 55, 59, 192, 227–8; Lieutenant Gustl, 38; The Road into the Open, 28
Schoenberg, Arnold: character and appearance, 55–6; in Entartete Musik exhibition, 313; influence of atomic physics and anthropology on, 3; Kandinsky hears, 64; musical innovations, 56–60, 129, 230; Strauss on, 55; Stravinsky and, 142; in USA, 355–7; in Vienna, 37, 192; Das Buch der hängenden Gärten, 57; Erwartung, 5
8–9, 61; Pierrot lunaire, 58–9; Second
String Quartet, 57–9; Violin Concerto (Opus 36), 356; Von Heute auf Morgen, 232
Schoenberg, Mathilde (née von Zemlinsky), 56–7
Schofield, Paul, 640
Schonberg, Harold, 56, 129
Schönerer, Georg Ritter von, 43, 243
Schopenhauer, Arthur, 39
Schramm, Percy, 223
Schrödinger, Erwin, 260, 267, 362; What is Life?, 373–4
Schuch, Ernst von, 52
Schulte, Cardinal, Archbishop of Cologne, 297
Schultze-Naumburg, Paul: Kunst und Rasse, 294–5, 297
Schumacher, E. F., 376
Schumacher, Fritz: Small Is Beautiful, 585–6
Schumann-Heink, Ernestine, 54–5
Schumpeter, Joseph: Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy, 376–8
Schuyler, James, 512
Schwartz, Robert, 660
Schwarz, John, 745
Schweitzer, Albert: Quest for the Historical Jesus, 576
Schwitters, Kurt, 162, 193, 302, 350–1, 355; ‘Merz’ paintings, 162
Scopes, John: trial, 207
Scotland: universities, 74
Scott, Carson Pirie, 82
Scott, J. D., 464
Screw (periodical), 529
Scriabin, Aleksandr, 56
Scruton, Roger, 5; Intelligent Person’s Guide to Modern Culture, 767
Seaborg, Glenn, 507
Searle, G. D. & Co., Chicago, 429
Searle, John, 701–2
Seberg, Jean, 639
Segrè, Emilio, 507
Seier, Eduard, 118
Self, Jim, 515
Sembene, Ousmane, 713
Sen, Amartya, 642, 649–50, 655, 762; Poverty and Famines, 651–2
Senghor, Léopold, 460
Serner, Walter, 161
Seurat, Georges, 59
Seveso, Italy, 586
Shakespeare, William: Harold Bloom on, 724; and modern cultural studies, 716–17, 725–6; Peter Brook directs, 640–1
Shankar, Ravi, 712
Sharpy-Shafer, E. A., 103
Shattuck, Roger, 24
Shaw, George Bernard, 340, 383
Shchukin, Sergey, 164–5
Shelter Island, New York, 508
Shentalinsky, Vitali, 316, 322, 323
Shephard, Alan, 567
Sherrington, Sir Charles, 367
Shils, Edward, 376, 390, 447, 721n
Shing-Tung Yau, 744
Shirer, William, 361
Shivarov, Nikolai, 323
Shockley, William, 476–8
Shostakovich, Dmitri, 47, 55?, 475; Lady Macbeth of the Mtsensk District, 323
Shub-ad, Queen, 250
Sibelius, Jean, 56
Siedlung see Bauhaus
Signoret, Simone, 627
Silicon Valley, California, 478
Sillitoe, Alan, 464
Simenon, Georges, 409