22. Motoko Rich, “Enrollment Off in Big Districts, Forcing Layoffs,” New York Times, July 23, 2012, http://www.nytimes.com/2012/07/24/education/largest-school-districts-see-steady-drop-in-enrollment.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0.
23. Mokoto Rich, “Enrollment in Charter Schools Is Increasing,” New York Times, November 14, 2012, http://www.nytimes.com/2012/11/14/us/charter-schools-growing-fast-new-report-finds.html?_r=0.
24. Benjamin Herold, “This Year, It’s Philly Charter Schools’ Turn to Wrestle with Budget Cuts,” NewsWorks, August 30, 2012, http://www.newsworks.org/index.php/local//region/43574-this-year-its-philly-charter-schools-turn-to-wrestle-with-budget-cuts.
25. U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Economic Analysis, Regional Data: GDP and Personal Income, Gross Domestic Product by State, California, http://www.bea.gov/iTable/iTable.cfm?reqid=70&step=1&isuri=1&acrdn=1#reqid=70&step=10&isuri=1&7007=-1&7093=Levels&7090=70&7035=-1&7036=-1&7001=1200&7002=1&7003=200&7004=NAICS&7005=-1&7006=06000; U.S. Census Bureau, State Government Finances, Historical Data: 2007 Annual Survey of State Government Finances, http://www.census.gov/govs/state/historical_data_2007.html; U.S. Census Bureau, State Government Finances, 2011 Annual Survey of State Government Finances, http://www.census.gov/govs/state/historical_data_2011.html.
26. “California Budget Crisis,” New York Times, January 11, 2013, http://topics.nytimes.com/topics/news/national/usstatesterritoriesandpossessions/california/budget_crisis_2008_09/index.html.
27. Hailey Persinger, “School Music, Arts Programs on Chopping Block,” U-T San Diego, March 6, 2011, http://www.utsandiego.com/news/2011/mar/06/unifieds-music-arts-programs-chopping-block/.
28. Toni McAllister, “School Bus Service Eliminated for LEUSD Kids,” Lake Elsinore-Wildomar Patch, February 10, 2012, http://lakeelsinore-wildomar.patch.com/articles/school-bus-service-eliminated-for-leusd-kids.
29. Jesse McKinley, “California Students Protest Education Cuts,” New York Times, March 4, 2010, http://www.nytimes.com/2010/03/05/education/05protests.html.
30. “Student Data: Tuition and Fees, 1999–2000 to 2012–13,” Chronicle of Higher Education, October 24, 2012, http://chronicle.com/article/Searchable-Database-Tuition/48879/.
31. Joint Legislative Audit and Review Commission, “National Rankings on Taxes, Budgetary Components, and Other Indicators, 2011 Edition,” Table 31: Average Annual In-State Tuition and Fees at Public 40 Year Institutions (2010–2011), http://jlarc.state.va.us/mobile/states/t31.htm.
32. Hans Johnson, Public Policy Institute of California, “Defunding Higher Education,” May 2012, http://www.ppic.org/content/pubs/report/R_512HJR.pdf.
33. Carla Rivera, “Californians’ Enrollment in UC, CSU Declines, Study Finds,” Los Angeles Times, May 10, 2012, http://articles.latimes.com/2012/may/10/local/la-me-0510-college-report-20120510.
34. David F. Shaffer and David J. Wright, “A New Paradigm for Economic Development,” Nelson A. Rockefeller Institute of Government, State University of New York, University at Albany, March 2010. http://www.immagic.com/eLibrary/ARCHIVES/GENERAL/NARIG_US/R100311S.pdf.
35. John Pelletier, “Why Go to College If I Can’t Get a Job?” Wall Street Journal Market Watch, August 23, 2012, http://articles.marketwatch.com/2012-08-23/finance/33323518_1_student-loan-debt-nonprofit-four-year-colleges-college-grads (data originally from Economic Policy Institute’s research).
36. Scott Thurm and Pui-Wing Tam “California’s Boom Masks State’s Uneven Recovery,” Wall Street Journal, August 15, 2012, http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052702303505504577405221289491972.html.
37. Roberta Stevens, president of the American Library Association, “Library Technology: Helping Job Seekers,” Huffington Post, June 28, 2011, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/roberta-stevens/library-technology_b_885980.html.
38. Shannon Jones, “Democrats Seek to Defuse Opposition to Detroit Library Cuts,” World Socialist Web Site, January 2012, http://www.wsws.org/en/articles/2012/01/libr-j27.html.
39. Beverly Goldberg, “D.C. Officials Feel the Heat over Planned School Library Cuts,” American Libraries, May 4, 2012, http://americanlibrariesmagazine.org/news/05042012/dc-officials-feel-heat-over-planned-school-library-cuts.
40. “Why Is New Haven Public Library Important to You?” http://www.cityofnewhaven.com/uploads/Why%20is%20New%20Haven%20Public%20Library%20important%20to%20you%202(1).pdf.
41. Paul Bass, “No Tax Hike in Mayor’s New Budget,” New Haven Independent, March 1, 2011, http://www.newhavenindependent.org/index.php/archives/entry/despite_pension_health_spikes_no_tax_hike/; John DeStefano, Jr., Elsie Chapman, et al., “Chief Administrative Officer’s 2012 Annual Report: New Haven Free Public Library,” http://www.cityofnewhaven.com/ChiefAdministrator/pdf/2012%20NHFPL%20review.pdf; Keith M. Phaneuf, “Connecticut Home Sale Prices Show Biggest Decline in Nation,” CT Mirror, August 28, 2012, http://ctmirror.org/story/17329/connecticut-tops-nation-declining-home-sale-prices.
42. Mason Adams, “Roanoke County Officials Eye Waste Disposal Cuts,” Roanoke Times, March 14, 2012, http://www.roanoke.com/news/roanoke/wb/306174.
43. Jared Janes, “County Wants High Participation in Rural Trash Collection,” Monitor, 2013, http://m.themonitor.com/news/local/article_6dfdfaa8-470c-11e2-bd97-0019bb30f31a.html?mode=jqm.
44. Vauhini Vara, “Jail Shift Makes Waves in California,” Wall Street Journal, July 8, 2012, http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052702304458604577491100435436414.html.
45. Gary Fields, “Prison’s Guards Are Part Wolf, All Business,” Wall Street Journal, July 31, 2012, http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10000872396390444130304577561273226636482.html.
46. John Rudolf, “Stockton’s Poor Mired in Violence After Police Cuts, Recession,” Huffington Post, March 19, 2012, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/03/18/stockton-poor-poverty-crime-california_n_1346096.html.
47. D. S. Woodfill, “Surprise Police, Fire Departments Not Spared Spending Cuts,” azcentral.com, May 14, 2012, http://www.azcentral.com/community/westvalley/articles/2012/05/08/20120508surprise-police-fire-departments-not-spared-spending-cuts.html.
48. Imran Ghori, “San Bernardino: Budget Plan Criticized,” Press-Enterprise, August 30, 2012, http://www.pe.com/local-news/politics/imran-ghori-headlines/20120830-san-bernardino-budget-plan-criticized.ece; Ryan Hagen, “Volunteers Try to Fill Growing Hole in San Bernardino’s Service Levels,” Contra Costa Times, September 9, 2012, http://www.contracostatimes.com/california/ci_21503330/volunteers-try-fill-growing-hole-san-bernardinos-service.
49. Purdue University Department of Agriculture, “An Overview of the Indiana State Budget,” Indiana Local Government Information Web site, January 2011, http://www.agecon.purdue.edu/crd/localgov/topics/essays/State_Budget.htm].
Chapter 6: The New American Poverty
1. U.S. Department of Commerce, U.S. Census Bureau, Population Estimates: State Intercensal Estimates (2000–2010), Annual Population Estimates,http://www.census.gov/popest/data/intercensal/state/state2010.html; U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, Archived News Releases|Regional and State Employment and Unemployment, http://www.bls.gov/schedule/archives/laus_nr.htm.
2. Meredith Whitney Advisory Group, “Tragedy of Commons Third Edition: 2012 Update,” pp. 5, 7, 25.
3. U.S. Department of Commerce, U.S. Census Bureau, “Quarterly Summary of State and Local Tax Revenue,” table 1: “Historical National Totals of State and Local Tax Revenue,” http://www.census.gov/govs/qtax/, http://www2.census.gov/govs/qtax/2012/q3t1.xls; Moody’s Investors Service, “2011 State Debt Medians Report,” http://www.vermonttreasurer.gov/sites/treasurer/files/pdf/bonds/Moody’s%20State%20Debt%20Medians%202011-corrected.pdf; Meredith Whitney Advisory Group, “Poverty Report,” p. 25.
4. U.S. Department of Commerce, U.S. Census Bureau, Poverty, Historical Poverty Tables—People: table 21. Number of Poor and Poverty Rate, by State, http://www.census.gov/hhes/www/poverty/data/historical/people.html.
5. Ibid.
6. Office of Management and Budget, “Fi
scal Year 2012: Historical Tables: Budget of the U.S. Government,” http://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/omb/budget/fy2012/assets/hist.pdf.
7. U.S. Department of Commerce, U.S. Census Bureau, Census Bureau Reports About Governments, http://www.census.gov/govs/pubs/topic.html#federal_programs; Meredith Whitney Advisory Group.
8. National Association of State Budget Officers, “State Expenditure Report: Examining Fiscal 2010–2012 State Spending,” 2012, http://www.nasbo.org/sites/default/files/State%20Expenditure%20Report_1.pdf.
9. National Association of State Budget Officers, “State Expenditure Report: 2001,” Summer 2002, http://www.nasbo.org/sites/default/files/ER_2001.pdf.
10. Meredith Whitney Advisory Group, “Poverty Report,” p. 6; Meredith Whitney Advisory Group, “Poverty in America,” Appendix, p. 4.
11. Elizabeth McNichol, Center on Budget and Policy Priorities, “Out of Balance: Cuts in Services Have Been State’s Primary Response to Budget Gaps, Harming the Nation’s Economy,” April 18, 2012, http://www.cbpp.org/cms/index.cfm?fa=view&id=3747.
12. Gary Jason, “Governments Finally Outsourcing,” Liberty, September 1, 2012, http://www.libertyunbound.com/node/889.
13. U.S. Department of Commerce, U.S. Census Bureau, “Current Population Survey.”
14. U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, Local Area Unemployment Statistics, Annual Average: Statewide Data: Tables: Unemployment Rates for States: 2000 and 2010, http://www.bls.gov/lau/lastrk00.htm, http://www.bls.gov/lau/lastrk10.htm.
15. U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, Local Area Unemployment Statistics, Annual Average: Statewide Data: Tables: Unemployment Rates for States: 2000 and 2010, http://www.bls.gov/lau/lastrk00.htm, http://www.bls.gov/lau/lastrk10.htm.
16. Ryan Holeywell, “The Indiana Toll Road: A Model for Privatization?” Governing, October 2011, http://www.governing.com/topics/mgmt/indiana-toll-road-model-privatization.html.
17. “Business Traveller Awards 2012,” Business Traveller, September 17, 2012, http://www.businesstraveller.com/awards2012.
18. Public Works Financing, Vol. 253, October 2010 Issue, http://www.pwfinance.net/pwf_major_projects.pdf; Privatization Barometer, http://www.privatizationbarometer.net/database.php.
19. Scott McCartney, “The World’s Best Airport?” Wall Street Journal, December 1, 2011, http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052970204397704577070502443425304.html; Associated Press, “Chicago Mayor Wants to Lease Out Midway Airport,” nwitimes.com, December 21, 2012, http://www.nwitimes.com/news/local/illinois/chicago/chicago-mayor-wants-to-lease-out-midway-airport/article_b082df59-108f-5c2d-933b-27c0f4a9e397.html.
20. Public Works Financing, Vol. 253, October 2010 Issue, http://www.pwfinance.net/pwf_major_projects.pdf; Privatization Barometer, http://www.privatizationbarometer.net/database.php.
21. Ryan Holeywell, “Engineers: U.S. Needs to Invest $1 Trillion More in Infrastructure,” Governing, January 16, 2013, http://www.governing.com/blogs/fedwatch/gov-report-details-under-investment-in-infrastructure.html.
22. Keith Benman, “Indiana Toll Road Rate Increase Hits Sunday,” nwitimes.com, June 27, 2012, http://www.nwitimes.com/business/local/indiana-toll-road-rate-increase-hits-sunday/article_8df15891-b27b-579a-b3af-36f158b43b1d.html.
23. Ryan Holeywell, “The Indiana Toll Road.”
Chapter 7: A New Map of Prosperity
1. Jeff Harrington, “Unable to Find Workers, Tampa’s Sykes Will Close North Dakota Call Center,” Tampa Bay Times, March 13, 2009, http://www.tampabay.com/news/business/unable-to-find-workers-tampas-sykes-will-close-north-dakota-call-center/983528.
2. U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Economic Analysis, Regional Data: GDP and Personal Income Growth, http://www.bea.gov/iTable/iTable.cfm?reqid=70&step=1&isuri=1&acrdn=1#reqid=70&step=4&isuri=1&7001=1200&7002=1&7003=200&7090=70; Meredith Whitney Advisory Group.
3. Mark J. Perry, “U-Haul Rates Confirm the Great California Exodus,” Carpe Diem, April 21, 2012, http://mjperry.blogspot.com/2012/04/u-haul-rates-confirm-california-exodus.html.
4. Sarah Wolfe, “New $304 Million Apple Campus Planned in Austin, Texas,” Global Post, March 9, 2012, http://www.globalpost.com/dispatch/news/regions/americas/united-states/120309/new-304-million-apple-campus-planned-austin-texas; “Web Services Firm Plans Downtown Office, 300 Jobs,” Indianapolis Business Journal, August 22, 2012, http://www.ibj.com/web-services-firm-plan-downtown-office--300-jobs/PARAMS/article/36239.
5. Steve Hargreaves, “California Could Be Next Oil Boom State,” CNNMoney, January 15, 2013, http://money.cnn.com/2013/01/14/news/economy/california-oil-boom/.
6. Joel Kotkin, “Is Energy the Last Good Issue for Republicans?” Daily Beast, March 1, 2012, http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2012/03/01/is-energy-the-last-good-issue-for-republicans.html.
7. Joel Kotkin, “Silicon Valley Can No Longer Save California—or the U.S.,” Forbes, October 12, 2011, http://www.forbes.com/sites/joelkotkin/2011/10/12/silicon-valley-no-longer-save-california-or-america/2/.
8. U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Economic Analysis, Regional Data: GDP and Personal Income, http://www.bea.gov/iTable/iTable.cfm?reqid=70&step=1&isuri=1&acrdn=1#reqid=70&step=1&isuri=1; Meredith Whitney Advisory Group, “Tragedy of Commons Third Edition: 2012 Update,” p. 44.
9. Alessandro Torello, “Cheap U.S. Gas Is Europe’s Loss,” Wall Street Journal, October 24, 2012, http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052970203897404578076563979761862.html.
10. Matthew L. Wald, “U.P.S. Finds a Substitute for Diesel: Natural Gas, at 260 Degrees Below Zero,” Green, New York Times, February 22, 2011, http://green.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/02/22/u-p-s-finds-a-substitute-for-diesel-natural-gas-at-260-degrees-below-zero/.
11. Ian M. Taplin, Sociation Today, Vol. 10, No. 1, “The Changing North Carolina Workplace,” 2012, http://www.ncsociology.org/sociationtoday/v101/ncjobs.htm.
12. David Barboza, “China’s Exports Perch on Uncertain Truck System,” New York Times, April 28, 2011, http://www.nytimes.com/2011/04/29/business/global/29truckers.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0.
13. Federal Reserve Bank of New York, “Quarterly Report on Household Debt and Credit,” November 2012, http://www.newyorkfed.org/research/national_economy/householdcredit/DistrictReport_Q32012.pdf; U.S. Department of Commerce, U.S. Census Bureau, Population Estimates, 2012 State Total Population Estimates, http://www.census.gov/popest/; U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Economic Analysis, Regional Data, GDP & Personal Income, Quarterly State Personal Income, http://www.bea.gov/iTable/iTable.cfm?reqid=70&step=1&isuri=1&acrdn=3#reqid=70&step=1&isuri=1; Meredith Whitney Advisory Group.
Chapter 8: State Arbitrage
1. Matt Townsend, “Under Armour Plans to Dethrone Nike, Jordan in Basketball Shoes,” Bloomberg, October 22, 2010, http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2010-10-22/under-armour-ceo-plank-plots-to-dethrone-nike-jordan-in-basketball-shoes.html.
2. U.S. Department of Commerce, U.S. Census Bureau, “Housing Vacancies and Homeownership: Historical Tables,” http://www.census.gov/housing/hvs/data/histtabs.html; U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, Archived News Releases|Regional and State Employment and Unemployment, http://www.bls.gov/schedule/archives/laus_nr.htm; Federal Housing Finance Agency, Downloadable Data, Purchase Only Indexes: U.S. Summary through 2012Q4, http://www.fhfa.gov/Default.aspx?Page=87, http://www.fhfa.gov/webfiles/24974/4q12POSummary.xls.
3. Tax Foundation, “State and Local Tax Burdens: All States, One Year, 1977–2010,” http://taxfoundation.org/article/state-and-local-tax-burdens-all-states-one-year-1977-2010, data retrieved from: http://interactive.taxfoundation.org/burdens/burdensdata.php?state=all&mode=all_states_one_year&format=csv; Federal Housing Finance Agency, Downloadable Data, Purchase Only Indexes: U.S. Summary Through 2012Q4, http://www.fhfa.gov/Default.aspx?Page=87, http://www.fhfa.gov/webfiles/24974/4q12POSummary.xls.
4. California Taxpayers Association, “Proposition 30: Retroactive Income Tax Increase with Penalty Relief; No Relief for Government on
Sales Tax Hike,” November 16, 2012, http://www.caltax.org/homepage/111612_prop_30.html.
5. Susan Guyett, “Indiana Becomes 23rd ‘Right-to-Work’ State,” Reuters, February 1, 2012, http://www.reuters.com/article/2012/02/01/us-unions-indiana-righttowork-idUSTRE81018920120201.
6. Richard Vedder, Matthew Denhart, and Jonathan Robe, “Ohio Right-To-Work: How the Economic Freedom of Workers Enhances Prosperity,” Buckeye Institute for Public Policy Solutions, March 2012. http://www.buckeyeinstitute.org/uploads/files/BUCKEYE-ohio-right-to-work-rev2012-3.pdf.
7. Meredith Whitney Advisory Group, “Tragedy of Commons Third Edition: 2012 Update,” p. 9, Right-to-Work States; U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, Archived News Releases|Regional and State Employment and Unemployment, http://www.bls.gov/schedule/archives/laus_nr.htm; National Right to Work; U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis, Regional Data, GDP and Personal Income, Gross Domestic Product by State, http://www.bea.gov/iTable/iTable.cfm?ReqID=70&step=1#reqid=70&step=1&isuri=1.
8. Jim Kinney, “Connecticut and Massachusetts Businesses Have Considered Moving: Survey,” MassLive.com, June 26, 2011, http://www.masslive.com/business-news/index.ssf/2011/06/connecticut_and_massachusetts_businesses.html.
9. U.S. Department of Commerce, U.S. Census Bureau, “Geographical Mobility/Migration: State-to-State Migration Flows, Tables: State-to-State Migration Flows 2009 and 2010,” http://www.census.gov/hhes/migration/data/acs/state-to-state.html.
10. Federation of Tax Administrators, “State Individual Income Taxes (Tax Rates for Tax Year 2013—as of January 1, 2013),” January 2013, http://www.taxadmin.org/fta/rate/ind_inc.pdf.
11. U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, Archived News Releases|Regional and State Employment and Unemployment, 2007 and 2012, http://www.bls.gov/schedule/archives/laus_nr.htm.
12. Ernst & Young LLP, “Ernst & Young LLP’s 2012 US Investment Monitor Shows Increased Investment in New Facilities and Jobs,” May 24, 2012, http://www.ey.com/US/en/Newsroom/News-releases/Ernst---Young-LLPs-2012-US-Investment-Monitor-shows-increased-investment-in-new-facilities-and-jobs.
Fate of the States: The New Geography of American Prosperity Page 19