by Ruth Rosen
The ERA. The failure of the ERA to be ratified produced many different explanations. Some of the most important are Jane De Hart Mathew and Donald Mathew, “The Cultural Politics of ERA’s Defeat,” Organization of American Historians Newsletter 10:4 (November 1982): 13–15; Jane J. Mansbridge, Why We Lost the ERA (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1986), which emphasizes the lack of cohesive feminist organization around the ERA, and Mary Frances Berry, Why the ERA Failed: Women’s Rights and the Amending Process of the Constitution (Bloomington: Indiana University, 1986), who suggests what preconditions were necessary to get an amendment ratified, such as consensus-building in all the states; Joan Hoff Wilson, ed., The ERA and Right of Passage: The Past and Future of the ERA (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1986), offers a collection of essays that examine everything from labor’s objection to the ERA in the 1920s to the language used in the 1980s by opponents and proponents of the ERA. Also see “National Rallies Give Enthusiastic Sendoff to ERA Countdown Campaign,” in National Now Times, July/August, 1981, 1, for a bittersweet reminder of the optimism that still could be mobilized just one year before the defeat. Possibly one of the most important and least remembered stories from the ERA battle involved a Mormon woman who refused to give up her struggle for passage of the amendment. For a popular review of her past and conversion to feminism, see Lisa Cronin Wohl, “A Feminist Latter-Day Saint: Why Sonia Johnson Won’t Give Up on the ERA or the Mormons,” Ms., March 1980, 40.
Cultural wars. The literature on the cultural wars is vast. However, the majority of commentators have not recognized how deeply gendered—and racialized—are these cultural battles. For a sampling of some of the works that have responded to the Right’s criticism of education, family, and religion, see Gerald Graff, Beyond the Culture Wars: How Teaching the Conflicts Can Revitalize American Education (New York: W. W. Norton, 1992), and Curricular Reform and the Culture Wars (New York: Garland, 1994); Henry Louis Gates, Jr., Loose Canons: Notes on the Culture Wars (New York: Oxford University Press, 1992); Todd Gitlin, The Twilight of Common Dreams: Why America Is Wracked by Culture Wars (New York: Metropolitan Books, 1995); James L. Nolan, ed., The American Culture Wars: Current Contests and Future Prospects (Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1996); Lawrence Levine, The Opening of the American Mind (Boston: Beacon, 1997); Elayne Rapping, Media-tions: Foray into the Culture and Gender Wars (Boston: South End Press, 1994); and Norma Broude and Mary D. Garrard, eds., The Power of Feminist Art: The American Movement of the 1970s, History and Impact (New York: Harry Abrams, 1996); and Robin Kelley, Yo’ Mama’s Disfunktional! Fighting the Culture Wars in Urban America (Boston: Beacon, 1998), which is one of the most insightful works on race and the culture wars.
Divorce and feminization of poverty. Although some social scientists by the 1990s found Lenore Weitzman’s research to be overstated, her published numbers had by then become household words. Lenore J. Weitzman, The Marriage Contract, Lovers and the Law (New York: The Free Press, 1981). As women grew poorer, a number of writers addressed what Diana Pearce dubbed the new “feminization of poverty.” Ruth Sidel, Women and Children Last: The Plight of Poor Women in Affluent America (New York: Viking, 1982); Andrew Hacker, Two Nations: Black and White, Separate, Hostile, Unequal (New York: Viking, 1992); Christopher Jencks, Rethinking Social Policy: Race, Poverty, and the Underclass (Cambridge, Mass:, Harvard University Press, 1992); Linda Gordon, ed., Women, the State, and Welfare (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1990); Ken Auletta, The Underclass (New York: Random House, 1992); Diana Pearce, Feminization of Poverty (Washington, D.C.: Institute for Women’s Policy Research, 1989); Ruth Sidel, On Her Own: Growing Up in the Shadow of the American Dream (New York: Viking, 1990); and Rochelle Lefkowitz and Ann Withorn, eds., For Crying Out Loud: Women and Poverty in the United States (New York: The Pilgrim Press, 1986).
Global feminism. One of the most useful books that describes the modern women’s movement in the United States, Western Europe, and Japan is Monica Threlfall, ed., Mapping the Women’s Movement (New York: Verso, 1996).
Women’s rights as human rights. Some of the important historical works are Diana Russell and Nicole Van de Ven, eds., The Proceedings of the International Tribunal on Crimes Against Women (East Palo Alto, Calif.: Frog in the Well, 1984); Center for Women’s Global Leadership, Demanding Accountability: The Global Campaign and Vienna Tribunal on Violation of Women’s Human Rights, edited by Charlotte Bunch and Niamh Reilly, 1996. Testimonies on the Global Tribunal on Violation of Women’s Rights includes full transcripts of the thirty-three testimonies given by women from twenty-five countries at the global tribunal, Vienna, June 1993; also published by the Center for Women’s Global Leadership. Other publications that the center has published are important sources for the history of the global movement to redefine women’s rights as human rights. Gender Violence and Women’s Human Rights in Africa compiles the ideas and strategies of some of Africa’s foremost women’s human rights activists. The video, The Vienna Tribunal: Women’s Rights Are Human Rights, is available from Women Make Movies, in New York. Also see Joanna Kerr, Ours by Right: Women’s Rights as Human Rights (London: Zed, 1993), and Katarina Tomasevski, Women and Human Rights (London: Zed, 1993); Women’s Rights, Human Rights, Julie Peter and Andrea Wolper, eds., (New York: Routledge, 1995); Roxanna Carrillo, Battered Dreams: Violence Against Women as an Obstacle to Development (New York: Unifem, 1992); The Human Rights Watch Global Report on Women’s Human Rights (New York: Human Rights Watch, 1995); Marguerite Guzman Bouvard, Women Reshaping Human Rights: How Extraordinary Activists Are Changing the World (New York: Scholarly Resources, 1996).
Development. The purpose of the Grameen Bank was to provide small loans exclusively to the poor who possess no more than a half acre of land or assets not exceeding the value of one acre of cultivatable land. The bank loaned small amounts of money to village women, with which they could start small businesses. The records of the bank demonstrate that nearly all the loans were paid back rapidly and that the women were successful in gaining economic independence. For studies on this institution, see David Bornstein, The Price of a Dream: The Story of the Grameen Bank and the Idea That Is Helping the Poor to Change Their Lives (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1996); Helen Todd, Women at the Center: Grameen Bank Borrowers After One Decade (Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press, 1996); Abu N.M. Wahid, ed., The Grameen Bank: Poverty Relief in Bangladesh (Boulder: Westview Press, 1992); I.S.A. Baud and G. A. de Bruijne, eds., Gender, Small-Scale Industry and Development Policy (New York: International Women’s Tribune, 1993); Julia Moss, Half the World, Half the Chance: An Introduction to Gender and Development (New York: Oxfam, 1993); J. Ann Tickner, Gender in International Relations: Feminist Perspectives on Securing Global Security (New York: Columbia University Press, 1992). There is a huge literature on women and development now. I recommend the catalog Women, Ink.: Books on Women and Development, 777 United Nations Plaza, New York, New York 10017, for bibliographies and annotated lists of books I have used.
Global networks. On the creation of global networks, see Peggy Andres, Sisters Listening to Sisters: Women of the World Share Stores of Personal Empowerment (Westport: Bergen and Harvey, 1996); Amrita Basu, ed. The Challenge of Local Feminism: Women’s Movements in Global Perspective (Boulder: Westview Press, 1995); and the many media and personal accounts from the UN conferences.
INDEX
abortion, 52–55, 82–83, 91, 145, 157–59, 176, 177, 180, 209, 331, 332, 339
black liberation and, 147–48, 279, 280
Lysistrata Day and, 207–8
Maude and, 321
movement against, 159, 264, 331, 332
Roe v. Wade and, 89, 91, 158–59, 331
self-induced, 52–53
Abzug, Bella, 233, 237, 291
academic careers, 231
activism, see political activism
Adams, James B., 242–43
Adams, Jane, 127
Addams, Jane, 27
advertising
, 205, 311–12, 329
affirmative action, 304, 305
Against Our Will (Brownmiller), 182
aging, 272–74
airlines, 81
Allen, Pam, 129
Allen, Paula Gunn, 265
Alligood, Clarence, 183
All in the Family, 320–21
All the Women Are White, All the Blacks Are Men, and Some of Us Are Brave (Hull, Scott, and Smith, eds.), 284–85
Alpert, Jane, 248–49, 257–58
Alta, 133, 219–20
alternative medicine, 178
Amatniek, Kathie (Kathie Sarachild), 129, 133, 196–97, 202, 209, 235, 238
American Academy of Arts and Sciences, 76
American Federation of Labor–Congress of Industrial Organizations (AFL/CIO), 82
American Indians, 137, 290–91
American Newspaper Guild, 207
“An Answer to a Man’s Question, ‘What Can I Do About Women’s Liberation?’” (Griffin), 218–19
androgyny, 76–77, 313
Angelou, Maya, 220, 293
anger, 198–99, 220
Annie Hall, 323
anonymous writing, 233–34
Anthony, Susan B. (grandniece of suffragist), 293
Anthony, Susan B. (suffragist), 273, 339
antiwar movement, 95, 115, 124, 125, 129, 134, 136, 137–38, 201–4, 286–87
FBI and, 241, 243, 249–50
Hefner and, 162
see also Students for a Democratic Society
Anzaldua, Gloria, 265, 290
Arendt, Hannah, vii
art, 224–26
Arthur, Robert, 63
Asian women, 291
assertiveness training, 316–17, 318
Atkinson, Ti-Grace, 85, 151, 152, 204, 256, 298
Atwood, Margaret, 336
Away with All Pests (Horn), 178
baby boom, 13, 22, 38, 58, 329, 335
backlash, 90–91, 92, 253, 270, 276, 326, 330, 331–37
Backlash: The Undeclared War Against American Women (Faludi), 334
Baer, Jean, 317
Baird, Bill, 158
Baker, Ella, 33, 97, 98, 101, 112
Barrera, Elma, 289
Barrett, Cathy, 126
Bart, Pauline, 70, 198
battered women, 185–86, 188, 195
Baxandall, Rosalyn, 151–52, 167
Bay Area Women’s Militia, 162
Beale, Frances, 164, 281–82
Beats, 47, 48–50, 51, 52, 124
beauty pageants, 159–60, 161, 201, 203
beauty standards, 159, 160–61, 163–64, 230, 234, 281, 312
Beauvoir, Simone de, 56–58, 102, 107
Beloved (Morrison), 285
Bergman, Ingmar, 323
Berkeley Barb, 162
Berkeley Women’s Liberation, 206
Berman, Edgar, 90
Binh, Madame, 137, 250
birth control, see contraception
BITCH, 204
Black, Cathy, 210–11
Black Macho and the Myth of Superwoman (Wallace), 284
black men, 278, 279–80, 281, 284, 285
reproductive rights and, 147–48, 279, 280
black power, black separatism, 96, 106–7, 124, 128, 136, 140, 280, 281, 282, 284
Black Panthers, 133–34, 136, 240, 249, 283
FBI and, 240, 241, 243
black women, 277–85, 286
activist, 32–33, 136–37, 147
beauty standards and, 164, 281
family role of, 278–79
motherhood as viewed by, 44
rape and, 185
wages earned by, 79
Bolotin, Susan, 275
Bond, Julian, 100, 101
Booth, Heather, 54, 123, 126, 127, 263
Boston Women’s Health Collective, 129, 176, 178
Boxer, Marilyn, 266
Boyer, Elizabeth, 83
bras, 312
burning of, 160–61, 297
Braudy, Susan, 263
Bread and Roses, 162, 229
breast cancer, 179, 181
Breast Cancer: A Personal History and Investigative Report (Kushner), 179
breast-feeding, 178
Breines, Wini, 44
Brennan, William, Jr., 91
bridal fairs, 204–5
Brown, Elaine, 283–84
Brown, Helen Gurley, 51, 319–20
Brown, Rita Mae, 168, 254, 257
Brownmiller, Susan, 182, 193, 200, 232–33
Brunner, Adeline, 29
Brunner, Wendel, 138
Buchanan, Pat, 90
Buhle, Paul, 125
Bunch, Charlotte, 70, 173–74, 200, 254, 255, 264
Burlage, Dorothy, 101, 120
Burlage, Robb, 99
Burning Questions (Shulman), 44
Butler, Sandra, 185
Cade, Cathy, 126
California, University of, 205–6
Canada Dry, 205
Cantwell, Mary, 309
Carmichael, Stokely, 108–10, 140
Carswell, Harold, 89
Carter, Jimmy, 267, 294
Carter, Lillian, 214
Catholic Church, 264–65, 331
CAW (Congress of American Women), 28, 33, 59
CBS, 204, 296, 298, 299
Cell 16, 151, 298
Celler, Emmanuel, 71
Century of Higher Education for Women, A (Newcomer), 41
Century of Struggle (Flexner), 33
Chafe, William, 19
Chaney, James, 100
Chavez, Cesar, 287
Chesler, Phyllis, 39, 46, 179, 231, 232, 233, 331
Chesser, Eustace, 16
Chicanas, 137, 285–90
Chicano Moratorium, 287
Chicago, Judy, 224
Chicago Women’s Liberation Union, 232
childbearing and childrearing, 13, 22, 42–43, 123, 152, 178, 319
NOW’s statement and, 79
see also family; motherhood
child care, 24, 208, 320
Comprehensive Child Development Act and, 90–91
NOW’s statement and, 79
Chinese Cultural Revolution, 229
Chisholm, Shirley, 148, 282
Christ, Carol, 265
chronology, xvii–xxxii
Church, Frank, 241, 242–43
Church Committee, 241–43, 244, 251, 252
CIA, 251, 258
and accusations against Steinem, 235–39, 255–56, 257
Cisler, Cindy, 152, 158, 167, 230
Civil Rights Act, Title VII of, 71–73, 75, 81
civil rights movement, 33, 59, 87, 95, 96, 129
black separatism and, 96, 106–7, 124, 128
FBI and, 241
see also Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee; Students for a Democratic Society
Clarenbach, Kay, 69, 70, 87
“click” experiences, 212, 214–15
clothing, 13–14, 230
for work, 163, 312–14
Coalition of Labor Union Women (CLUW), 269
Coburn, Judith, 258, 309
Cody, Pat, 152, 179, 200
Coffey, Marilyn, 48–49
Cointelpro, 241, 251
Colby, Anita, 11–12
Cold War, 9–13, 41, 42, 95, 243
see also Communism
colleges and universities, 40–42, 46–47, 89, 187, 205–6, 339
child care and, 208
curricula of, 265–67
Color Purple, The (Walker), 285
Combahee River Collective, 283
Comisar, Lucy, 232
Committee for a Sane Nuclear Policy (SANE), 59
communes, 249
Communism, 9–11, 12, 13, 26, 27, 28, 31–32, 36, 42, 95, 110–11, 116, 117, 240
CIA and, 235–36
Cold War, 9–13, 41, 42, 95, 243
FBI and, 243, 244, 246
McCarthyism and, 5, 10, 12, 95
and President’s Commission on the Status of Women,
66, 67
Comprehensive Child Development Act, 90–91
Congress of American Women (CAW), 28, 33, 59
Congress to Unite Women, 86, 168, 232
consciousness-raising, 87, 114, 196–201, 220, 238, 264
demonstrations and, 201–8
Conspiracy of Silence, The: The Trauma of Incest (Butler), 185
consumer culture, 9, 10–12, 14, 161–62, 204, 328, 329, 330, 334
sexualization of, 329
consumer feminism, 308–14, 328, 335
contraception, 52, 157, 176
black liberation and, 147–48, 279, 280
the Pill, 52, 55, 147, 157, 176, 280
Coors, Joseph, 91
corporations, demonstrations against, 204
counterculture, 96, 124–26, 161
courtship, 16
COYOTE, 191, 252
Cronkite, Walter, 298
culture, women’s, see women’s culture
Curtis, Jean, 227
Daedalus, 76
Daily Californian, 94
Daly, Mary, 254, 265