7. Vasiliev, p. 427.
8. Alicia Simpson and Stephanos Efthymiadis, Niketas Choniates (2009), p. 113.
9. Pál Engel, The Realm of St. Stephen, trans. Tamás Pálosfalvi, ed. Andrew Ayton (2005), p. 36.
10. Paul Magdalino, The Empire of Manuel I Komnenos, 1143–1180 (1993), p. 7.
11. John Van Antwerp Fine, The Late Medieval Balkans (1987), pp. 2–4.
Chapter Twenty The Venetian Problem
1. Nicol, Byzantium and Venice, p. 96.
2. Madden, The New Concise History, p. 54.
3. Ibid.
4. John Cinnamus, quoted in Nicol, Byzantium and Venice, p. 99.
5. Norwich, Byzantium, pp. 140–141.
6. Fine (1987), p. 6; Nicol, Byzantium and Venice, p. 107.
7. Norwich, Byzantium, p. 144.
8. Nicetas Choniates, O City of Byzantium, trans. Harry J. Magoulias (1984), pp. 192–193.
Chapter Twenty-One Resentments
1. Gerald of Wales, “The History of the Conquest of Ireland,” in The Historical Works of Giraldus Cambrensis, trans. Thomas Wright (1894), p. 184.
2. Ibid., p. 186; Ruth Dudley Edwards and Bridget Hourican, An Atlas of Irish History (1973),
pp. 184–185.
3. Gerald of Wales, p. 227.
4. Sean Duffy, Ailbhe MacShamhrain, and James Moynes, Medieval Ireland (2005), pp. 30–31; Hosler, p. 72.
5. Hosler, p. 65; Gerald of Wales, pp. 252–253.
6. Turner, pp. 224–225.
7. William of Newburgh, The History of English Affairs, Book II, ed. and trans. P. G. Walsh and M. J. Kennedy (2007), p. 117.
8. Wilfred Lewis Warren, Henry II (1973), p. 124.
9. Turner, pp. 226–227.
10. William of Newburgh, Book II, p. 153; Warren, pp. 135–136; Hosler, pp. 217–218; John Gillingham, Richard I (1999), p. 50.
11. Robert Fawtier, The Capetian Kings of France (1966), p. 110.
12. W. H. Jervis, A History of France (1869), p. 143.
13. Jerome A. Chanes, Antisemitism (2004), p. 153.
14. Robert Chazan, Medieval Stereotypes and Modern Antisemitism (1997), p. 14; Jervis, p. 144.
Chapter Twenty-Two Saladin
1. Baha’ al-Din ibn Shaddad, The Rare and Excellent History of Saladin, trans. D. S. Richards (2002), pp. 18–19, 28.
2. Ibn al–Athir, pt. 2, p. 199.
3. Ibid., p. 225.
4. Ibn Shaddad, p. 51.
5. Ibn al-Athir, pt. 2, p. 234; Yaacov Lev, Saladin in Egypt (1999), p. 105; Stanley Lane-Poole, Saladin and the Fall of the Kingdom of Jerusalem (1898), pp. 141–142.
6. Lane-Poole, Saladin, p. 372; Lev, p. 168; ibn Shaddad, p. 55.
7. Madden, The New Concise History, pp. 73–74.
8. Ibn al-Athir, pt. 2, pp. 316–317; Madden, The New Concise History, pp. 73–74.
9. Ibn al-Athir, pt. 2, p. 321
10. Peter W. Edbury, trans., The Conquest of Jerusalem and the Third Crusade (1998), pp. 158–159.
11. Ibn al-Athir, pt. 2, pp. 323–324.
12. Ibid., pp. 324–325, 334; ibn Shaddad, p. 78.
13. Edbury, p. 73; Jervis, p. 144; Madden, The New Concise History, p. 79.
14. Edbury, p. 76.
Chapter Twenty-Three The Gempei War
1. Jeffrey P. Mass, Yoritomo and the Founding of the First Bakufu (1999), pp. 19–21.
2. Shively and McCullough, p. 697.
3. Burton Watson, trans., Tales of the Heike, ed. Haruo Shirane (2006), p. 16.
4. Brown and Ishida, p. 129.
5. Turnbull, The Samurai, pp. 56–57.
6. Ibid., pp. 57, 59.
7. James Sequin De Benneville, Saito Mussashi-bo Benkei (Tales of the Wars of the Gempei) (1910),
pp. 96, 166, 171.
8. Marius B. Jansen, ed., Warrior Rule in Japan (1995), p. 19.
Chapter Twenty-Four King’s Crusade
1. Roger of Hoveden, The Annals of Roger de Hoveden, trans. Henry T. Riley, vol. 2 (1853), p. 86.
2. Ibid., pp. 63–64; Gillingham, Richard I, p. 84.
3. Gillingham, Richard I, pp. 95, 98.
4. Ibid., pp. 98–99; Roger of Wendover, Flowers of History, trans. J. A. Giles, vol. 2 (1849), p. 75; Roger of Hoveden, p. 109.
5. Roger of Hoveden, pp. 110–111.
6. Itinerarium Regis Ricardi, in Thomas Andrew Archer, The Crusade of Richard I, 1189–1192 (1888), p. 6
7. Roger of Wendover, p. 87; Archer, p. 14.
8. Frederick I and Graham A. Loud, The Crusade of Frederick Barbarossa (2009), pp. 46–47; Vasiliev, pp. 446–447.
9. Edbury, p. 88
10. Ibn al-Athir, pt. 2, pp. 375–376.
11. Edbury, p. 98; Madden, The New Concise History, pp. 83ff.; Ibn al-Athir, pt. 2, p. 386.
12. Archer, pp. 81–82.
13. Ibn al-Athir, pt. 2, p. 387; Jervis, p. 145; Edbury, p. 105.
14. Roger of Hoveden, p. 256.
15. Madden, The New Concise History, pp. 89–90; ibn Shaddad, p. 175; Roger of Wendover, p. 108.
16. Madden, The New Concise History, p. 94; Ibn al-Athir, pt. 2, pp. 401–402; ibn Shaddad, p. 195.
17. Madden, The New Concise History, pp. 94–95; ibn Shaddad, p. 231.
18. “The letter of Richard, King of England, to Queen Eleanor, his mother, and his justiciaries in England,” in Roger of Hoveden, pp. 291–292.
19. Roger of Hoveden, p. 297.
20. Roger of Wendover, p. 178.
Chapter Twenty-Five The Sack of Constantinople
1. Nicetas Choniates, p. 294.
2. Innocent III, “Register 1:336, 15 August 1198,” in Alfred J. Andrea and Brett E. Whale, Contemporary Sources for the Fourth Crusade, rev. ed. (2008), pp. 11–12; Vasiliev, pp. 451–452.
3. Geoffroy de Villehardouin, “The Conquest of Constantinople,” in Joinville and Villehardouin: Chronicles of the Crusades, trans. M. R. B. Shaw (1963), pp. 31–33.
4. Villehardouin, pp. 43ff.; Vasiliev, pp. 452–454.
5. Nicetas Choniates, p. 295.
6. Villehardouin, p. 50.
7. Ibid., p. 52.
8. Ibid., pp. 70–71.
9. Madden, The New Concise History, pp. 110–114; Vasiliev, pp. 459–461.
10. Villehardouin, pp. 92–93.
11. Ibn al-Athir, pt. 3, p. 76; Jonathan Phillips, The Fourth Crusade and the Sack of Constantinople (2004), p. 267.
12. Phillips, The Fourth Crusade, pp. 265–267.
13. Madden, The New Concise History, p. 119.
Chapter Twenty-Six Westward
1. Juan José Hoil, The Book of Chilam Balam of Chumayel, trans. Ralph Loveland Roys (1967),
p. 129; Robert J. Sharer and Sylvanus G. Morley, The Ancient Maya (1994), p. 168.
2. Hanns J. Prem, The Ancient Americas, trans. Kornelia Kurbjuhn (1997), p. 25; Sharer and Morley, p. 169.
3. Hoil, p. 170; Richard E. W. Adams, Prehistoric Mesoamerica, rev. ed. (1991), p. 75.
4. Charles H. Southwick, Global Ecology in Human Perspective (1996), pp. 109–110.
5. Adams, pp. 108–109; Nicholas J. Saunders, Ancient Americas: The Great Civilisations (2004), p.157; George Kubler, The Art and Architecture of Ancient America (1962), p. 421.
6. Kubler, p. 421; Saunders (2004), p. 157.
7. Saunders (2004), p. 138.
8. Adams (1997), p. 105; David Keys, Catastrophe (2000), p. 219.
9. Adams (1997), p. 111; Keys, p. 221.
10. Saunders (2004), pp. 145–146, 148.
11. Jacques Malengreau, Sociétés des Andes (1995), p. 85.
12. Adams (1997), p. 114; Saunders (2004), pp. 193–196.
13. Adams (1997), p. 118.
14. Pedro Sarmiento de Gamboa, Brian S. Bauer, and Vania Smith, The History of the Incas (2007), pp. 60–61.
15. Ibid., pp. 70–74.
Chapter Twenty-Seven The Mongol School of Warfare
1. John Joseph Saunders, The History of the Mongol Conquests (1971), pp. 44–45; The Secret History of the Mongols, trans. Igor de
Rachewiltz, vol. 1 (2004), p. 1.
2. Saunders, pp. 45–46; The Secret History, p. 13.
3. Saunders, p. 48; John Man, Genghis Khan (2005), pp. 73–74.
4. The Secret History, p. 43.
5. Ibid., pp. 122, 132–133.
6. Franke and Twitchett, pp. 199, 203; Man, pp. 119–120, 204.
7. Christopher I. Beckwith, Empires of the Silk Road (2009), p. 415, n. 45 (where the meaning of Genghis is discussed); Franke and Twitchett, p. 345; The Secret History, p. 155; David Christian, A History of Russia, Central Asia, and Mongolia (1998), pp. 398–399.
8. Alison Behnke, The Conquests of Genghis Khan (2008), p. 104.
9. Christian, p. 410.
10. Quoted in Dinah Shelton, Encyclopedia of Genocide and Crimes against Humanity, vol. 2 (2005), p. 703.
Chapter Twenty-Eight John Softsword
1. Roger of Wendover, p. 179.
2. Roger of Hoveden, p. 112.
3. Roger of Wendover, pp. 205–206.
4. Kate Norgate, John Lackland (1902), pp. 90–91; John Gillingham, The Angevin Empire, 2nd ed. (2001), pp. 92–93; Gervase of Canterbury, The Historical Works of Gervase of Canterbury, vol. 2 (1880), p. 93.
5. Jervis, pp. 150–151.
6. Norgate, pp. 123–124.
7. James Fosdick Baldwin, The Scutage and Knight Service in England (1897), pp. 4–5.
8. The Waverley Annals, quoted in Norgate, p. 126.
9. Norgate, p. 127; Roger of Wendover, p. 241.
10. Norgate, pp. 129–131.
11. Gillingham, The Angevin Empire, p. 103.
12. Michael Van Cleave Alexander, Three Crises in Early English History (1998), pp. 84–85; Roger of Wendover, p. 247; Antonia Gransden, Historical Writing in England (1973), p. 343.
Chapter Twenty-Nine Sundiata of the Mali
1. Gordon Innes, Sunjata (1974), p. 275.
2. Levtzion and Hopkins, pp. 110, 117.
3. J. D. Fage with William Tordoff, A History of Africa, 4th ed. (2002), pp. 73–74; Niane and Ki-Zerbo, pp. 125–127.
4. Niane and Ki-Zerbo, p. 125;
5. Innes, pp. 218–219.
6. Niane and Ki-Zerbo, pp. 125–126; Fage and Oliver, pp. 351–352.
7. D. T. Niane, Sundiata, trans. G. D. Pickett (1965), pp. 54–55, 68–70; Junius P. Rodriguez, ed., The Historical Encyclopedia of World Slavery, vol. 2 (1997), p. 424.
8. Niane, p. 54.
Chapter Thirty The Jokyu War
1. Jansen, p. 1.
2. Mass, Yoritomo, pp. 72–73.
3. Jansen, pp. 6–7.
4. Brown and Ishida, p. 155.
5. Karl F. Friday, Samurai, Warfare and the State in Early Medieval Japan (2004), pp. 11, 25.
6. Brown and Ishida, p 178.
7. Ibid., p. 179.
8. Ibid., p. 182.
9. Ibid., p. 156.
10. Ibid., p. 160; Peter Martin, The Chrysanthemum Throne (1997), p. 5.
11. Brown and Ishida, p. 194; George W. Perkins, trans. and ed., The Clear Mirror (1998), pp. 37–38, 50–51.
12. Perkins, p. 51.
13. Ibid., pp. 51, 53.
14. Jeffrey P. Mass, The Development of Kamakura Rule, 1180–1250 (1979), p. xiv; Patricia B. Ebrey, Anne Walthall, and James B. Palais, Pre-Modern East Asia: to 1800 (2006), p. 185.
15. Quoted in John S. Brownlee, Political Thought in Japanese Historical Writing (1991), p. 98.
Chapter Thirty-One The Unwanted Throne
1. Jean de Joinville and Geoffrey de Villehardouin, Chronicles of the Crusades, trans. Frank T. Marzials (2007), p. 70.
2. Gunther of Pairis, The Capture of Constantinople, ed. and trans. Alfred J. Andrea (1997), pp. 111–112; R. W. Southern, The Making of the Middle Ages (1953), pp. 60–61; Phillips, The Fourth Crusade, p. 270.
3. Joinville and Villehardouin, p. 57.
4. J. M. Hussey and Andrew Louth, The Orthodox Church in the Byzantine Empire (2010), pp. 191–192.
5. Joinville and Villehardouin, pp. 62–63.
6. István Vásáry, Cumans and Tatars (2005), p. 34.
7. Joinville and Villehardouin, p. 65.
8. George Akropolites, The History, trans. and ed. Ruth Macrides (2007), pp. 139–140.
9. Donald MacGillivray Nicol, The Last Centuries of Byzantium, 1261–1453, 2nd ed. (1993), pp. 12–13; Akropolites, p. 17.
10. Vasiliev, p. 517.
11. Warren T. Treadgold, A History of the Byzantine State and Society (1997), p. 723.
Chapter Thirty-Two The First Delhi Sultanate
1. Tabakat-i-Nasiri, pp. 402–405.
2. Carl F. Petry, ed., The Cambridge History of Egypt, vol. 1 (1998), pp. 245–249.
3. Farhad Daftary, The Assassin Legends (1995), pp. 67–70; Joinville and Villehardouin, pp. 129–130.
4. Daftary, pp. 31–37, 54–55.
5. Wolpert, p. 110; Hasan Nizami, Taju-l Ma-asir, in The History of India, as Told by Its Own Historians, ed. H. M. Elliot and John Dowson, vol. 2 (1869), p. 217.
6. Peter Jackson, The Delhi Sultanate (1999), p. 26.
7. Wolpert, p. 10; Jaswant Lal Mehta, Advanced Study in the History of Medieval India, vol. 1 (1979), p. 148; Nizami, p. 241.
8. Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal 55, pt. 1 (1887): 39–40.
9. Alain Daniélou, A Brief History of India, trans. Kenneth Hurry (2003), pp. 202–203; Peter Jackson, The Delhi Sultanate, p. 45; Wolpert, p. 110
10. Daniélou, p. 203.
11. Peter Jackson, The Delhi Sultanate, p. 47.
12. Radhey Shyman Chaurasia, History of Medieval India (2002), pp. 11–12.
Chapter Thirty-Three Heresy
1. John W. Baldwin, The Government of Philip Augustus (1986), pp. 201–202.
2. Augustine of Hippo, The Correction of the Donatists, 5.19–20, 6.21, 23–24, in A Select Library of the Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers of the Christian Church, vol. 4, ed. Philip Schaff (1887), pp. 633–651.
3. Clyde Pharr, The Theodosian Code and Novels, and the Sirmondian Constitutions (1952), p. 450.
4. Jennifer Kolpacoff Deane, A History of Medieval Heresy and Inquisition (2011), pp. 28, 34–36; Edward Peters, ed., Heresy and Authority in Medieval Europe (1980), pp. 66ff.; Malcolm Lambert, Medieval Heresy, 3rd ed. (2002), pp. 23–24; Walter L. Wakefield and Austin P. Evans, Heresies of the High Middle Ages (1991), p. 130; Reinerius Saccho, “Of the Sects of Modern Heretics,” in S. R. Maitland, History of the Albigenses and Waldenses (1832), pp. 407–413.
5. William of Puylaurens, Chronica, quoted in Peters, p. 107.
6. Peters, p. 123; Deane, p. 39.
7. Peters, p. 124; Lambert, pp. 116–118.
8. Philip Smith, The History of the Christian Church during the Middle Ages (1885), pp. 372–373; Jervis, p. 152.
9. William of Tudela, The Song of the Cathar Wars, trans. Janet Shirley (1996), p. 13.
10. Jervis, pp. 151–152.
11. William of Tudela, pp. 18–19; Pierre des Vaux de Cernay, The History of the Albigensian Crusade, trans. W. A. Sibly and M. D. Sibly (1998), p. 50.
12. Caesarius of Heisterbach, Dialogus Miraculorum (1851), p. 302.
13. Pierre des Vaux de Cernay, p. 50; William of Tudela, pp. 21–22.
14. Pierre des Vaux de Cernay, pp. 78–79.
Chapter Thirty-Four Reconquest and Failure
1. Damian J. Smith, Innocent III and the Crown of Aragon (2004), p. 44.
2. Ibid., pp. 84–85.
3. William of Tudela, pp. 38–39; William of Puylaurens, The Chronicle of William of Puylaurens, trans. W. A. Sibly and M. D. Sibly (2003), pp. 37–38.
4. Damian J. Smith, p. 98; O’Callaghan, p. 246.
5. Continuatio Lambacensis, quoted in Damian J. Smith, p. 99, translation mine.
6. Ibid., pp. 99–103; O’Callaghan, p. 246.
7. Harry W. Hazard, ed., A History of the Crusades, 2nd ed., vol. 3 (1975), pp. 423–424; O’Callaghan, pp. 248–249; Niane and Ki-Zerbo, pp. 53–54; William of Puylaurens, p. 43.
8. William of
Puylaurens, p. 46.
9. Jervis, p. 153; William of Tudela, pp. 70–71.
10. O’Callaghan, p. 251.
Chapter Thirty-Five From Bouvines to Magna Carta
1. Roger of Wendover, pp. 259–260.
2. John W. Baldwin, pp. 209–210; Jervis, p. 154; Roger of Wendover, pp. 259–260.
3. Christopher Harper-Bill and Ruth Harvey, The Ideals and Practice of Medieval Knighthood (1986), p. 119; Helena M. Chew and Lucy C. Latham, Europe in the Middle Ages, 843–1494 (1936), p. 202.
4. John W. Baldwin, pp. 214–215; Matthew Bennett, Fighting Techniques of the Medieval World (2006), pp. 112–114; Roger of Wendover, pp. 299–300.
5. Roger of Wendover, p. 300; John W. Baldwin, pp. 216–271; Bennett, pp. 112–113; Robert W. Jones, Bloodied Banners (2010), pp. 51, 78.
6. Jones, p. 44; John W. Baldwin, pp. 218–220.
7. Roger of Wendover, p. 303; Alexander, pp. 97–98.
8. “The ‘Unknown’ Charter of Liberties,” in Harry Rothwell, ed., English Historical Documents, vol. 3 (1975), pp. 301–302.
9. The Chronicle of Melrose, trans. Joseph Stevenson, in The Church Historians of England, vol. 4, pt. 1 (1856), p. 158.
10. Alexander, pp. 100–101; Roger of Wendover, p. 307–308.
11. Roger of Wendover, p. 309.
12. Alexander, pp. 108–109.
13. L. Elliott-Binns, Innocent III (1931), pp. 84–85; “Letter of Innocent III, 24 August 1215,” in Rothwell, p. 317.
14. Roger of Wendover, pp. 335–336.
15. Ibid., pp. 357–358.
16. Stevenson, p. 162.
17. Roger of Wendover, p. 378.
18. John W. Baldwin, p. 334.
Chapter Thirty-Six The Birth of the Inquisition
1. Saint Bonaventure, The Life of St. Francis (2005), pp. 25, 29–31.
2. William of Tudela, p. 79; Elaine Graham-Leigh, The Southern French Nobility and the Albigensian Crusade (2005), pp. 44–45.
3. Roger of Wendover, pp. 344–345; William of Tudela, pp. 83–85.
4. Pierre des Vaux de Cernay, pp. 259, 270–271.
5. Jacques de Vitry, The Exempla (1890), p. xxviii.
6. William of Tudela, pp. 167, 172.
7. Jervis, p. 157.
8. Joseph R. Strayer, The Albigensian Crusades (1992), p. 118.
9. Puylaurens, p. 65; Strayer, p. 119.
10. Peters, p. 194.
Chapter Thirty-Seven Moving Westward
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