Franciscans, on poverty, 79
Francke, August Hermann, 804, 805
Franconia (Germany), 635–637
Frankenhausen (Germany), 652–655
Frederick III (F the Wise) (Elector of Saxony)
about, 165, 167–168, 447, 545
Adrian VI and, 572
Aleander and, 438, 447
appearance of, 414
death of, 644
Diet of Worms, 454
Edict of Worms, 449
Erasmus and, 353, 413, 413–415
Luther and, 305, 316, 328, 341, 438, 439, 447, 454, 539–540, 667
Miltitz and, 343
Peasants’ War, 643
relics, 267–268
in Worms, 439–440
free will
Arminius and, 791
Erasmus and Luther on, 589–590, 672
Erasmus on, 601–604, 606, 784
Luther on, 589–590, 672–673
Melanchthon on, 786
Ockham on, 80, 279
Pelagius on, 134
Spinoza on, 792
Freedom of a Christian (Luther), 428–430, 466, 617, 662
The Freedom of the Will: A Diatribe or Discourse (De Libero Arbitrio) (Erasmus), 601–604, 609, 669, 670, 676, 684
Freiburg (Germany), 634, 649, 736, 755
French Revolution, 610, 807
friars, 117–121
Froben, Hieronymus, 694
Froben, Johann, 216, 242–243, 298, 318, 344, 349, 350, 508, 556, 581, 682, 694, 713
Froschauer, Christoph, 514, 518
Fugger, Jakob, 332
Fugger family, 277–278, 332–333, 342, 391
Fugger Palace, 331, 332
Fulda (Germany), 638, 652
Gaguin, Robert, 67–68, 90
Galatia, 226
Galatians, Epistle to the, 227–229, 267, 278, 345, 346, 361, 553
Gargantua and Pantagruel (Rabelais), 201–202, 736–737
Gattinara, Mercurino, 392, 679
Gelassenheit, 594
Geneva (Switzerland), 767–768, 769, 771, 773
Geneva Academy, 771
George (duke of Saxony), 357, 364, 370, 371, 387, 446, 536, 545, 546, 572–573, 609, 643, 653, 659, 684, 685, 762
George (margrave of Brandenburg), 664
Gerbel, Nicholas, 253, 626, 628, 706
Gerhard, Johann, 803
German Bibles, 523
German Enlightenment, 805, 806
German Fatherland Party, 810
German language
Luther’s translation of the New Testament to, 523–524, 525–529, 538, 548, 552, 554–555, 576–577
variants of, 526
German National People’s Party, 811
German nationalism, 807
German Renaissance, 565
Germany
anti-Jewish policies of, 174–175
Calvinism in, 802
Charles V and, 480
de-Christianization of, 813
destruction of Jewish books, 175–176
expulsion of Jews from, 185–186
Luther’s influence in modern Germany, 801–802
modern history of, 808–814
Nazi Germany, 796, 811–812
Peasants’ War, 632–644, 645–646, 648–660, 663–664, 691, 808, 811
Reformation in, 569–570, 610, 709–710
religious observance in modern Germany, 812
Social Democratic Party, 808
tourism in modern Germany, 813
unrest in Upper Rhine valley, 615–618
unrest in Upper Swabia, 628–629
Weimar Republic, 810–811
Gerson, Jean de, 52
Giberti, Gian Matteo, 606, 609
Gillis, Pieter, 210, 216, 257, 443
Glapion, Jean, 484
Glareanus, Heinricus, 432
Gnesio-Lutherans, 786–787
God
Aquinas on, 64, 65
Calvin on, 766
Erasmus on, 604, 712–713
Leibniz on, 805
Luther on, 672–674
Pelagius on, 133–134
righteousness of, 218–219
Scotus on, 66
Spinoza on, 792
“The Godly Feast” (Erasmus), 513
Goes, Damião de, 752
Golden Rose, 342, 343
Golden Torch (print shop), 289
good works, 232, 279, 390, 428, 786
Die göttliche Mühle (“The Godly Mill”), 441–442
Gouda (Netherlands), 6, 19
Gourmont, Gilles de, 204
governance, Erasmus on, 260
Graham, Billy, 815–816
Grapheus, Cornelius, 443–444
Gratius, Ottwin, 186
Great Awakening, 819
Great Schism, 14
Greek language
in the Bible, 92, 93
disapproved of by Church, 93–94
dislike of by Augustine, 129
Erasmus and, 74, 75, 88, 91, 93, 94, 109, 114
Luther and, 345
Scholastics and, 206
translation into Latin, 93
Gregory I (the Great) (pope), 54, 138
Grey, Thomas, 68
Grimani, Domenico (cardinal), 160
Grocyn, William, 142
Groote, Geert, 4, 10, 16–17
Grote of Lebuinuskerk (church), 3
Gruet, Jacques, 769
Grünewald, Matthias, 25, 376
Grynaeus, Simon, 748
Gustav I (Gustavus Vasa) (King of Sweden), 763
Gutenberg Bible, 110
Habakkuk (Old Testament), 230
Halle (Germany), 804
Handspiegel (“Magnifying Glass”) (Pffeferkorn), 182
Hans of Brandenburg-Küstrin (margrave), 776
Hapsburg family, 334
Hausmann, Nicholas, 610, 628, 670
Hebraic studies, in Europe, 178, 185
Hebrew
Church’s antipathy toward, 175, 176
Jews as teachers of, 174–175
Reuchlin on, 175, 176, 181, 185
study of by Erasmus, 114
study of by Luther, 174, 176
study of by Jerome, 100
Hebrew Questions on Genesis (Jerome), 590
Hebrews, Epistle to the, 279
Hegius, Alexander, 19
Heidelberg (Germany), 305–306
Heine, Heinrich, on Luther, 555
Helfenstein, Ludwig von, 636
Helt, Conrad, 499
Henry (duke of Brunswick), 653
Henry VII (king of England), 69–74, 159, 191
Henry VIII (king of England)
about, 159, 160, 192–193
Act of Supremacy, 750
Anne Boleyn, 686, 735, 749
Assertio Septem Sacramentorum (“Defense of the Seven Sacraments”), 482–484, 550
Battle of the Spurs, 211
Catherine of Aragon, 192, 204, 403, 609, 686, 687, 688, 739, 743, 747, 749
Charles V and, 405, 715
Colet and, 211
coronation of, 192
disestablishment of Catholic Church in England, 686–688
Erasmus and, 208–209, 588, 609, 715, 752
lifestyle of, 209–210, 405
Luther and, 482–483, 550–552, 583–584, 588–590, 685, 747–748
Luther’s Offer to Recant in a Letter to the King of England (Luther), 685
marriage to Catherine of Aragon, 192
More and, 750
Reformation Parliament, 747
right to divorce, 747
summit with Francis I, 404
war with France, 210
Herder, Johann Gottfried von, 555, 794
heresy
Arian heresy, 298
Luther as heretic, 341, 354, 371, 418
Reuchlin as heretic, 182, 183
Hermans, Willem, 47, 114
Herrnhut (Germany), 804, 817
Hersfeld (Germany), 652
&nb
sp; Hess, John, 385
A Highly Provoked Defense and Answer to the Spiritless, Soft-Living Flesh at Wittenberg (Müntzer), 615
The History of My Calamities (Abelard), 61
History of Rome (Livy), 38, 44
Hitler, Adolf, 795, 811–812
Hitton, Thomas, 744
Hobby Lobby, 816
Hohensalzburg (castle), 648
Holbein, Hans (the Younger), 441, 693–694
Holl, Karl, 809–811
Holland, 790
Holy League of Cognac, 698, 702
Holy Roman Empire, 277, 436
destruction of Jewish books, 175–176
dissolution of, 807
Holy See, 151
Holy Temple (Jerusalem), 234
Homosexuals in History (Rouse), 32
Hoogstraten, Jacob van, 179, 181, 182, 183, 184, 347, 375–376, 411
The Horrible and Idolatrous Misuse of the Most Reverend Sacrament of Jesus Christ (Karlstadt), 595
Hortensius (Cicero), 130, 131
How the Blind Jews Observe Their Easter (Pfefferkorn), 179
“How to Distinguish a Flatterer from a Friend” (Plutarch), 208
Hubmaier, Balthasar, 619
Hugo of Constance (bishop), 519
Huguenots, 787
Huizinga, Johan, 795
human nature
Augustine on, 135
Luther on, 138–139, 189, 673–674
humanism, xiii–xiv, xv, 34, 35, 42–43, 43, 67, 77, 151
humanist curriculum, 201, 202–203
Hundred Years’ War, 210
Hungary, Ottoman wars, 704
Hus, Jan, 15, 284, 303, 331, 363, 364–367, 389, 396, 435, 449, 462, 463
Hussites, 367–368, 389, 804
Hutten, Ulrich von
about, 334, 377, 392, 478
Aleander and, 437
on Cajetan, 334
Erasmus and, 377–378, 584–588
Expostulatio cum Erasmo Roterdamo, 587
Herder on, 794
in hiding, 427
Luther and, 416, 463, 474
hygiene, cities and towns of, 6–8, 35, 140–141
hymns, in Lutheranism, 593
Hyperaspistes (Erasmus), 680–682, 684, 693, 694, 695, 712
Iceland, Protestantism in, 763
Iconoclast Fury (1566), 788
The Imitation of Christ (Thomas à Kempis), 4, 17, 18, 786
Immaculate Conception, 66
Imperial Diet (1518), 330, 333–334
incunabula, 147
Index of Prohibited Books, 480, 510, 785
indulgences
about, 54, 159, 281
Eck on, 370
Luther on, x, 164, 268–272, 282, 302–304, 343, 370
Sixtus IV, 275–276
St. Peter’s indulgence, 272, 276, 277, 280, 313
for St. Peter’s reconstruction, 272, 276, 277, 278, 280
Tetzel’s plenary indulgence, 269–270, 343
for visiting Archbishop Albrecht’s relics, 505–506
Innocent VIII (pope), 152
“Inns” (Erasmus), 511
Inquisition, in Low Countries, 545
Institutes of the Christian Religion (Calvin), 764, 765–766, 767
Institutio Christiani Matrimonii (“Institution of Christian Matrimony”) (Erasmus), 687–688, 785
Institutio Principis Christiani (“The Education of a Christian Prince”) (Erasmus), 256–258, 260, 291, 402
Institutiones Hebraicae (Capito), 301
Instructions for the Visitors of Parish Pastors in Electoral Saxony, 708, 709
Isabella of Castile, 391
Isenheim Altarpiece (Grünewald), 25
Italian Wars, 144, 481, 697–702
italic type, 148
James IV (King of Scotland), 150, 212
James the Just (disciple), 222, 223, 225, 232–233
Jerome, 94–109, 216, 297
as Bible translator, 96–97
on celibacy, 104, 504
character of, 96, 97–98
in Constantinople, 101
end of life, 108–109
Eustochium, 103, 104, 105
journey to the Levant, 98–99
letters of, 95, 96, 104
“Life of Jerome” (Erasmus), 243
manuscripts at Cambridge, 206–207
Paula (widow), 103, 104–105
as scholar, 95
schooling of, 98
sexual urges of, 100–101
on sexuality, 504
study of Greek, 99, 100
study of Hebrew, 100, 105
translation from Hebrew Bible, 105–108
on virginity, 103–104
work as translator, 105–109
youth of, 95, 98
“Jerome’s Bible,” 94, 106–108
“Jerome’s Dream,” 99–100, 109
Jerusalem church, 223
Jesuits, 18, 786
Jewish dietary laws, early Christianity and, 226, 228
Jewish History of the Sack (Josephus), 736
Jews
confiscation of Jewish books, 179–181
as crucifiers of Jesus, 187
early disciples of Jesus, 222
Erasmus’s dislike of, 184, 185, 187
German policies towards, 174–175
as Hebrew teachers, 174
John Frederick’s mandate against, 774–775
Luther on, 176, 186–189, 492, 577–578, 774–777, 813–814
mandates against (1536, 1543), 774–776
Pfefferkorn on, 179
purging from Europe, 185–186
Jiménez de Cisneros, Francisco (cardinal), 244
Joachim of Brandenburg (prince), 277, 446, 497
Joanna the Mad, 402, 403
Job, book of, 592
John (disciple), 225
John (duke), 610–612, 643, 667
John (elector), 628, 706, 707, 708, 725, 739, 759, 762
John, Gospel of, 235
John Frederick (the Magnanimous), 762, 774, 778, 781
John of Saxony (prince), 722
John the Baptist, 251
John XXII (pope), 79
John XXIII (antipope), 365
Jonas, Justus, 381, 453, 454, 474, 494, 501, 531, 547, 665, 706, 723, 726, 754, 760, 781
Jörg, Junker, 488, 522–523
Josel of Rosheim, 774, 775, 776
Judgment of Martin Luther on Monastic Vows (Luther), 503, 504–505, 618
Julius II (pope), 144, 145, 153–159, 183, 209, 272, 273, 274, 275, 276, 293, 309, 311
Julius Exclusus e Coelis (“Julius Excluded from Heaven”) (Erasmus), 292–293, 301, 327
Just As I Am (Graham), 815
just war, 213, 258
justification by faith, 772
Kabbalah, 177, 184, 375
Kaiser, Leonhard, 704
Kant, Immanuel, 676, 797, 806
Kanzleideutsch, 526
Kappel (Switzerland), 742
Karlstadt, Andreas von
about, 357, 360, 361, 497
in Basel, 621
Christmas Day communion, 530–531, 535
on clerical celibacy, 495, 498, 531
death of, 719
debate with Eck, 360, 370
engagement of, 531
on the Eucharist, 622
The Horrible and Idolatrous Misuse of the Most Reverend Sacrament of Jesus Christ, 595
later life, 719
Luther and, 279, 544, 595, 611, 612–613, 614, 627, 666, 681
Orlamünde, 738
Peasants’ War and, 650–651
preaching in Wittenberg, 535–536, 537
Reasons Why Andreas Karlstadt Remained Silent for a Time, 595
reforms of, 593–595
in Rothenburg, 635–636
sermons of, 535
in Strasbourg, 623–624
throws himself on Luther’s mercy, 666
Whether Anyone Might Be Saved Without the Intercession of Mary, 595
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Wittenberg disturbances, 543
Karsthans, 448, 524
Kasimir (margrave), 657, 664
Kautsky, Karl, 809
Kempis, Thomas à, 112–113, 594, 786
Kessler, John, 538–539
King James Bible, 688–689
Kitzingen (Germany), 657
Koppe, Leonhard, 578, 666
Koran, 774
Kotter, John, 397
Kupisch, Karl, 812–813
Lake Wobegon (fictitious community), 814
Lalemand, Jean, 645
“Lament over the Lutheran Conflagration in Mainz” (Hutten), 416–417
The Lamentations of Peter, 474
Lang, Johann, 266–267, 278, 301, 305, 314, 327, 421
Lang, Matthäus, 445, 648
languages
Erasmus on, 202
Luther on, 597
Lara, Alonso Manrique de, 711
Łaski, Jan, 678–679
Last Judgment (Bosch), 24
The Last Judgment (Michelangelo), 704
Latin
changes in over time, 10
difficulty translating Greek into, 93
in Erasmian education program, 201–203
taught in the classroom, 202–203
Latomus, Jacobus, 349, 677, 751
Laurinus, Marcus, 482, 585
Lazarists, 786
Lee, Edward, 297–298, 318, 349, 379–383, 405, 407, 476, 482, 647
Lefèvre d’Étaples, Jacques, 174, 235, 295, 299, 301
Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm, 805
Leicester Codex, 206
Leipzig (Germany), 426
Leisnig (Germany), 574
Leo X (pope) (born Giovanni de Medici)
about, 183, 272–273
Charles V and, 485
Erasmus and, 379, 560
Italian Wars, 698
lifestyle of, 312, 398
Luther and, x, 309, 310, 313, 314, 316, 398
Open Letter to Leo X (Luther), 430–432
Leo XIII (pope), 64
“Letter Against False Evangelicals” (Erasmus), 736
Letter to the Princes Concerning the Rebellious Spirit (Luther), 611
Letters of Obscure Men, 348, 376
liberal Protestantism, 806, 809
libraries
Berlin State Library, 220
Bibliothèque Sainte-Geneviève (Paris), 57
of the Moors, 62
Royal Library of Berlin, 220
St. Donation’s library, 482
St. Paul’s, 200
University of Wittenberg, 168–169
Vatican Library, 151, 220
Lichtenberg (Germany), 427
“Life of Jerome” (Erasmus), 243
Life of Jesus, Critically Examined (Strauss), 806–807
Link, Wenceslas, 303, 331, 339, 445, 566, 668, 754
Lips, Maarten, 318
Listrius, Gerardus, 256
Lives of the Caesars (Suetonius), 353
Loci communes (Melanchton), 760
Loci theologici (Gerhard), 803
Logic (Aristotle), 81
Lollards, 15
Lombard, Peter, 61–62, 79, 126, 235, 422
López Zúñiga, Diego-See Stunica.
Lord’s Supper, 422, 425, 495, 622, 626, 723–724, 733, 815
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