Schlosskirche (Castle Church) (Wittenberg), 166, 167, 172
Schmid, Ulrich, 629, 630
Scholasticism, 58–59, 62, 66, 77–78, 81, 82, 110, 206, 239, 279, 320, 628
Schönfeld, Ava von, 579, 592, 625
Schönfeld, Margaret von, 579, 592, 625
The School of Athens (Raphael), 166
schools, corporal punishment in, 9–10, 48–49
Schuman, Robert, 797
Schürer, Matthias, 241
Schurff, Jerome, 454, 455, 539, 540, 543, 547
Schwartzerd, Philipp. See Melanchthon
Scotland, Protestantism in, 801, 802
Scotus, John Duns, see Duns Scotus, John
Sebastian (saint), 301
Second Great Awakening, 816, 819–820
Secretum (My Secret Book) (Petrarch), 41
Sélestat (Alsace), 241
Selim (caliph), 312
seminal emissions, 223, 493, 504
Seneca the Younger, 207
Sentences (Peter Lombard). See Four Books of Sentences
“September Testament” (Luther), 554, 556
Septimer Pass (Switzerland), 162
serfdom, 617, 630–631, 641, 662
Sermon on Indulgences and Grace (Luther), 304
Sermon on the Virtue of Excommunication (Luther), 309
sermons
Catholic Church, 81
Erasmus on, 51
of Karlstadt, 535
Luther and, 541–542, 548–549, 592–593
in Lutheranism, 592–593
Müntzer on, 596
to spread Lutheran ideas, 570
Serralonga, Urban de, 332
Servatius Rogerus, 31–32
Servetus, Michael, 769–771
Seven Books on the Errors of the Trinity (Servetus), 769
sexual transgressions, confession of, 52
sexuality
Erasmus on, 320
Luther on, 425, 493, 504
Sforno, Obadiah, 178
“The Shipwreck” (Erasmus), 512–513
shrines, 12, 687
Sic et non (Abelard), 60
Sickingen, Franz von, 437, 465
Siege of Rhodes, 563
Siena (Italy), 150
Sigismund (Holy Roman Emperor), 368, 462, 716
Sigismund of Lupfen (count), 620
Sileni Alcibiadis (“The Sileni of Alcibiades”) (adage, Erasmus), 215
Silenus, 215–216
sin
Aristotle on, 63
confession of, 52, 54
Paul on, 231
punishment for, 53–54
A Sincere Admonition to All Christians to Guard Against Insurrection and Rebellion (Luther), 524, 542
Sixtus IV (pope), 275–276
“Sixty-Seven Articles” (Zwingli), 619
Skelton, John, 71
Šlechta, Jan, 374
Social Democratic Party (Germany), 808
socialism, 808
Society of Jesus, 786
Sodalitas Staupitziana, 566
“The Song of Pestilence” (Zwingli), 517–518
Sorbon, Robert de, 58
Sorbonne, 58, 59, 646
South Korea, Protestants in, 814
Southern Baptists, 814–815
Sowing (Woolf), 203
Spain
Charles V in, 402–403
Comunero uprising, 403, 438
Erasmianism in, 679, 711–712
Spalatin, George
about, ix, 168–169
Erasmus and, 263, 266, 354, 414
Frederick and, 168, 263
Luther and, 168, 186, 301, 305, 307, 315, 316–317, 339, 345, 358, 372, 385, 387–388, 420, 444, 450, 453, 489, 550, 625, 668, 685
marriage of, 668
Spartam nactus es, hanc orna (“Sparta is your portion; do your best for her”) (adage, Erasmus), 215
Spener, Philipp Jakob, 803–804
Spengler, Lazarus, 408, 566
Spinoza, Baruch (Benedict), 791–793
Spiritual Exercises (Loyola), 786
Spirituals, on poverty, 79
Spongia Adversus Aspergines Hutteni (“The Sponge Against the Aspersions of Hutten”) (Erasmus), 587–588, 605
St. Aurelia’s church (Strasburg), 623
St. George’s (monastery), 51, 55
St. John Lateran Basilica (Rome), 163–164
St. Lebwin’s (church), 3, 4
St. Lebwin’s (school), 4, 9–10, 19
St. Mary’s Cathedral (Erfurt), 87
St. Mary’s church (Mühlhausen), 638
St. Mary’s church (Wittenberg), 217, 813
St. Paul Outside-the-Walls Basilica of Basilica (Rome), 163
St. Paul’s church (Old St. Paul’s), 199–200
St. Peter’s Basilica (Rome)
about, 151, 164
indulgences for reconstruction of, 272, 276, 277, 278, 280
Raphael and, 274, 313
reconstruction of, 156–158, 164, 272, 274–276, 313
Sack of Rome, 702
tomb of Julius, 156
St. Peter’s church (Louvain), 289
St. Peter’s indulgence, 272, 276, 277, 280, 313
St. Severus church (Erfurt), 87
Standish, Henry, 383
Standonck, Jan, 57
Stapulensis, Jacobus Faber. See Lefèvre d’Étaples, Jacques
Staupitz, Johann von, 170–171, 267, 281, 300, 304–305, 310, 313, 328, 336, 338, 339, 372, 421, 445
Steinschneider, Sigismund, 581
Stewart, Alexander, 150
Stojkovic´, Ivan (cardinal), 244–245
Stokesley, John, 744
Storch, Nicholas, 531, 534
Strasbourg (Alsace), 570, 622–623
Strauss, David Friedrich, 806–807
Stromer, Heinrich, 621
Stübner, Marcus Thomas, 522
Stunica (Diego López Zúñiga), 407–408, 509
Sturm, Kaspar, 449, 451, 454, 763
Suaven, Peter von, 451
Submission of the Clergy, 748
Suleiman I the Magnificent, 438, 485, 563, 704, 730
Summa Theologica (Aquinas), 58, 64, 65, 80, 111, 166, 213, 333
“Summary Arguments Against Certain Contentious and Boorish People” (Erasmus), 326
superstitions, Luther and, 23–24
Swabian League, 632, 656
sweating sickness, 140–141
Sweden, Protestantism in, 763
Swiss Reformation, 514–519, 558–559, 593, 713–715, 725, 743
Switzerland
Anabaptists, 663, 737–741, 738–739
Protestantism in, 801
spread of Luther’s ideas to, 323
unrest in, 619
Sylvester I (pope), 43, 358
Table Talk (Tischreden) (Luther), 21, 22, 26, 718, 719
Taborites, 367
Tarsus, 222, 223
Tauler, Johannes, 594
Temporal Authority: To What Extent It Should Be Obeyed (Luther), 573–574, 593
Terence (Roman writer), 33
“territorial church,” 709
Tesseradecas Consolatoria (“Fourteen Consolations”) (Luther), 372
Tetzel, Johann, 269, 270–272, 278, 280, 284, 302, 313, 343, 506
Textus Receptus, 262
That a Christian Assembly or Congregation Has the Right and Power to Judge All Teaching (Luther), 575
That Jesus Christ Was Born a Jew (Luther), 577, 774
That These Words of Christ, “This Is My Body,” etc., Still Stand Firm Against the Ranting Spirits (Luther), 705
That These Words of Jesus Christ, “This is My Body Which Is Given for You,” Will Forever Retain Their Ancient, Single Meaning (Zwingli), 705
Theatrines, 786
theocracy, 793
Theoderici, Vincentius, 474
“theology of the cross,” 271
Thérouanne (France), 211
Thessalonica, 226
Thirty-Nine Articles (Church of En
gland), 734
Thirty Years’ War (1618–1648), 788–789, 790, 803
Thomas à Kempis, 4, 10, 17–18
Titelmans, Frans, 711
Titus, 225
To Allow Priests to Marry, or at Least Wink at Their Marriages (Zwingli), 558
To the Christian Nobility of the German Nation Concerning the Reform of the Christian Estate (Luther), 81, 393–397, 421, 422, 428, 497, 617
“To the Christians in Strassburg in Opposition to the Fanatic Spirit” (Luther), 626
To the Councilmen of All Cities in Germany That They Establish and Maintain Christian Schools (Luther), 597, 598
Torah, Paul’s rejection of, 228
Torgau (Germany), 726
Torgau Articles, 726, 727–728
Tractatus Theologico-Politicus (Spinoza), 791–793
transubstantiation, 164, 622, 679–680
Treatise on Good Works (Luther), 390–391
Treaty of London, 481
Trinity
Abelard on, 61
Elizabeth I on, 687
Erasmus on, 251, 295, 298, 771
Troeltsch, Ernst, 809,810
Trutfetter, Jodokus, 81, 314
Tunstall, Cuthbert (bishop of London), 294, 584, 689, 691, 692, 744
Turks, Luther on, 773
Tusculanae quaestiones (Cicero), 601
“Twelve Articles,” 630–637, 639–642, 649
Tyndale, More on, 743
Tyndale, William, 688–691
Answer unto Sir Thomas More’s Dialogue, 745
betrayal of, 751
death of, 752
The Obedience of a Christian Man, 746–747
translation of Bible into English, 688–691, 743, 745–746, 751
tyrants, Erasmus on, 215
Unigenitus (Extravagante), 275, 336, 338
Union of Utrecht, 788
Unitarianism, 771
United States
Calvinism in, 816
Calvin’s influence in, xiii–xiv, 816
camp meetings, 819
evangelicals in, xiii–xiv, xv, 815–816, 820
Great Awakening, 819
Lutherans in, 814
Protestantism in, 814–821
Puritans, xiv
revival meetings, 820
Second Great Awakening, 816, 819–820
universal ideas, Ockham on, 78
University of Alcalá, 679
University of Basel, 242
University of Bologna, 143
University of Cambridge, 206
University of Erfurt, 55, 76–77, 81
University of Leiden, 790
University of Louvain, 289
University of Paris, 57–59, 492, 510, 646, 765
University of Rome, 311
University of Wittenberg, 127, 166, 168–169, 268, 328–329, 345, 357, 420, 496, 778, 779
Upper Swabia, 629, 631
Urbino, Duke of, 312
Uriel (archbishop of Mainz), 180, 181
Ursulines, 786
Usingen, Bartholomäus Arnoldi von, 81, 307
Utopia (More), 257, 259–260, 299, 323, 583–584
Utraquists, 367
Valdés, Alfonso de, 480, 731
Valentine (saint), 301
Valla, Lorenzo, 43–45, 74, 114–115, 248, 249, 250, 251, 264, 281, 376, 389, 590, 806
van Bergen, Hendrik (bishop), 56
Vandals, 137
Vatican Library, 151, 220
Vatican Palace, 151, 154–155
Vetus Latina, 97
Virgil, 84
Virgin Mary. See Mary (Virgin Mother)
virginity, Jerome on, 103–104
virtue, Aristotle on, 82
Virués, Alonso Ruiz de, 711
Visigoths, 134, 135
Visitandines, 786
Vitrier, Jean, 111
Vives, Juan Luis, 477, 556, 609
Volkskirche (people’s church), 811
Volta, Gabriele della, 313
Voltaire, 793–794, 805
Volz, Paul, 321, 645
Vulgate Bible
about, xii, 92, 523, 711, 783
Alcuin and, 109
critiques and objections to Erasmus’ Vulgate translation, 246–247, 261–263
Erasmus’ revised translation of, 243–245, 247–256
in Greek, 244–245
Jerome and, 109
Luther’s concerns, ix
problems with language and mistakes in, 92–93, 102–103
transcription of, 93
Valla on, 44–45, 115
Waldburg, George von, 633–634, 656
Waldshut (Germany), 619–620, 621
Waldus, Peter, 15, 462
Walsh, Sir John, 689
The Waning of the Middle Ages (Huizinga), 795
war, Erasmus on, 212–214, 258
Warham, William (archbishop of Canterbury), 142–143, 160, 204–205, 216, 246, 404, 550, 692, 749
Warren, Rick, 820
Wartburg Castle, Luther in hiding at, 469, 488–496
Watson, John, 261
Weber, Max, xiv
Weimar Republic, 811
Weinsberg (Germany), 636
Werner, Anton von, 461
Wesley, John, 221, 734, 817–818, 820
“What Did Luther Mean by Religion?” (Holl), 810
Whether Anyone Might Be Saved Without the Intercession of Mary (Karlstadt), 595
Why the Books of the Pope and His Disciples Were Burned by Doctor Martin Luther (Luther), 434
Wichmans, Pieter, 477
Wilhelm I (Kaiser), 808
William (Duke of Bavaria), 436
William of Ockham. See Ockham
William Shakspere’s Small Latine & Lesse Greeke (Baldwin), 203
William the Silent (Prince of Orange), 788
Wimpfeling, Jacob, 241
Winckel, Pieter, 6, 28, 29
witches, Luther and, 23–24
Wittenberg (Germany)
about, 166–169, 300, 778–779
discord in, 522–523
disturbances in, 543, 544
early years of Reformation in, 531–537
morality in, 706–707, 761, 778
plague in, 706
Praiseworthy Order of the Princely Town of Wittenberg, 536
Reformation in, 496
student protest in, 420
“The Wittenberg Nightingale” (Sachs), 618
Witz, Johann, 261
Wolff, Thomas, 621
Wolfgang (count palatine), 306
Wolsey, Thomas (cardinal), 210, 246, 345, 403–404, 481, 482, 485, 686, 691, 743–748
women, status of, 719, 720–721
Woolf, Leonard, 203
Worms (Germany), 436–437, 444, 447
Würzburg (Germany), 637, 649
Wyclif, John, 15, 364, 462
Young Man Luther (Erikson), 21–22
Zasius, Ulrich, 634
Zell, Matthias, 570, 623
Zinzendorf, Nikolaus Ludwig (count), 804, 817
Zurich (Switzerland), 517, 519, 619, 621, 738, 739
Zweig, Stefan, 795–797, 799
Zwickau (Germany), 533, 549
Zwickau Prophets, 530–532, 738, 801
Zwilling, Gabriel, 498–499, 501, 535, 537, 543, 544, 549, 668
Zwingli, Huldrych
about, 345, 514–518
Anabaptists on, 739
death of, 742
Erasmus and, 516, 557, 558, 582
on the Eucharist, 680
final years, 741–743
Luther and, 705–706, 724
meeting with Luther, 723–724
music in worship service, 593
“Sixty-Seven Articles,” 619
That These Words of Jesus Christ, “This is My Body Which Is Given for You,” Will Forever Retain Their Ancient, Single Meaning, 705
on transubstantiation, 679, 680
Photos Section
Saint Jerome in His Study, by Antonello da Messina (1470s),
showing the Church Father (and translator of the Vulgate) as Renaissance humanists saw him—the saintly Christian scholar.
Heritage Image Partnership Ltd/Alamy Stock Photo
View of the Campo Vaccino, by Cornelis van Poelenburgh (1620), showing the cow pasture that the Roman Forum had become in the Middle Ages.
RMN-Grand Palais/Art Resource, NY
The execution of Jan Hus, in 1415 at the Council of Constance, in a fifteenth-century print by Diebold Schilling the Elder.
akg-images/Pictures From History
The everyday Erasmus, as shown by Quentin Massys (or Metsys) in Antwerp in 1517.
Artexplorer/Alamy Stock Photo
The iconic Erasmus, as painted by Hans Holbein the Younger in Basel in 1523.
Ian Dagnall/Alamy Stock Photo
Old St. Paul’s Cathedral in London—the center of Erasmus’s activities in London while his friend John Colet was its dean. It was destroyed in the Great Fire of 1666.
Historical Images Archive/Alamy Stock Photo
Opening page of the Gospel according to Matthew, from Erasmus’s 1516 Novum Instrumentum.
akg-images/Fototeca Gilardi
Woodcut from Georgius Agricola’s De Re Metallica, showing the disorder of the German mine fields in the sixteenth century.
akg-images
Some of the mining refuse heaps that still dot the landscape around Eisleben and Mansfeld where Luther grew up.
Bildarchiv Monheim GmBH/Alamy Stock Photo
Martin Luther and Katharina von Bora, by Lucas Cranach the Elder (around 1529).
Peter Horree/Alamy Stock Photo
A view of Wittenberg, showing St. Mary’s Church, where Luther did most of his preaching, and a statue of the reformer in the marketplace.
Eye Ubiquitous/Alamy Stock Photo
An image of Luther with dove and halo, by Hans Baldung Grien (1520) after an engraving by Lucas Cranach the Elder. It became popular around the time of the Diet of Worms.
The British Museum
Martin Luther at Worms, by Anton von Werner (1877), a heroic portrayal of the reformer as he stood unyielding before Charles V, the Holy Roman Emperor.
Ivy Close Images/Alamy Stock Photo
The Wartburg Castle, where Luther hid after his act of defiance at Worms, overlooking the town of Eisenach.
akg-images/euroluftbild.de
Luther as Junker Jörg, by Lucas Cranach the Elder (1522), showing him as he appeared during his time in the Wartburg.
Ian G Dagnall/Alamy Stock Photo
Portrait of Leo X and Two Cardinals, by Raphael (1518). The cardinal on the left is Giulio de’ Medici, Leo’s cousin, who became Pope Clement VII.
FineArt/Alamy Stock Photo
Equestrian Portrait of Charles V, by Titian (1548), showing the emperor after his victory in April 1547 over a Protestant army at the Battle of Mühlberg. His triumph proved short-lived.
Fatal Discord Page 126