2. A. B. Moore, “Memorandum on the Potential Values of the National Centennial Commemoration of the Civil War,” Georgia Civil War Centennial Commission Papers, Box 4, Reference Material for Speeches, Articles, etc., 1961, Georgia State Archives.
3. Atlanta Constitution, May 30, 1960, clipping in Civil War Miscellany Papers, Box 1, Andersonville, Georgia, Military Prison Folder, Georgia State Archives; Robert J. Cook, Troubled Commemoration: The American Civil War Centennial Commission, 1961–1965 (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2007).
4. Bell I. Wiley, ed., “Report of the Activities Committee to the Civil War Centennial Commission,” Civil War History 5 (December 1959): 374–81, 376.
5. Peter Z. Geer, “Untitled April 11, 1961 speech,” pp. 1, 5, Georgia Civil War Centennial Commission Papers, Box 2, Civil War Centennial Commission 1959–65 Confederate States Civil War Centennial Commission Virginia Civil War Centennial Commission Folder, Georgia State Archives.
6. “Georgia Civil War Historical Sites,” pp. 2–3, Georgia Civil War Centennial Commission Papers, Box 1, Monuments, Memorials & Commemorations Committee Civil War Centennial Commission 1959–60 Folder, Georgia State Archives; “Recapture History,” p. 2, Georgia Civil War Centennial Commission Papers, Box 1, Correspondence of the Chairman Beverly M. Du-Bose, Jr. 1964 Folder, Georgia State Archives.
7. “Suggestions for Civil War Centennial Observances by Georgia Schools,” pp. 1, 3, Georgia Civil War Centennial Commission Papers, Box 3, Education Outline 1961 Folder, Georgia State Archives.
8. “Georgia Association of Broadcasters Special Tourism Promotion February, 1964 Spots,” p. 1, Georgia Historical Commission Papers, Box 3, Miscellaneous Folder, Georgia State Archives.
9. Atlanta Journal, July 30, 1959, clipping in Civil War Miscellany Papers, Box 1, Anderson-ville, Georgia, Military Prison Folder, Georgia State Archives.
10. Milt Berk to Peter Z. Geer, July 23, 1960, Georgia Civil War Centennial Commission Papers, Box 1, Official Souvenirs Committee Civil War Centennial Commission 1959–61 Folder, Georgia State Archives.
11. S. Ernest Vandiver to Eugene Cook, February 9, 1961, Georgia Civil War Centennial Commission Papers, Box 1, Souvenirs Folder, Georgia State Archives.
12. Walt Barber to Charles Stelling, June 10, 1960, Georgia Civil War Centennial Commission Papers, Box 1, Official Souvenirs Committee Civil War Centennial Commission 1959–61 Folder, Georgia State Archives.
13. Atlanta Constitution, April 21, 1960, clipping in Civil War Miscellany Papers, Box 1, Andersonville, Georgia, Military Prison Folder, Georgia State Archives.
14. Atlanta Constitution, February 23, 1964, clipping in Civil War Miscellany Papers, Box 1, Andersonville, Georgia, Military Prison Folder, Georgia State Archives.
15. “Reconciliation at Elmira,” New York State and the Civil War 1 (July 1961): 13, article in Georgia Civil War Centennial Commission Papers, Box 1, New York State Civil War Centennial Folder, Georgia State Archives.
16. “The Civil War Prisoner,” Centennial News Letter 5 (August 1963): 1—2, article in Georgia Civil War Centennial Commission Papers, Box 2, Virginia Civil War Centennial Commission Centennial Newsletters Folder, Georgia State Archives.
17. On state commission centennial histories, see Philip R. Shriver and Donald J. Breen, Ohio’s Military Prisons in the Civil War (Columbus: Ohio State University Press, 1964); Victor Hicken, Illinois in the Civil War (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1966); William J. Petersen, ed., “Iowa at Andersonville,” Palimpsest 42 (June 1961): 209–281; Harold R. Manakee, Maryland in the Civil War (Baltimore: Garamond, 1961). For individual prison accounts see John McElroy, Andersonville: A Story of Rebel Military Prisons (1879; New York: Fawcett, 1962); Decimus et Ul-timus Barziza, The Adventures of a Prisoner of War, ed. R. Henderson Shuffler (1865; repr., Austin: University of Texas Press, 1964); Mary Lasswell, ed., Rags and Hope (New York: Van Rees, 1961); James Cooper Nisbet, Four Years on the Firing Line, ed. Bell I. Wiley (1914; Jackson, Tenn.: McCowat-Mercer, 1963); Thomas B. Turley, A Narrative of His Capture and Imprisonment during the War between the States, with an introduction by John H. Davis (Memphis, Tenn.: Southwestern at Memphis, 1961); Susan W. Benson, ed., Berry Benson’s Civil War Book (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1962).
18. “The Amazing Story of Pvt. Joe Shewmon,” Civil War Times Illustrated 1 (April 1962): 45.
19. An extremely selective list of Civil War Times Illustrated articles on various aspects of Civil War prisons over the years includes James D. Jones, “A Guard at Andersonville—Eyewitness to History,” CWTI 2 (February 1964): 24; Robert E. and Katharine Morseberger, “After Andersonville: The First War Crimes Trial,” CWTI 13 (July 1974): 30; Tony Trimble, “A Quiet Sabbath: Reflections from Johnson’s Island,” CWTI 22 (January 1984): 20; Philip Rutherford, ed., “I Escaped from Andersonville,” CWTI 27 (May 1988): 36.
20. Ovid L. Futch, History of Andersonville Prison (Indiantown: University of Florida Press, 1968).
21. Peggy Sheppard, Andersonville Georgia USA (1973; repr., Andersonville, Ga.: Sheppard, 2001), 79–80.
22. Macon Telegraph, September 3, 1971, clipping in Andersonville Vertical File, Andersonville National Historic Site.
23. Bobby L. Lowe to John D. Sewell, April 26, 1976, Georgia Department of Community Affairs Papers, Box 12, Andersonville Trail Study Folder, Georgia State Archives.
24. T. H. Watkins, “A Heritage Preserved,” American Heritage 31 (April/May 1980): 101.
25. “Andersonville’s Depot Part of Planned Tourist Boom,” 1975 unidentified newspaper clipping in Andersonville Vertical File, Andersonville National Historic Site.
26. “Grant Application to Coastal Plains Regional Commission for Direct Grant (Andersonville Mall) by City of Andersonville November 1975,” Georgia Department of Community Affairs Papers, Box 12, Andersonville Mall Folder, Georgia State Archives.
27. Zell Miller to Peter J. Novak, August 20, 1976, Georgia Lieutenant Governor’s Office Papers, Box 2, 10/2/76 Andersonville Historic Fair Americus, GA Sumter Co. Folder, Georgia State Archives.
28. Americus Times-Recorder, October 7, 1985, April 8, 1985, clippings in Andersonville Vertical Files, Andersonville National Historic Site.
29. Florida Times Union and Jacksonville Journal, October 31, 1982, clipping in Andersonville Vertical Files, Andersonville National Historic Site.
30. Alan Patureau, “Old Andersonville Emerges without Shackles of Shame,” undated Atlanta Constitution article, clipping in Andersonville Vertical Files, Andersonville National Historic Site.
31. Patureau, “Old Andersonville Emerges without Shackles of Shame,” Andersonville Vertical File, Andersonville National Historic Site; see also Tony Horwitz, Confederates in the Attic (New York: Vintage, 1998), 312–335.
32. David Lowenthal, Possessed by the Past: The Heritage Crusade and the Spoils of History (New York: Free Press, 1996), 2.
33. Rapid City Journal, January 9, 1983, clipping in Andersonville Vertical Files, Andersonville National Historic Site.
34. Americus Times-Recorder, November 12, 1984, clipping in Andersonville Vertical Files, Andersonville National Historic Site.
35. Americus Times-Recorder, November 11, 1985, clipping in Andersonville Vertical Files, Andersonville National Historic Site.
36. Americus Times-Recorder, November 20, 1982, November 12, 1984, November 11, 1985, November 10, 1986, November 7, 1987, clippings in Andersonville Vertical Files, Andersonville National Historic Site.
37. Horwitz, Confederates in the Attic, 325–329.
38. James W. Thompson, “Southern Comment: Andersonville—Truth versus Falsehood,” Blue & Gray 3 (December-January 1985–86): 28–35; Melanie Campbell, “Fort Delaware,” United Daughters of the Confederacy Magazine 42 (November 1999): 36–37; J. H. Segars, ed., Andersonville: The Southern Perspective (Gretna, La.: Pelican, 2001).
39. James M. McPherson and William J. Cooper, Jr., eds., Writing the Civil War: The Quest to Understand (Columbia: University of Sout
h Carolina Press, 1998), 4.
40. James G. Randall and David Donald, The Civil War and Reconstruction (Boston: D. C. Heath, 1961), 339.
41. William B. Hesseltine, “Civil War Prisons—Introduction,” in Civil War Prisons (1962; repr., Kent, Ohio: Kent State University Press, 1995), 6, 8.
42. James M. McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom (New York: Ballantine, 1988), 802.
43. Reid Mitchell, “‘Our Prison System, Supposing We Had Any’: The Confederate and Union Prison Systems,” in On the Road to Total War: The American Civil War and the German Wars of Unification, 1861–1871, ed. Stig Forster and Jorg Nagler (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1997), 584–85. A similar interpretation appears in Harry S. Stout, Upon the Altar of the Nation (New York: Penguin, 2006), 295–307.
44. Institute for World Order, War Criminals, War Victims: Andersonville, Nuremberg, Hiroshima, My Lai (New York: Random House, 1974), 1, 4, 48.
45. Eric T. Dean, Shook over Hell: Post-Traumatic Stress, Vietnam, and the Civil War (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1997), 81–87.
46. Robert C. Doyle, Voices from Captivity: Interpreting the American POW Narrative (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1994), 294–95.
47. Notable examples of such professional scholarship include David R. Bush, “Interpreting the Latrines of the Johnson’s Island Civil War Military Prison,” Historical Archeology 34, no. 1 (2000): 62; Joseph P. Cangemi and Casimir J. Kowalski, eds., Andersonville Prison: Lessons in Organizational Failure (Lanham, Md.: University Press of America, 1992); Robert S. Davis, Ghosts and Shadows of Andersonville: Essays on the Secret Social Histories of America’s Deadliest Prison (Macon, Ga.: Mercer University Press, 2006); Leslie J. Gordon-Burr, “Storms of Indignation: The Art of Andersonville as Postwar Propaganda,” Georgia Historical Quarterly 75 (Fall 1991): 587–600; Michael P. Gray, The Business of Captivity: Elmira and Its Civil War Prison (Kent, Ohio: Kent State University Press, 2001).
48. William Marvel, Andersonville: The Last Depot (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1994); George Levy, To Die in Chicago: Confederate Prisoners at Camp Douglas 1862–1865 (Gretna, La.: Pelican, 1999). See also Michael Horigan, Elmira: Death Camp of the North (Mechanicsburg, Pa.: Stackpole, 2002); Benton McAdams, Rebels at Rock Island (DeKalb: Northern Illinois University Press, 2000); Dale Fetzer and Bruce Mowday, Unlikely Allies: Fort Delaware’s Prison Community in the Civil War (Mechanicsburg, Pa.: Stackpole, 2000); Edwin Beitzell, Point Lookout Prison Camp for Confederates (N.p.: privately printed, 1972); Sandra V. Parker, Richmond’s Civil War Prisons (Lynchburg, Va.: H. E. Howard, 1990); William O. Bryant, Cahaba Prison and the Sultana Disaster (Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 1990); Louis A. Brown, The Salisbury Prison: A Case Study of Confederate Military Prisons 1861–1865 (Wilmington, N.C.: Broad-foot, 1992).
49. Lonnie R. Speer, Portals to Hell: Military Prisons of the Civil War (Mechanicsburg, Pa.: Stackpole, 1997).
50. C. Bryan Kelly, Best Little Stories from the Civil War (1994; repr., Nashville, Tenn.: Cumberland House, 1998); Webb Garrison, The Amazing Civil War (Nashville, Tenn.: Rutledge Hill, 1998); Peter Kadzis, ed., Blood: Stories of Life and Death from the Civil War (New York: Thunder’s Mouth Press and Balliett & Fitzgerald, 2000).
51. Joseph Gibbs, Three Years in the Bloody Eleventh (University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 2002); Raymond J. Herek, These Men Have Seen Hard Service (Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 1998; William J. Jackson, New Jerseyans in the Civil War (New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press, 2000); Alan A. Siegel, Beneath the Starry Flag: New Jersey’s Civil War Experience (New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press, 2001); David Madden, ed., Beyond the Battlefield: The Ordinary Life and Extraordinary Times of the Civil War Soldier (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2000); Ray M. Carson, The Civil War Soldier (Mechanicsburg, Pa.: Stackpole, 2000).
52. Benjamin F. Booth and Steve Meyer, Dark Days of the Rebellion (1897; repr., Garrison, Iowa: Meyer, 1996), vii.
53. J. V. Hadley, Seven Months a Prisoner (1898; repr., Hanover, Ind.: Nugget, 1998), I.
54. One folk rock song is Vigilantes of Love’s “Andersonville.”
55. Gene Hackman and Daniel Lenihan, Escape from Andersonville (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 2008). Other recent novels involving Andersonville include Robert D. Dean, Echoes of Andersonville (Franklin, Tenn: Heritage, 1999); David Madden, Sharpshooter (Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1996); Robert Vaughan, Andersonville (New York: Boulevard, 1996).
56. Andersonville, VHS, produced and directed by John Frankenheimer and David Rintels, Turner Pictures, 1996.
57. The Blue and the Grey, VHS, directed by Andrew V. McLaglen, Columbia Pictures Television, 1982.
58. Sarah Vowell, The Partly Cloudy Patriot (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2002), 40.
59. Charles W. Sanders, Jr., While in the Hands of the Enemy: Military Prisons of the Civil War (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2005); James M. Gillispie, Andersonvilles of the North: The Myths and Realities of Northern Treatment of Civil War Confederate Prisoners (Denton: University of North Texas Press, 2008).
CHAPTER SEVEN
1. Gregory Ashworth and Rudi Hartmann, eds., Horror and Human Tragedy Revisited: The Management of Sites of Atrocities for Tourism (Elmsford, N.Y.: Cognizant Communication, 2005).
2. Fred Boyles, “The Evolution of the National Prisoner of War Museum,” in National Prisoner of War Museum Andersonville, Georgia Dedication April 9, 1998 (N.p.: privately printed, 1998), 7.
3. Robert J. Hill and William B. Keeling, Preliminary Development Study Andersonville Historical Complex (Athens, Ga.: Bureau of Business and Economic Research and Institute of Community and Area Development, University of Georgia, 1965), 1.
4. Hill and Keeling, Preliminary Development Study Andersonville Historical Complex, 36.
5. Atlanta Constitution, March 25, 1966, clipping in Civil War Miscellany Papers, Box 1, Andersonville, Georgia, Military Prison Folder, Georgia State Archives.
6. Planning Study Report Andersonville Prison Park Georgia (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service, 1966), 13.
7. Boyles, “The Evolution of the National Prisoner of War Museum,” 7.
8. Congressman Brinkley of Georgia speaking for Authorizing the Establishment of the Andersonville National Historic Site, Ga., 91st Congress, 2nd sess., Congressional Record 116, pt. 23 (September 14, 1970): H 31454.
9. Andersonville National Historic Site, Ga., 91st Congress, 2nd sess., Congressional Record 116, pt. 26 (October 7, 1970): S 35403.
10. Ibid.
11. Atlanta Constitution, November 12, 1971, clipping from Andersonville Vertical Files, Andersonville National Historic Site.
12. Ibid.
13. Mildred Veasey to Jimmy Carter, February 16, 1972, Georgia Governor’s Office Papers, Box 12, Andersonville National Park Governor’s Commission Folder, Georgia State Archives.
14. Atlanta Constitution, October 11, 1974, clipping in Georgia Governor’s Office Papers, Box 12, Andersonville National Park Governor’s Commission Folder, Georgia State Archives.
15. William J. Thompson, “Prisoners of War Memorial Georgia Memorial Andersonville, Georgia,” undated statement in Andersonville Vertical Files, Andersonville National Historic Site.
16. For an analysis of the Thompson sculpture, see Michaela Oberlaender, “William J. Thompson’s Andersonville Memorial: Historical Precedents and Contemporary Context” (M.A. thesis, University of Georgia, 1993).
17. Americus Times-Recorder, May 31, 1976, clipping in Andersonville Vertical Files, Anderson-ville National Historic Site.
18. William Burnett, “Memorial Day through the Years,” p. 18, Andersonville Vertical Files, Andersonville National Historic Site.
19. William Burnett, “Memorial Day through the Years,” pp. 15–25, Andersonville Vertical Files, Andersonville National Historic Site.
20. Boyles, “The Evolution of the National Prisoner of War Museum,” 8.
21. Master Plan (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service, 1971), iii, 16, 31–33.
22. Edwin C. Bearss, Andersonville National Historic Site Historic Resource Study and Historical Base Map (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service, 1970), I.
23. Master Plan, 1971,16.
24. John E. Jensen, Interpretative Prospectus (Denver: U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service, 1974), 3–5, 19.
25. Boyles, “The Evolution of the National Prisoner of War Museum,” 8.
26. Denver Service Center, Environmental Assessment for General Management Plan/Development Concept Plan, Andersonville National Historic Site, Georgia (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service, 1979), 3.
27. Boyles, “The Evolution of the National Prisoner of War Museum,” 8. See also Americus Times-Recorder, April 30, 1984, May 31, 1984, November 9, 1987, clippings in Andersonville Vertical Files, Andersonville National Historic Site.
28. Citizen & Georgian, February 18, 1987, clipping in Andersonville Vertical Files, Andersonville National Historic Site.
29. Boyles, “The Evolution of the National Prisoner of War Museum,” 8–10.
30. Wayne Hitchcock, “The Coin That Made the Museum Possible,” in National Prisoner of War Museum Andersonville, Georgia Dedication April 9, 1998 (N.p.: privately printed, 1998), 15–16.
31. Leonard Simpson, “Construction of the National Prisoner of War Museum,” in National Prisoner of War Museum Andersonville, Georgia Dedication April 9, 1998 (N.p.: privately printed, 1998), 11.
32. Carla McConnell, “The Architecture of the National Prisoner of War Museum,” in National Prisoner of War Museum Andersonville, Georgia Dedication April 9, 1998 (N.p.: privately printed, 1998), 13–14.
33. J. Scott Harmon, “Evolution of an Exhibition,” in National Prisoner of War Museum Andersonville, Georgia Dedication April 9, 1998 (N.p.: privately printed, 1998), 18–20.
34. Tim Radford, “The Visual Story,” in National Prisoner of War Museum Andersonville, Georgia Dedication April 9, 1998 (N.p.: privately printed, 1998), 22–24; Polly Weister, “Echoes of ‘Echoes’: Reflections on the Making of ‘Echoes in Captivity,’” in National Prisoner of War Museum Andersonville, Georgia Dedication April 9, 1998 (N.p.: privately printed, 1998), 25–26.
Haunted by Atrocity Page 29