by Andrew Small
109. Khalid, History, p. 14.
110. Syed, Anwar Hussain, China & Pakistan: Diplomacy of an Entente Cordiale, London: Oxford University Press, 1974, p. 93–6; Kux, Dennis, The United States and Pakistan 1947–2000: Disenchanted Allies, Washington, DC: Woodrow Wilson Centre Press, 2001, p. 143.
111. Khalid, History, p. xvii.
112. “Pakistan buys 55% of China’s arms exports”, Hindustan Times, 19 Mar. 2013, http://www.hindustantimes.com/world-news/pakistan-buys-55-of-china-s-arms-exports/article1–1028561.aspx, last accessed 13 Dec. 2013.
113. Guy Martin, “Pakistan and China to jointly market Al Khalid tank”, Defence Web, 9 Nov. 2012, http://www.defenceweb.co.za/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=28466:pakistan-and-china-to-jointly-market-al-khalid-tank&catid=112:ideas-2012&Itemid=254, last accessed 27 Jan. 2014.
114. Bates, Gill and Evan S. Medeiros, Chinese Arms Exports: Policy, Players and Process, Carlisle, PA: U.S. Army War College Strategic Studies Institute, Aug. 2000, p. 45, http://www.fas.org/nuke/guide/china/doctrine/chinarms.pdf, last accessed 27 Jan. 2014.
115. Yezid Sayigh, “Arms Production in Pakistan and Iran: the Limits of Self-reliance”, in Eric H. Arnett (ed.), Military Capacity and the Risk of War: China, India, Pakistan and Iran, New York: Oxford University Press, 1997, p. 168.
116. “JF-17 Thunders: Pakistan to get 50 Chinese jets in six months”, Express Tribune, 21 May 2011, http://tribune.com.pk/story/173009/jf-17-thunders-pakistan-to-get-50-chinese-stealth-jets-in-six-months/, last accessed 21 May 2011.
117. “PN gets F-22P frigate”, The Nation, 18 Apr. 2013, http://www.nation.com.pk/karachi/18-Apr-2013/pn-gets-f-22p-frigate, last accessed 27 Jan. 2014.
118. “Sino-Pak defence cooperation: Pakistan Navy inducts first fast attack craft”, Express Tribune, 24 Apr. 2012, http://tribune.com.pk/story/369112/sino-pak-defence-cooperation-pakistan-navy-inducts-first-fast-attack-craft/, last accessed 27 Jan. 2014.
119. Mulvenon, James, Soldiers of Fortune: The Rise and Fall of the Chinese Military-Business Complex, 1978–1998, Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe/East Gate Books, 2001, p. 118.
120. Ilaina Jonas and Jeffrey Goldfarb, “China Mobile to buy Paktel in first overseas deal”, Reuters, 22 Jan. 2007, http://www.reuters.com/article/2007/01/22/paktel-chinamobile-idUSL2278866820070122, last accessed 27 Jan. 2014.
121. “Wrong key fumble for China Mobile in Pakistan”, Caixin, 23 May 2011, http://english.caixin.com/2011–05–23/100262335.html, last accessed 27 Jan. 2014.
122. “Pakistan’s Wapda, China’s Sinohydro for Civil Works sign a contract worth Rs26.053 billion”, Nihao-Salam, 10 Sep. 2013, http://www.nihaosalam.com/news-detail.php?id=NDUyNg%3D%3D, last accessed 27 Jan. 2014.
123. “China’s Three Gorges Corp ready to invest $15b in Pakistan”, China Daily, 7 Apr. 2013, http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/bizchina/2011–04/07/content_12287700.htm, last accessed 27 Jan. 2014.
124. Muhammad Anis, “Nawaz to visit Neelum-Jhelum hydropower project today”, The News, 19 Jun. 2013, http://www.thenews.com.pk/Todays-News-13–23602-Nawaz-to-visit-Neelum-Jhelum-hydropower-project-today, last accessed 27 Jan. 2014.
125. “MCC continues to undertake the Saindak project in Pakistan”, MCC China, 20 May 2011, http://www.mccchina.com/ENGLISH/ShowArticle.asp?ArticleID=9096, last accessed 27 Jan. 2014.
126. Tom Wright and Jeremy Page, “China pullout deals blow to Pakistan”, Wall Street Journal, 30 Sep. 2011, http://online.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001424052970203405504576600671644602028, last accessed 27 Jan. 2014.
127. “Wrong key fumble for China Mobile in Pakistan”, Caixin, 23 May 2011, http://english.caixin.com/2011–05–23/100262335.html, last accessed 27 Jan. 2014.
128. Khalid Mustafa, “Neelum-Jhelum project also hits finance snags”, The News, 12 Aug. 2012, http://www.thenews.com.pk/Todays-News-3–126061-Neelum-Jhelum-project-also-hits-finance-snags, last accessed 16 Jan. 2014.
129. Grare, “Pakistan: The Resurgence”.
130. “Waking up to the war in Balochistan”, BBC News, 29 Feb. 2012, http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-17182978, last accessed 16 Jan. 2014.
131. “Hydroelectric Power Plants in Pakistan”, Power Plants Around the World, http://www.industcards.com/hydro-pakistan.htm, last accessed 2 Feb. 2014.
132. Ibid.
133. Mansur Khan Mahsud, The Battle for Pakistan: Militancy and Conflict in South Waziristan, Washington, DC: New America Foundation, Apr. 2010, http://www.operationspaix.net/DATA/DOCUMENT/4799~v~The_Battle_for_Pakistan___Militancy_and_Conflict_in_South_Waziristan.pdf,last accessed 17 Jan. 2014.
134. “Two Chinese engineers kidnapped in Pakistan”, China Daily, 9 Oct. 2004, http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/english/doc/2004–10/09/content_380846.htm, last accessed 16 Jan. 2014.
135. “One hostage killed, another freed”, China Daily, 14 Oct. 2004, http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/english/doc/2004–10/14/content_382469.xhtml,last accessed 27 Jan. 2014.
136. Rahimullah Yusufzai, “What really happened…”, Newsline, 7 Nov. 2004, http://www.newslinemagazine.com/2004/11/what-really-happened/, last accessed 27 Jan. 2014.
137. Amir Mir, “Last Abdullah Mehsud”, Raman’s Pashtun Belt Database, 4 Aug. 2007, http://ramanspashtunbeltdatabase.blogspot.com/2008/01/late-abdullah-mehsud.html, last accessed 16 Jan. 2014.
138. Yusufzai, “What really happened…”.
139. Ibid.
140. “Work on Gomal Zam dam to resume soon”, Dawn, 4 Apr. 2005, http://www.dawn.com/news/240758/work-on-gomal-zam-dam-to-resume-soon,last accessed 27 Jan. 2014.
141. Rahimullah Yusufzai, “What really happened…”.
142. “Chinese workers shot in Pakistan”, BBC News, 9 Jul. 2007, http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/6282574.stm, last accessed 27 Jan. 2014.
143. “Liaison committee for Chinese security being formed”, Daily Times, 10 Jul. 2007, http://archive.is/Ddgv7, last accessed 27 Jan. 2014.
144. Author interviews in Islamabad, Aug. 2009.
145. Author interviews in Islamabad, Jun. 2011 and Beijing, Jan. 2011.
146. “Chinese Embassy in Pakistan raises vigilance to protect local Chinese”, CCTV, 27 Oct. 2009, http://english.cctv.com/program/worldwide-watch/20091027/101719.shtml, last accessed 27 Jan. 2014.
147. Ibid.
148. Author interviews in Islamabad, Jun. 2011.
149. Author interviews in Beijing, Oct. 2008–Jan. 2013.
150. Author interviews in Beijing, Oct. 2008.
151. Jane Perlez, “Rebuffed by China”.
152. Author interview in Washington, Nov. 2008.
153. Author interviews in Beijing, Oct. 2008.
154. “China may raise issue of missing engineers with COAS”, Pakistan Tribune, 24 Sep. 2008, http://www.paktribune.com/news/print.php?id=206042,last accessed 27 Jan. 2014.
155. “Taliban claims kidnap of two Chinese in Pakistan”, Reuters, 2 Sep. 2008, http://www.reuters.com/article/2008/09/02/us-pakistan-china-idU-SISL20463320080902, last accessed 27 Jan. 2014.
156. Pamela Constable, “Islamic law instituted in Pakistan’s Swat Valley”, Washington Post, 17 Feb. 2009, http://articles.washingtonpost.com/2009–02–17/world/36797348_1_pakistani-army-swat-valley-afghan-taliban,last accessed 27 Jan. 2014.
157. J.T. Quigley, “Commander behind Malala Attack: the Next Pakistani Taliban Leader”, The Diplomat, 7 Nov. 2013, http://thediplomat.com/2013/11/commander-behind-malala-attack-the-next-pakistani-taliban-leader/, last accessed 27 Jan. 2014.
158. Miatthia Gebauer, “Pakistan’s Swat Valley: in the realm of Mullah Fazlullah”, Spiegel, 22 Nov. 2007, http://www.spiegel.de/international/world/pakistan-s-swat-valley-in-the-realm-of-mullah-fazlullah-a-518962.html, last accessed 27 Jan. 2014.
159. Author interview in Peshawar, Jun. 2013.
160. Author interviews in Beijing, Oct. 2008.
161. “Pakistani Taliban militants free Chinese engineer”, New York Times, 5 Nov. 2009, http://www.nytimes.com/2009/02/15/world/asia/15iht-pakistan.1.20193519.html, last accessed 27 Jan. 2014.
162. Ibid.
163. “Pakistan govt frees 20 Taliban militants as a goodwill gesture”, Times of India, 20 Mar. 2009, http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009–03–20/pakistan/28033613_1_taliban-militants-taliban-prisoners-mus-lim-khan, last accessed 27 Jan. 2014.
164. “China may raise issue of missing engineers with COAS”, Pak Tribune, http://www.paktribune.com/news/print.php?id=206042, last accessed 23 Jan. 2014.
165. Bruce Riedel, “The Battle for Pakistan”, Yale Global, 2 Jun. 2011, http://yaleglobal.yale.edu/content/battle-pakistan, last accessed 26 Jan. 2014.
166. B. Raman, “Another boss for ISI”, Outlook India, 30 Sep. 2008, http://www.outlookindia.com/printarticle.aspx?238542, last accessed 23 Jan. 2014.
167. “Pasha replaces Taj as ISI chief ”, The Nation, 30 Sep. 2008, http://www.nation.com.pk/Politics/30-Sep-2008/Pasha-replaces-Taj-as-ISI-chief, last accessed 26 Jan. 2014.
168. Author interviews in Beijing, Oct. 2008.
169. Quoted in Mathieu Duchâtel, “China’s Policy Towards Pakistan And Stability In South Asia”, presentation at the Asia-Pacific Security Forum, Europe Institute for Asian Studies, Brussels, 10–11 Sep. 2010, p. 14.
170. Bill Roggio, “Taliban Assault Team Attacks Pakistani Navy Base”, Long War Journal, 22 May 2011, http://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2011/05/pakistani_navy_base.php, last accessed 27 Jan. 2014.
171. Ibid.
172. “Chinese woman, local companion shot dead”, The News, 28 Feb. 2012, http://www.thenews.com.pk/article-37475-Chinese-woman, last accessed 27 Jan. 2014.
173. “Chinese woman was intelligence operative”, Pak Observer, 3 Mar. 2013
174. Tom Wright and Jeremy Page, “China pullout deals blow to Pakistan”, Wall Street Journal, 30 Sep. 2011, http://www.freerepublic.com/focus/f-news/2785832/posts, last accessed 27 Jan. 2014.
175. Text of agreement in the China-Pakistan treaty of “friendship, cooperation and good neighbourly relations”, quoted in Naveed Ahmad, “Pakistan China sign historic defense pact”, ISN Security Watch, 6 Apr. 2005, http://www.isn.ethz.ch/Digital-Library/Articles/Detail/?lng=en&id=107574, last accessed 27 Jan. 2014.
176. Author interviews in Beijing, Oct. 2008–Dec. 2012.
6. TEA WITH THE TALIBAN
1. Karen DeYoung, “China says it’s ready to cooperate with U.S.”, Washington Post, 21 Sep. 2013, http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/china-says-its-ready-to-cooperate-with-us/2013/09/20/add6ed0e-225a11e3-a358–1144dee636dd_story.html, last accessed 27 Jan. 2014.
2. Ben Farmer, “Hamid Karzai government under fire for oil deal with company run by cousin”, Telegraph, 20 Jun. 2012, http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/afghanistan/9344450/Hamid-Karzai-government-under-fire-for-oil-deal-with-company-run-by-cousin.html, last accessed 27 Jan. 2014.
3. Farhan Reza, “Afghan minister, 7 others die in plane crash near Karachi”, Daily Times, 25 Feb. 2003, http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/print.asp?page=2003%5C02%5C25%5Cstory_25–2–2003_pg1_7, last accessed 27 Jan. 2014; “Petition—Seeking Answers to the Disappearance of Mr. Mohamadi and the Deaths of His Colleagues”, e-Ariana, 23 Jul. 2003, http://www.eariana.com/ariana/eariana.nsf/allArticles/E10DE4ABF5A387C487256D6B005759A0?OpenDocument, last accessed 20 Nov. 2013.
4. “Assassination attempt in Afghanistan latest of several”, CNN, 5 Sep. 2002, http://edition.cnn.com/2002/WORLD/asiapcf/central/09/05/afghan.recent.attacks/, last accessed 27 Jan. 2014.
5. Masuda Anna Mohamadi, un-named submission to Kabul Reconstructions, 31 Mar. 2003, http://www.kabul-reconstructions.net/images/masuda8.pdf,last accessed 27 Jan. 2014.
6. Maqbool Ahmed, “SHC moved to amend law limiting compensation at Rs 39,500”, Daily Times, 7 Apr. 2006, http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/print.asp?page=2006%5C04%5C07%5Cstory_7–4–2006_pg7_24, last accessed 27 Jan. 2014.
7. Author interviews in Washington, DC, Jan. 2013.
8. Ron Synovitz, “China: Afghan investment reveals larger strategy”, Radio Free Europe, 29 May 2008, http://www.rferl.org/content/article/1144514.html,last accessed 27 Jan. 2014.
9. Alikuzai, Hamid Wahed, A Concise History of Afghanistan in 25 Volumes: Volume 1, Bloomington, IN: Trafford Publishing, 2013, p. 707.
10. “Aynak Information Package: Part I Introduction”, Afghanistan Geological Survey (AGS) and British Geological Survey (BGS), 2005, p. 3, http://www.bgs.ac.uk/afghanminerals/docs/tenders/Aynak/PartI_Aynak_Information_Package.pdf, last accessed 27 Jan. 2014.
11. “Al Qaeda aims at the American Homeland”, National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States, http://govinfo.library.unt.edu/911/report/911Report_Ch5.htm, last accessed 9 Dec. 2013.
12. “Chinese embassy in Kabul reopened”, Xinhua, 6 Feb. 2002, http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2002–02/06/content_270885.htm, last accessed 27 Jan. 2014.
13. Yeager, James R., The Aynak Copper Tender: Implications for Afghanistan and the West, Tucson: Skyline Laboratories and Assayers, Oct. 2009, p. 5.
14. Zhao Jianfei, “A long march to Kabul”, Caijing Magazine, 7 Jan. 2008, available in MCC Times, http://www.mcc.com.cn/MCCZZ/mcctimes010.pdf, last accessed 19. Nov. 2013.
15. Michael Wines, “China willing to spend big on Afghan commerce”, New York Times, 29 Dec. 2009, http://www.nytimes.com/2009/12/30/world/asia/30mine.html?pagewanted=all, last accessed 27 Jan. 2014.
16. Ibid.
17. Erica S. Downs, “China Buys into Afghanistan”, SAIS Review, Vol. XXXII, No. 2, Summer-Fall 2012, pp. 65–84.
18. Steven A. Zyck, “The Role of China in Afghanistan’s Economic Development & Reconstruction”, Afghanistan In Transition, Mar. 2012, https://www.cimicweb.org/cmo/afg/Documents/Economic/Role_of_China_in_Afghanistan_Economy_Development.pdf, last accessed 26 Jan. 2014.
19. “Aynak Copper: Details Of Winning Chinese Bid Remain Elusive”, U.S. State Department Cable, 27 Nov. 2007, https://www.wikileaks.org/plusd/cables/07KABUL3933_a.html, last accessed 27 Jan. 2014.
20. Joshua Partlow, “Afghan minister accused of taking bribe”, Washington Post, 18 Nov. 2009, http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/11/17/AR2009111704198.html, last accessed 27 Jan. 2014.
21. “Comparative Table of Bidding Companies for (AYNAK Copper Mine)”, Ministry of Mines and Petroleum, http://mom.gov.af/Content/files/List%20of%20Companies%20for%20Aynak.pdf, last accessed 26 Jan. 2014; “Chinese Firm Again Frontrunner For Major Afghan Mining Contract”, U.S. State Department cable, 7 Nov. 2009, https://www.wikileaks.org/plusd/cables/09KABUL3574_a.html, last accessed 2 Feb. 2014.
22. Emmanuel Huntzinger, “Aynak Copper Mine: Opportunities and Threats for Development from a Sustainable Business Perspective”, Integrity Watch Afghanistan, Jan. 2008, https://www.cimicweb.org/cmo/Afghanistan/Crisis%20Documents/Economic%20Stabilization/Recent%20Publications/Aynak%20Copper%20Mine%20Report%20IWA.pdf, last accessed 27 Jan. 2014.
23. Ibid.
24. Author interviews, Kabul, Aug. 2010; William Dalrymple, “A Deadly Triangle; Afghanistan, Pakistan and India”, The Brookings Essay, 25 Jun. 2013, http://www.brookings.edu/research/essays/2013/deadly-triangle-afghanistan-pakistan-india-c, last accessed 9 Dec. 2013.
25. “China wins major Afghan project”, BBC News, 20 Nov. 2007, http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/7104103.stm, last accessed 27 Jan. 2014.
26. Robert D. Kaplan, “Beijing’s Afghan gamble”, New York Times, 6 Oct. 2009, http://www.nytimes.com/2009/10/07/opinion/07kaplan.html, last accessed 27 Jan. 2014.
27. Quoted in Richard Weitz, “Why China free-riding is OK”, Diplomat, 12 Aug. 2011, http://thediplomat.com/2011/08/why-chinas-free-ridingok/, last accessed 18 Nov. 2013.
28. Stuart Burns, “US Troops Protecting Chinese Mine Workers Against Taliban”, Metal Miner, 10 Nov. 2009, http://agmetalminer.com/2009/11/10/us-troops-protecting-chinese-workers-against-taliban/, last accessed 27 Jan. 2014.
29. Author interviews, Kabul, Aug. 2010 and Feb. 2012.
30. “Karzai meets Chinese leaders amid security concerns”, The Hindu, 28
Sep. 2013, http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-international/karzai-meets-chinese-leaders-amid-security-concerns/article5178048.ece,last accessed 27 Jan. 2014.
31. Zhao Huasheng, “China and Afghanistan: China’s Interest, Stances and Perspectives”, Washington, DC: Centre for Strategic and International Studies, Mar. 2012, p. 2, http://csis.org/files/publication/120322_Zhao_ChinaAfghan_web.pdf, last accessed 26 Jan. 2014.
32. Russell Hsiao and Glen E. Howard, “China Builds Closer Ties to Afghanistan through Wakhan Corridor”, Jamestown Foundation, China Brief, Vol. 10, Issue 1, 7 Jan. 2010, http://www.jamestown.org/single/?no_cache=1&tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=35879&tx_ttnews%5BbackPid%5D=7&cHash=8aeb0ffe75#.UuWXrZH0CqQ, last accessed 26 Jan. 2014.
33. Alikuzai, A Concise History, Volume 1, p. 638.
34. Morgan, Gerald, Anglo-Russian Rivalry in Central Asia: 1810–1895, New York: Routledge, 1981, p. 200.
35. Rasanayagam, Angelo, Afghanistan: A Modern History, New York: I.B. Tauris, 2005, p. 10.
36. Author interviews, Kabul, Aug. 2010 and Beijing, Jul. 2009.
37. Vertzberger, Yaacov, China’s Southwestern Strategy: Encirclement and Counterencirclement, New York: Praeger Publishers, 1985, pp. 107–8.
38. Ibid. pp. 108–111.
39. Ibid. p. 111–14 and 119–22.
40. Ibid. p. 125.
41. Wiegand, Krista Eileen, Enduring Territorial Disputes: Strategies of Bargaining, Coercive Diplomacy and Settlement, London: University of Georgia Press, 2011, p. 268.
42. “Afghan land annexed”, The Age, 6 Nov. 1980, http://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1300&dat=19801106&id=m_pUAAAAIBAJ&sjid=iJIDAAAAIBAJ&pg=4869,2783378, last accessed 20 Nov. 2013.
43. Amstutz, J. Bruce, The First Five Years of Soviet Occupation, Honolulu: University Press of the Pacific, 2002, p. 416.
44. Foreign Relations of the United States, 1977–1980: Volume XIII, China, Document 290, U.S. Department of State, Office of the Historian, 7 Jan.1980, http://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1977–80v13/d290, last accessed 18 Nov. 2013.
45. Chinque, S., News from Xinhua News Agency, Volumes 594–620, 1980, p. 114.
46. Gates, Robert, From the Shadows: The Ultimate Insider’s Story of Five Presidents and How They Won the Cold War, New York: Simon & Schuster, 1996, p. 146.