ninth church loss: Pleasant Plains Missionary Baptist Church in Browning, Mississippi, near Greenwood, was burned to the ground early on the morning of July 11, Jet, Oct. 7, 1964, p. 20; ADW, July 12, 1964, p. 1; “Mississippi Bombings, Burnings Since June 16,” A/SN36f6.
calls from Walter Jenkins: DeLoach to Mohr, July 11, 1964, FLP-57.
bushwhacking in Georgia: Five memos from McGowan to Rosen, July 11, 1964, FLP-3, FLP-5, FLP-9, FLP-11, and FLP-12; Whitehead, Attack on Terror, pp. 310-11; Jet, July 30, 1964, p. 8.
two .12-gauge shotgun blasts: SAC, Atlanta, to Director, July 12, 1964, FLP-22.
Casper from vacation: Evans to Belmont, July 11, 1964, FLP-15.
reinforcements from Newark: Hyde to Mohr, July 13, 1964, FLP-33.
report for the White House: Hoover to Walter Jenkins “(BY COURIER SERVICE),” July 12, 1964, FLP-19.
“a substantial payment”: McGowan to Rosen, July 12, 1964, FLP-10.
“Press vigorously”: Note on Rosen to Belmont, July 13, 1964, FLP-16. Hoover wrote a similar instruction on Evans to Belmont, July 11, 1964, FLP-15.
Hoover called President Johnson: Hoover note on DeLoach to Mohr, July 11, 1964, FLP-57.
fisherman James Bowles: ANP release dated July 13, 1964, Box 107f5, Claude Barnett Papers, CHS.
badly decomposed lower body: Mars, Witness, p. 100; Cagin and Dray, We Are Not Afraid, pp. 371-72; McAdam, Freedom Summer, p. 103; Holt, The Summer, p. 216.
“FIND HEADLESS BODY”: CDD, July 14, 1964, p. 1.
“That was a dastardly thing”: LBJ phone call with RFK, 3:22 P.M., July 13, 1964, Cit. 4220, Audiotape WH6407.07, LBJ.
“No, that’s not correct”: LBJ phone call with J. Edgar Hoover, 3:34 P.M., July 13, 1964, Cit. 4221, Audiotape WH6407.07, LBJ.
disappearance seven weeks earlier: ADW, July 14, 1964, p. 1.
agents eventually arrested: Whitehead, Attack on Terror, pp. 98-100.
jostling across two states: Int. Joseph Sullivan, Feb. 3, 1991.
an exchange of letters: Hoover to Walter Jenkins and LBJ to Hoover, both July 13, 1964, Ex HU, Box 26, LBJ. (Cartha DeLoach, the White House liaison for the FBI, says he drafted both Hoover’s report and Johnson’s reply in this instance and many others. Int. Cartha DeLoach, June 1, 1984.)
29. THE COW PALACE REVOLT
“dime store New Deal”: NYT, July 16, 1964, p. 17.
“begin to count on”: Ambrose, Eisenhower: The President, p. 652.
Eisenhower himself stirred the passions: White, The Making, p. 199.
“Ike Struck Lowest Blow”: NYAN, July 19, 1964, p. 4.
“well-dressed and well-mannered”: White, The Making, p. 199.
“Hell, I don’t want to talk”: Edwards, Goldwater, p. 266.
“ugly tone”: Life, July 24, 1964, pp. 15-18.
“reduce a once great party”: NYT, July 16, 1964, p. 30.
Goldwater sought an audience: Edwards, Goldwater, pp. 276-78.
“By golly, that makes real sense”: Ibid.
“stunningly total”: Newsweek, July 27, 1964, p. 18.
“GOP Convention Spurns Negroes”: Cleveland Call and Post, July 18, 1964, p. 1.
“Negro Delegates to GOP”: Associated Negro Press release dated July 22, 1964, Box 107f6, Claude Barnett Papers, CHS.
“The Great Purge of Negroes”: Jet, July 9, 1964, p. 10.
“GOP Negroes Washed Away”: CD, July 16, 1964, p. 3.
George W. Lee of Memphis: Associated Negro Press release dated July 13, 1964, Box 107f5, Claude Barnett Papers, CHS; Cleveland Call and Post, July 18, 1964, p. 2.
“for the first time”: PC, July 23, 1964, p. 4.
375 convention delegates: Carter, Politics of Rage, p. 219.
fn “The Georgia delegation”: Cleveland Call and Post, July 18, 1964, p. 3.
“Cal. GOP/White Man’s Party”: California Eagle, June 11, 1964, p. 4.
fourteen of 1,308: Cleveland Call and Post, July 18, 1964, p. 1. The Chicago Daily Defender counted thirteen and later fifteen Negro delegates, while Jet reported “less than 10.” Jet, July 16, 1964, p. 4.
“had been shoved”: Cleveland Call and Post, July 18, 1964, p. 3. Also Newsweek, July 27, 1964, p. 21; ADW, July 23, 1964, p. 4.
setting his suit jacket on fire: Associated Negro Press release dated July 22, 1964, Box 107f6, Claude Barnett Papers, CHS; CDD, July 15, 1964, p. 12; PC, July 23, 1964, p. 3.
“I now believe I know”: PC, July 23, 1964, p. 1.
“GOP Convention, 1964 Recalls Germany, 1933”: CD, July 18, 1964, p. 1. Jet published a similar story: “Senator’s Rise Is Compared to the Upshoot of Adolf Hitler.” Jet, July 30, 1964, pp. 22-27.
“The Grand Old Party”: CD, July 16, 1964, p. 4.
“Scranton on the Move”: ADW, July 5, 1964, p. 1.
“stands to reason”: ADW, July 16, 1964, p. 4.
“may have a stimulating effect”: ADW, July 17, 1964, p. 4.
“useless for a Negro today”: ADW, July 22, 1964, p. 4.
“I think we just gave the South”: Lemann, The Promised Land, p. 183.
One alarmist feared: Henry Wilson, Jr., to Lawrence O’Brien, July 8, 1964, Box 4, Henry Wilson, Jr., Papers, LBJ.
“for your lifetime and mine”: Califano, Triumph and Tragedy, p. 55.
fully 80 percent: On final passage in the House, Republicans voted 136 yes and 35 no, Democrats 153 yes and 91 no. In the Senate, Republicans voted 27 yes and 6 (including Barry Goldwater) no, Democrats 46 yes and 21 no.
with Senator Goldwater on the roof: Newsweek, July 27, 1964, p. 19; Carter, Politics of Rage, pp. 220-22; Edwards, Goldwater, p. 242.
“Bobby Kennedy tearing around”: The Reporter, Oct. 8, 1964, p. 27.
“Today we hear”: Lesher, George Wallace, pp. 308-9.
30. KING IN MISSISSIPPI
contentious staff debates: Int. Andrew Young, Oct. 26, 1991; int. Hosea Williams, Oct. 29, 1991; int. James Bevel, Feb. 20, 1985.
new organizational chart: SCLC organizational chart, A/KP32f8.
Clark’s scolding reminders: Clark to Young, July 12, 1964, A/SC154f4.
“There were many days”: Young to Clark, July 20, 1964, A/SC154f4.
invitation from Bob Moses: COFO Executive Committee minutes of July 10, 1964, A/SC41f13; Annell Ponder to MLK, July 14, 1964, A/KP7f24; SCLC draft press release, nd, A/SC16f11; Forman, Moses, and Dennis to Ella Baker et al., July 13, 1964, A/MFDP23f3.
“a normal life”: Garrow, Bearing the Cross, p. 341.
“It’s a ticklish problem”: LBJ phone call with RFK, 12:25 P.M., July 21, 1964, Cit. 4288, Audiotape WH6407.11, LBJ.
“Maybe you can put a quietus”: LBJ phone call with J. Edgar Hoover, 1:06 P.M., July 21, 1964, Cit. 4295, Audiotape WH6407.11, LBJ.
“I understand someone there’s threatening”: LBJ phone call with J. Edgar Hoover, 12:40 P.M., July 21, 1964, Cit. 4291-2, Audiotape WH6407.11, LBJ.
“in front and in back of him”: Ibid. Also Hoover memorandum for Tolson et al., 12:42 P.M., July 21, 1964, FK-NR.
suspicion in headquarters: Rosen to Belmont, July 21, 1964, FK-401.
Louisiana agents: Rosen to Belmont, July 23, 1964, FK-NR.
Wilmer Jones looked through holes: Mars, Witness, pp. 124-26; Whitehead, Attack on Terror, pp. 111-24; Cagin and Dray, We Are Not Afraid, pp. 391-93; int. Joseph Sullivan, Feb. 3, 1991.
“I happen to be a Christian”: Calvin Trillin, “Letter from Jackson,” The New Yorker, Aug. 29, 1964, pp. 86-91.
“I’m here on a twofold visit”: Item 0130, Reel D21, WLBT Newsfilm Collection, MDAH.
“for Negroes there hardly seemed”: Belfrage, Freedom Summer, p. 174.
“Gentlemen, I will be brief”: NYT, July 22, 1964, p. 20.
Klan hate leaflets: McComb Enterprise-Journal, July 22, 1964, p. 1.
“the price of a good fifth of Scotch”: Tucker, Mississippi from Within, p. 47.
“searing love”: Belfrage, Freedom Summer, p. 177.
“De Lawd!”: Clark, Echo in My S
oul, p. 42.
harvesting attention: Int. Betty Garman Robinson, Jan. 29, 1991.
Moore posted agents: Rosen to Belmont, July 22, 1964, FK-415.
Eastland interrupted Senate debate: Congressional Record, July 22, 1964, pp. S16593-97.
“about as many Communists”: UPI newswire, July 22, 1964, FK-Sub1.
Roy Moore was best known: Whitehead, Attack on Terror, p. 89.
broadcast by Walter Cronkite: McGowan to Rosen, July 22, 1964, FK-405.
stayed up past midnight: Rosen to Belmont, July 24, 1964, FK-416.
warning Coretta King: Sizoo to Sullivan, July 23, 1964, FK-406.
“all of those leaders”: MLK speech of July 22, 1964, at the Jackson, Mississippi, Masonic Temple, A/KS.
a tepid response: Belfrage, Freedom Summer, pp. 175-77.
“EMERGENCY MEMORANDUM”: Moses and FDP Coordinators to “All Field Staff and Voter Registration Volunteers,” July 19, 1964, A/SN16f2.
King met Moses at Tougaloo: Itinerary for Mississippi tour, A/SC41f8, A/KP16f11; int. Edwin King, June 26, 1992.
tactical questions: Forman, Moses, and Dennis to Ella Baker et al., July 13, 1964, A/MFDP23f3.
“my obsession with Mississippi”: Lowenstein speech at National Workshop on Race and Religion, summer 1964, b32f346, Lowenstein Papers, UNC.
Lowenstein peppered: Casey Hayden to Moses, “Notes on Conversation with Al Lowenstein,” July 14, 1964, A/MFDP23f4.
“America needs at least one party”: MLK statement, July 22, 1964, A/KS.
King appeared on television: Good, Trouble I’ve Seen, pp. 125-26.
King drove eastward in a caravan: Ibid. Also Cagin and Dray, We Are Not Afraid, pp. 380-81; Garrow, Bearing the Cross, p. 342; Tucker, Mississippi from Within, p. 46; int. Edwin King, June 26, 1992.
snack on a pickled pig’s foot: Young, Easy Burden, p. 305; int. C. T. Vivian, May 26, 1990.
Rainey and Judge Leonard Warren: Rainey to Hoover, July 28, 1964, FK-423; Morell to DeLoach, Aug. 4, 1964, re Warren letter to Hoover dated July 28, 1964, FK-422. No charges were ever brought against Judge Warren in connection with the triple murder.
“a long line of Negro women”: Hoover memorandum for Tolson et al., 3:08 P.M., July 16, 1964, FK-NR.
“cornpone evangelism”: Good, Trouble I’ve Seen, p. 127.
Beatrice Cole recalled: Int. Edwin King, June 26, 1992.
Goldwater met alone for sixteen minutes: NYT, July 25, 1964, p. 1; U.S. News & World Report, Aug. 3, 1964, p. 4; PPP, transcript of July 24, 1964, news conference, pp. 887-92; Edwards, Goldwater, pp. 272-73; Stern, Calculating Visions, p. 196.
“launching pad”: LBJ phone call with Nicholas Katzenbach, July 25, 1964, Cit. 4338, Audiotape WH6407.14, LBJ.
stripped to boxer shorts: Int. Edwin King, June 26, 1992.
arsoned during his visit: Mount Vernon Missionary Baptist Church, burned on the night of July 21-22, 1964, and Rose Hill Church, burned on July 24, 1964. “Mississippi Bombings, Burnings Since June 16,” A/SN36f6. Also Jet, Oct. 7, 1964, p. 20.
return to the Leflore Theater: Sutherland, Letters from Mississippi, pp. 178-83; Dittmer, Local People, p. 278; Payne, Light of Freedom, pp. 211-12; affidavits of Silas McGhee, Robert Zellner, Dorothy Zellner, Judy Richardson, and Robert Weil, all July 1964, A/MFDP10f3.
“cursing and hollering and carrying on”: Int. Silas McGhee, June 26, 1992.
“I’m not going to go into that”: Affidavit of Robert Weil, July 30, 1964, A/MFDP10f3.
“Now (12:40 Atlanta)”: “From Betty Garman in Greenwood/J. Bond,” July 27, 1964, William Hodes Files, SHSW.
“When a man fights back”: Belfrage, Freedom Summer, pp. 183-88.
assemble the county convention: Minutes of the Leflore County Convention, July 27, 1964, A/MFDP10f5.
31. RIOT POLITICS
flashed into a ten-day crisis: Manchester, Glory and the Dream, p. 1249; Goldman, Tragedy, pp. 203-4; PC, Aug. 1, 1964, p. 1.
“You dirty niggers!”: Newsweek, July 27, 1964, p. 34.
“a great deal of the Negro”: Hobart Taylor, Jr., to LBJ, July 17, 1964, with attached notes from Jack Valenti to Lee White and from Bill Moyers to Jack Valenti, Ex HU 4/HU 4, Box 3, LBJ.
CORE workers organized: Farmer, Freedom When, pp. 27-28; Meier, CORE, pp. 302-3.
“I am prepared to be a Tom”: Grant, Black Protest, pp. 349-56.
Farmer of CORE fared no better: Farmer, Lay Bare the Heart, pp. 279-85.
“Sending Bourke [sic] Marshall”: Moyers to LBJ, July 20, 1964, Office of the President, Box 8, LBJ.
Johnson decided instead to announce: PPP, White House statement of July 21, 1964, pp. 876-77.
Thomas E. Dewey: Section 135, Parts 1 and 2, FHOC, passim.
Rockefeller disclosed: Hoover memo for Tolson et al., 1:35 P.M., July 21, 1964, FNR-NR.
Hoover relayed: Hoover memo for Tolson et al., 1:50 P.M., July 21, 1964, FNR-NR.
“to investigate the police lieutenant”: Hoover memo for Tolson et al., 1:35 P.M., July 21, 1964, FNR-NR.
fn confessions to social workers: New York LHM dated July 24, 1964, headed “Lieutenant Thomas Gilligan/James Powell (Deceased)—Victim—Civil Rights,” Section 135, Part 1, FHOC.
fn Jet magazine’s eulogy: Jet, Aug. 6, 1964, pp. 12-19.
“Achilles heel”: DeLoach to Hoover, Sept. 9, 1964, Section 135, Part 1, FHOC.
award-winning CBS documentary: CBS Television, The Making of the President, 1964, Tape No. 65043, PEA.
“strategy of domestic tranquility”: White, The Making, p. 221.
“Starkly put”: Ibid., p. 223.
fn “almost tomorrow in the eyes of history”: Ibid., pp. 223-24.
“adolescent troops”: Ibid., p. 241.
Malcolm X as a likely architect: Bland to Sullivan, Sept. 10, 1964, Section 135, Part 1, FHOC; Grant, Black Protest, p. 351.
“Has there been anything”: Wiretap transcript of July 31, 1964, FMXNY-sub1-59a.
“a ‘don’t get involved’ attitude”: Sullivan to Belmont, “Racial Disorder, Rochester,” Sept. 11, 1964, Section 135, Part 1, FHOC.
“lay the facts on the line”: Hoover’s handwritten note on ibid.
staging a general White House conference: DeLoach to Hoover, Sept. 9, 1964, Section 135, Part 1, FHOC.
“where there is an outside”: Draft report for Dewey dated Sept. 18, 1964, Section 135, Part 2, FHOC, p. 14.
three times on one page: DeLoach to Mohr. Also Hoover memo for Tolson et al., 11:35 A.M., both Sept. 25, 1964, Section 135, Part 2, FHOC.
Dewey told Hoover: Hoover memo for Tolson et al., 11:47 A.M., Sept. 25, 1964, Section 135, Part 2, FHOC.
“greatly perturbed”: DeLoach to Mohr, Sept. 22, 1964, Section 135, Part 2, FHOC.
“For some reason”: Draft report for Dewey dated Sept. 18, 1964, Section 135, Part 2, FHOC, p. 2.
“F.B.I. Says Riots Had No Pattern”: NYT, Sept. 27, 1964, p. 1.
Wilkins was pleasantly surprised: Wilkins, Standing Fast, p. 304.
Warren Commission made public: NYT, Sept. 28, 1964, p. 1.
Johnson invited Attorney General: White, The Making, p. 263.
“a big blowup”: LBJ phone call with McGeorge Bundy, July 29, 1964, Cit. 4383-84, Audiotape WH6407.17, LBJ.
“My judgment is that”: Ibid.
fn “I have Jack Valenti”: LBJ phone call with John Connally, July 23, 1964, Cit. 4320-23, Audiotape WH6407.13, LBJ.
“If I can’t offer”: Ibid.
talked congenially: LBJ phone call with RFK, July 27, 1964, Cit. 4349, Audiotape WH6407.15, LBJ.
Kennedy’s political energy: Guthman, We Band of Brothers, pp. 273-78; Newsweek, July 13, 1964, p. 34.
“that with him there died idealism”: Guthman, We Band of Brothers, p. 274.
more than six hours on Tuesday: New York LHM dated July 30, 1964, FK-NR, p. 1.
“the undermuck of Harlem”: White, The Making, p. 241.
“Wingate of course double-crossed Martin”: Bayard Rustin Oral His
tory by T. H. Baker, June 17, 1969, LBJ.
shuttled between the parties: Garrow, Bearing the Cross, p. 343; New York LHMs dated July 28, 1964, July 30, 1964, and Aug. 3, 1964, FK-NR.
“utterly unresponsive”: MLK press statement of July 30, 1964, A/KS.
slander suit filed against him: NYT, April 13, 1965, p. 27, May 27, 1965, p. 48, June 3, 1965 (“III Negro Helped by Lieut. Gilligan”), p. 37.
“violent and futile disorder”: Wilkins telegram to John Lewis, July 22, 1964, John Lewis Chronological File, AAP.
Wilkins proposed: Wilkins, Standing Fast, p. 304; Forman, Black Revolutionaries, p. 368; Garrow, Bearing the Cross, p. 343; int. James Farmer, Nov. 18, 1983.
“Negro Leaders Split”: NYT, July 30 and July 31, 1964, p. 1.
Kennedy found himself listening: White, The Making, pp. 263-66; Evans and Novak, Exercise of Power, pp. 468-72; Valenti, Very Human President, pp. 113-15; Kearns, Lyndon Johnson, pp. 201-3; Guthman, We Band of Brothers, pp. 280-82; Clifford, Counsel, pp. 394-98. Kennedy dictated his version of the conversation, as preserved in Schlesinger, Robert Kennedy, pp. 711-15. President Johnson described his version immediately afterward in two phone calls: with Clark Clifford, 2:17 P.M., Cit. 4392-93, and with McGeorge Bundy, 2:30 pm, Cit. 4394-95, both July 29, 1964, Audiotape WH6407.18, LBJ.
“it would be unwise for our party”: Johnson, The Vantage Point, pp. 576-77.
planned with Clark Clifford: LBJ phone call with Clark Clifford, 11:45 A.M., July 29, 1964, Cit. 4389, Audiotape WH6407.18, LBJ.
“courage and forthrightness”: LBJ phone call with Clark Clifford, 2:17 P.M., July 29, 1964, Cit. 4392-93, Audiotape WH6407.18, LBJ.
“This is quite hopeful”: LBJ phone call with McGeorge Bundy, 2:30 P.M., July 29, 1964, Cit. 4394-95, Audiotape WH6407.18, LBJ.
Kennedy declined suggestions: LBJ phone call with Clark Clifford, 8:21 P.M., July 29, 1964, Cit. 4409, Audiotape WH6407.19, LBJ.
“Any preferences or choices?”: LBJ phone call with Kenneth O’Donnell, July 30, 1964, Cit. 4426, Audiotape WH6407.20, LBJ.
lasting desire to conceal: Even in his 1971 memoirs, Johnson presented Robert Kennedy as the incidental victim of a high-minded maxim that a president should separate electoral politics from good government. Johnson, The Vantage Point, pp. 98-100.
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