With Hereward setting their tasks and the King at their head, the English housecarls spent the long months of spring 1066 crossing vast tracks of southern England on forced marches, each one culminating in the army assembling in full battle order. Special lightweight baggage trains were prepared, which would keep pace with the rapid movement of the infantry and offer rest and treatment for any stragglers.
With careful planning and preparation, the English infantry could be made all but indestructible.
Harold applied himself to the task like a man possessed.
Harold’s recalcitrant brother Tostig moved on from his missions to Duke William in Normandy and Svein Estrithson in Denmark, to attend a gathering at the court of Harald Hardrada, King of the Norwegians.
Hardrada had assembled the entire aristocracy of Norway in his Great Hall in the Viken. He knew what Tostig wanted, and he knew he would need the full support of his warriors if Tostig’s wish was to be fulfilled. Hardrada recognized that Tostig had the potential to be the power-broker in the unfolding drama, so the full panoply of the Norwegian royal court was unveiled for the English lord.
Tostig’s opening address was eloquent and succinct. It needed to be, as Hardrada was a ferocious character who did not suffer fools easily.
Hardrada had fought his first battle at the age of fifteen, barely escaping with his life. Immensely tall at six and a half feet, he was strong of arm like his adversaries, Harold of England and William of Normandy, and had lived his life as a warrior. He had fought with great distinction for Yaroslav, Prince of Kiev, in his campaigns against the Poles, before journeying south to Byzantium to join the Emperor’s fabled Varangian Guard. Manned by formidable Scandinavians, the Varangians were known throughout the civilized world for their military prowess and loyalty. He served the Guard with great distinction, both as a marine in the Imperial Fleet and as an infantryman in Palestine, North Africa, Armenia and Sicily. He emerged as Captain of the Varangians, before leaving Byzantium with a fortune in gold and silver from the booty of war. Still only twenty-eight years of age, he returned to Norway as the most illustrious warrior of his day.
As Tostig stood before Hardrada, he was staring into the face of a legend. Not only was he the subject of the great sagas, he was often their author, rightfully acknowledged as an epic poet on a par with his reputation as an exceptional warrior. Now over fifty years of age, he still had the bearing of a mythical hero.
‘My lord King, I come to Viken to pay homage to a great tradition. This land has given birth to famous warriors whose descendents hold sovereignty over vast lands in the north, in Russia and in the Mediterranean. Vikings are feared wherever they tread. In my own country, the Viking tradition is strong. I am of Norse blood through my Danish mother, Gytha, daughter of Earl Thorkils, and proud of it. Sire, England is in turmoil. The North is in revolt and William, Duke of Normandy, is building a fleet with all speed to mount an invasion. England will soon be lost to the Normans.’
Tostig was interrupted by Vik Ospakson, Hardrada’s loyal Earl Marshal, who had fought with him in the Varangian Guard. Ospakson rose and stood in silence, waiting in the Viking tradition for Tostig to yield the floor, which he did with a bow.
‘Earl Tostig, you speak well. It is to your credit that you address this gathering with such composure. But you failed to mention that Vikings also hold sway over much of Europe as well. Is not William of Normandy a Viking, directly descended from William Longsword, son of Rolf?’
‘He is, my Lord. But he is no longer a Scandinavian. He, like King Edward, has been seduced by the trappings of Rome and the soft life of the learned cloister. The Normandy he governs is turning to Paris, to Rome and to Aachen for its wisdom; it has forgotten its northern roots.’
This time a younger warrior stood up, Skule Konfrostre, a close friend of the King’s son, Olaf.
‘Earl Tostig, noble lord of the English, if you are contemptuous of the Normans, why were you at William’s court recently? Were you not also at the court of Estrithson? How many allies do you seek?’
There were hoots of derision in support of the young warrior’s caustic remarks.
He continued his barracking. ‘Also, is it not true that your own wife, Judith, is kinswoman of the midget Matilda, Duke William’s wife?’
More laughter ensued, amid derisory yells from the warriors. Tostig seemed to be losing his audience.
He turned squarely to Hardrada. ‘I was at William’s court in January to ask him his intentions. He told me he would invade as soon as his fleet was ready. I told him that the Saxons would fight him to the death until Edgar the Atheling, the true Cerdician King of England, was on the throne and I was reinstalled to my Earldom in Northumbria. My brother Harold has made himself King, but Harold is a general of armies, not a king. He has seen an opportunity and taken it; it is an ignoble act. I asked William to support the Atheling as King, and to act as guarantor against any threat to Edgar from my brother, but the Duke rejected my suggestion.’
Hardrada spoke for the first time. ‘Tell me of your brother, the new King Harold. Is he liked?’
‘He has support, especially in the South, and the army is loyal to him. It is well trained, but it numbers only a few thousand. In the North he is weak; that is where fealty is shown to me.’
Whether or not Hardrada realized Tostig was being disingenuous about loyalty to him in the North, it seemed not to matter. The King, who had listened carefully to all that had been said, stood and regarded the grand gathering of his kinsmen. He made eye contact with many, trying to gauge their mood.
‘Since the treaty of the Goda River with King Svein of the Danes, we have been at peace. Our battles with Denmark are over, but the years of peace have blunted our axes. England is rich; its maidens are fair. Are we not Vikings?’
He was carefully manipulating his audience, rekindling the fire in the hearts of his warriors. They began to shout their approval, stamp their feet and thump their shields with their fists.
‘I am now fifty-two years old, but my thirst for battle has not been quenched. This noble English earl has brought us word of a great opportunity. He is right, England is weak. Viking rule can be restored to York, to Winchester, to London. Send out messengers, raise your men, bring your ships. We invade England in the summer!’
A great chorus of approval reverberated around the hall as Tostig looked on in awe at the Norsemen in full cry. His wily plotting was paying off: to the south, the Normans were building their fleet; in the north the Norwegians would soon be gathering theirs; in the east his own force was being prepared in Flanders by his loyal deputy, Copsig.
Tostig seemed to have Harold exactly where he wanted him – outnumbered and surrounded.
15. Comet in the Heavens
‘The days are growing longer, Hereward.’
‘Yes, sire. It will soon be May Day; the Duke’s ships must be ready by now.’
Hereward was with King Harold on the south coast, at Dover, inspecting the local defences. Small garrisons had been commissioned along the entire coast, from the Tees in the north to the Severn in the west. News of a landing of any sort, be it Scandinavian or Norman, would be with the King within hours.
Harold had recently presided over his Easter Gemot at Westminster, which began on Easter Day, 16 April 1066. In an unprecedented session of law-making lasting ten days, Harold had instituted wholesale changes to England’s institutions: he had altered the tax structure to help those struggling to meet the demands of their lords; ordered the opening of new mints for the production of extra coinage to boost commerce; devolved back to the earls and thegns powers which had been garnered by King Edward; and, to the exclusion of Edward’s Norman placements, promoted prominent Saxons to senior positions in the Church and local administration.
Neither man had seen his woman in months. Edith Swan-Neck was in Winchester keeping a wary eye on Harold’s sister, Edith, King Edward’s widow, so that she could warn him of any scheming between her and Tostig. Torfida and the
twins were in Glastonbury with the rest of Hereward’s entourage, helping Harold’s quartermasters with the onerous task of maintaining his standing army of housecarls. It was fortunate for Harold that England was rich in taxes from its productive farmers and the foreign merchants who came with gold and silver to buy the products of England’s thriving economy.
Hereward had sent Alphonso to Normandy to assess the strength of the Duke’s forces and gauge the preparedness of his fleet. He was due to return any day.
‘We need Alphonso’s report, sire. Your spies give us contradictory stories; I fear they tell us what they think we want to hear, or just repeat the local gossip from Normandy’s taverns.’
The King looked up at the rapidly darkening late evening sky above the towering white cliffs of Dover’s natural defences. The sea was dark and sombre with no moon to cast its reflection on the heaving waves. Hereward looked at the King’s silhouetted profile; here was a man balancing precariously on the fulcrum of history. In the coming months, the destinies of several kingdoms would be determined by his judgement, his sword arm, and his kingship.
As Hereward pondered Harold’s heavy burden, he suddenly became aware of agitated murmurings in the camp. Men were getting to their feet and pointing to the eastern sky. The King’s quiet contemplation was also disturbed by the commotion.
He looked at Hereward. ‘What is troubling the men?’
‘I don’t know, sire. I have never seen such a thing before.’
Low on the horizon, towards the darkest part of the sky in the south-east, blazed a star no one had seen before. It was as bright as Venus, but had a tail, like the wake of a ball of heavenly fire.
‘The men are scared, my Lord King. They are saying it is an omen of doom.’
‘Calm them, Hereward. It is a comet, an object a long way away among the stars. The ancients saw them and recorded their movements. Remind the men that there was a comet to herald the birth of Jesus, so it is a portent of our victory to come.’
He smiled at Hereward with a self-belief that was infectious. Hereward went to rally the men. It did not take him long, nor did they need much reassurance. They had fought many campaigns with Harold; as long as the King was in good spirits, they were too. Wisdom was a great comfort in difficult times.
Harold’s coastal inspection had reached Chichester by the time Alphonso returned. He reported that he had attached himself to the preparations being made by Robert, Count of Mortain, who was required by Duke William to provide 100 ships for the invasion. Adept with rope and leather, Alphonso had helped prepare the ships for the hundreds of horses that would have to make the perilous crossing to England.
‘My Lord King, an almighty host is gathering for the invasion. Two thousand ships have been built. Sea captains, farriers, carpenters, blacksmiths, armourers, tanners and saddle-smiths have come from all over Europe, and every adventurer, outlaw, mercenary and cut-throat from lands far and wide is joining the Duke’s war band. There are Hungarians, Bohemians, Bavarians, Frenchmen and Flems. I saw crossbowmen and archers practising every day, and over two thousand knights in full armour have gathered with their war horses.’ Alphonso, conscious that he was describing a terrifyingly potent enemy, tried to offer some words of comfort for Harold. ‘But you have time, my Lord King; the fleet will not begin to assemble until August, when it will gather at the port of Dives. There it will wait until the Duke is certain that all is adequately prepared before he moves the ships to the mouth of the Somme at St Valéry. The veteran sailors I spoke to said it would not be wise to set sail for at least a month after that because the horses will need to be settled.’
The King queried the delay. ‘Why a month?’
‘Sire, they will stable the horses on the ships while they are still in dock, to get them used to the movement and the surroundings. With such a large number to transport, they must be tethered very closely together, so must stay calm. My estimate is that the Normans cannot sail until September at the earliest, by which time the autumn tides and winds may bring havoc to their plans.’
‘Alphonso, your report is excellent. What do you make of the Normans’ morale?’
‘My Lord King, their morale is excellent. Early fears about the crossing have lessened, as everyone has seen the painstaking care being taken with the preparations. The farmers are being well paid for their produce; every town and village is flush with the Duke’s gold and silver and they are working night and day to provide everything that is needed. The fighting men have only one concern – the English housecarls. But every day of training makes them stronger and their confidence grows. The popular view is that the destriers will break the English shield wall.
‘Thank you, Alphonso, we are indebted to you.’
‘There is one more thing, sire.’
Alphonso looked at Hereward for reassurance. What he was about to tell the King would not please him.
‘Alphonso, the King needs to be apprised of everything, no matter how bleak.’
‘I have seen many exceptional armies prepare for war, but these Normans are impressive. Roger of Montgomery is quartering the men, horses and supplies like a Roman general, and families that have feuded for decades are standing shoulder-to-shoulder. They have the smell of conquest in their nostrils; they believe a kingdom which is theirs by right has been snatched from their grasp, so they mean to prevail by force of arms.’
The King stood solemnly. ‘I thank you for your honest account; it is invaluable to us. When you are rested, go to your comrades and family at Glastonbury. Regain your strength there; we are going to need you.’
‘Thank you, sire.’ Alphonso bowed and left the tent.
The King sat down with a sigh. ‘Hereward, you have found a good man in Alphonso. There was little in his account to comfort me, but he gave it lucidly and without hesitation. I feared that William’s threat would be grave, but he is not only bold, he is also careful and meticulous. Few men would attempt what he is planning; I never expected he would bring such a large force across the Channel.’
Hereward felt certain that Harold would have much preferred to have been Earl Marshal to a wise and generous liege, rather than carry the burden of kingship himself.
With every day that passed, Hereward’s admiration for the King grew. As Harold continued along the coastline into his lands in Wessex, Hereward knew that the time had come to entrust the Talisman to the man for whom he was sure it was destined.
After dinner one warm evening, Hereward reminded the King of its pedigree, and of Torfida’s interpretation of its meaning.
‘I will wear it with honour. Pray that it brings me the wisdom I shall need.’
It was early May when the first skirmish of the calamitous events of 1066 occurred.
Tostig appeared on the Isle of Wight with a modest force of 60 ships and 600 foreign mercenaries. It was a scouting mission, and an opportunity to fill his coffers for bigger expeditions to come. Having plundered as much as he could find in the south, he sailed eastwards to Sandwich in Kent. King Harold’s fleet-footed army was there to meet him and Tostig withdrew, to land later in his old earldom in the north. Again, he was given short shrift, this time by the earls Edwin and Morcar. Tostig’s mercenaries were soon disillusioned by the resolute defenders and withdrew, leaving him to seek refuge with King Malcolm of Scotland and await the arrival of his main ally, Harald Hardrada of Norway.
Fearing it was a feint to a bigger invasion, Tostig’s foray caused Harold to raise the Fyrd, a mobilization not undertaken lightly, given the cost to the Exchequer. The King’s problems were growing: although his rapid-reaction strategy had worked to repel Tostig’s invasion, keeping his elite housecarls and the general fyrd in the field for several months risked exhausting his granaries and emptying his treasury. Even more worryingly, if Alphonso was right, and the invasion did not come until September, or later, he would have to stand the army down so that the harvest could be collected.
By 8 September, no invaders had arrived and another long ho
t summer of training had passed, leaving the men tense and lethargic. Harold had no choice but to let the Fyrd go home. He released all but 1,500 of his housecarls and, so that they would not be caught in any autumnal gales in the Channel, ordered his fleet to anchor in the Thames.
It was what William had been waiting for. As soon as he received word of Harold’s decision to stand down his army, he made ready to strike. Within four days, the entire fleet set sail from Dives to St Valéry. At almost the same time as news reached Harold that the Duke’s grand army and great armada were on the move, intelligence confirmed that Hardrada’s horde had also set sail from Norway. The worst possible scenario was unfolding for Harold and England: both of their enemies were gathering on opposite fronts.
Harold called a Council of War at Oxford for all the nobility of southern England. The earls Edwin and Morcar and the northern thegns did not attend because of the imminence of Hardrada’s invasion in the North.
There was a grave silence in the Great Hall at Oxford, as the King read a full and detailed report of Hardrada’s progress. He had called a general muster of his forces on the Isle of Askøy in the Byfjord at Bergen. His fleet had successfully navigated the North Sea and gathered in the Orkneys, where they had been joined by allies from Iceland, Ireland and all corners of the Norse world. This was to be an invasion of Norsemen reminiscent of the great sagas of old, and Harold’s estimate of the numbers involved made his earls shudder with alarm. It was thought that Hardrada had brought over 300 ships and at least 15,000 men. As the disquiet grew, Harold raised his voice to try to calm the earls. He was in the midst of describing the extent and quality of his preparations over the summer when a herald rushed into the hall, distressed and exhausted, and asked the King for permission to speak.
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