1999

  American Revolution, 128, 316

  Amery, Julian, 258

  Andropov, Yuri, 29–30, 37

  Angola, 105, 142–43

  Anne, Queen of England, 15, 65

  anticommunist revolutionary movements, 128–31, 314

  in Afghanistan, 110–11, 139–41

  in Angola, 142–43

  conditions for U.S. aid to, 129–30

  in Eastern Europe, 147–49, 151

  in Nicaragua, see contras

  antitechnology syndrome, 311

  Aquino, Corazon, 144–45, 270–71

  Arab–Israeli conflict, 56, 103, 267, 275–79

  Argentina, 290

  Arias, Oscar, 133, 136

  Arias peace plan, 133, 135–37

  arms-control agreements, 160, 166, 183–84

  conditions to be met by, 87–89, 94–97

  construction of, 86–87

  on conventional level, 94–95, 97, 153, 170–71, 215

  coordinating defense policy with, 86–87

  European leadership in, 215

  flexibility required in, 90–91

  legitimate role of, 164–65

  linkage tactic in, 178–80

  Soviet approach to, 164

  summitry and, 191–92

  for total disarmament, 67–71

  verification of, 88, 96–97, 184–85

  see also specific agreements and treaties

  Articles of Confederation, 304

  Australia, 272

  Austrian Peace Treaty, 103, 163, 193

  Averroës, 293

  Avicenna, 293

  AWACS sales, 279

  Batista, Fulgencio, 122

  Bay of Pigs invasion, 190

  Ben-Gurion, David, 278

  Berlin agreement, 103, 193

  Berlin crisis, 73–74, 75, 199

  Berlin Wall, 190, 199

  Beveridge, Albert, 305

  Bill of Rights, U.S., 167

  biotechnology, 310

  Bolívar, Simón, 285

  Bolshoi Ballet, 167

  Bourguiba, Habib, 252

  Boxer Rebellion, 242, 250

  Brazil, 307

  economic crisis of, 286–87, 290

  Brezhnev, Leonid, 24, 29–30, 44, 146–147, 189

  Gorbachev compared with, 32–33, 37

  Brezhnev Doctrine, 44

  Brosio, Manlio, 188

  Brzezinski, Zbigniew, 58, 170

  Cambodia, 244, 269

  poverty of, 270, 293

  Vietnamese invasion of, 143–44, 270

  Camp David Accords, 103, 276, 278

  Canada, 114

  Carillo Flores, Nabor, 288

  Carter, Jimmy, 61, 69, 81, 118, 185, 218, 307

  Arab–Israeli conflict and, 103, 276–278

  Soviet invasion of Afghanistan and, 58–59, 75–76, 182

  Carter Doctrine, 59

  Castro, Fidel, 55, 74, 290–91

  Catholic Church, Stalin’s criticisms of, 316–17

  Ceausescu, Nicolas, 153–54

  Center for International Private Enterprise, 299

  Central Intelligence Agency, 112, 171, 173

  Challenger explosion, 78

  Chamberlain, Neville, 114

  Chamber of Commerce, U.S., 299

  Chambers, Whittaker, 294

  Chernobyl nuclear-reactor disaster, 52, 78, 117, 311

  Chiang Kai-shek, 242, 247

  China, Nationalist, see Taiwan China, People’s Republic of, 22–23, 34, 130, 144, 163, 187, 195, 241–263

  access to technology of, 257, 260

  agricultural success of, 249–50

  concerns about U.S. in, 259

  economic reforms of, 35, 37, 40, 245–46, 248–55

  emergence of, 242–43, 245–46, 254

  foreign ideas absorbed by, 248–49, 254

  foreign policy of, 260–62

  GNP of, 245

  Japan and, 231, 233, 242, 260

  leaders of, 246–48

  national security interests of, 243–244, 246, 255, 259–60

  political turmoil of, 251–52

  Soviets compared with, 42, 250

  Soviet split with, 72, 241–44, 246–47, 255, 260

  on Taiwan issue, 258–59

  Third World relations of, 272

  transfer of power in, 252–53

  U.S. negotiations with, 176, 183

  U.S. relations with, 23, 103, 243–47, 255–57, 259–60, 262–63, 314

  U.S. trade with, 180, 245, 255–57, 260

  Western criticisms of, 257–59

  Western fear and mistrust of, 241–242

  Western investment in, 257

  Chirac, Jacques, 35

  Chou En-lai, 27, 243, 262

  leadership style of, 246–48, 254

  Churchill, Winston, 19, 27, 32, 47, 158, 168, 252

  Iron Curtain speech of, 321

  on Japan, 221–22

  on U.S. politics, 302

  Civil Rights Act, 318

  Civil War, 151, 157–58, 172, 234

  Clark Air Force Base, 144

  Clark Amendment, 142–43

  Clausewitz, Karl von, 78

  Cleveland, Grover, 172

  Cold War, 163, 217, 223, 295

  colonialism:

  European vs. communist, 17

  of Soviets, see Soviet Union, expansionism of

  communism, communists, 24

  determinism of, 307

  Islamic fundamentalism compared with, 293–94

  Japanese relations with, 234

  negotiating with, 175–76

  romantic notions about, 292–93

  as secular religion, 41, 42–43, 294, 317–18

  Third World insurgencies of, 121–137, 142–45, 204, 208–9, 270–71, 285, 291–93, 298–99

  Third World unrest and poverty caused by, 267–72

  computers, revolution in, 311

  Congress, U.S., 24, 64

  demise of détente and, 57–58

  Japanese trade debate in, 225–27, 239

  NATO and, 206, 213–14

  Soviet-U.S. competition and, 106–108, 111–13, 118, 120, 134, 136–137, 142–43

  Soviet-U.S. negotiations and, 162, 179, 183, 189

  on Soviet-U.S. trade, 57, 180

  strategic issues addressed by, 69, 77, 83, 87, 89–91, 93, 185, 228

  Third World issues and, 270, 284, 296, 299–300

  Constitution, U.S., 303, 319

  Contadora peace talks, 133

  containment, policy of, 55–56, 62, 98–99, 132

  contras:

  diversion of arms profits to, 109

  peace negotiations and, 133–37

  U.S. aid to, 109, 132–37

  counterforce warheads, Soviet advantage in, 92–93

  covert operations, Soviet-U.S. competition and, 109–13, 139–41

  critical interests, 113–14, 120–37

  in Nicaragua and El Salvador, 131–137

  Crozier, Brian, 179

  cruise missile deployment, 162–63

  Cuba, 122, 177

  economic problems of, 290–91, 293

  Third World insurgencies supported by, 136–37, 142–43

  Cuban missile crisis, 73–75, 77, 79, 190–91

  Cultural Revolution, 242, 247, 250

  Czechoslovakia, 146

  Soviet invasion of, 147–48, 191

  Daniloff, Nicholas, 191

  Declaration of Independence, 303

  Defense Department, U.S., 112, 118

  military interventions justified by, 106–7

  Soviet-U.S. negotiations and, 169, 171, 173

  defense policy:

  coordinating arms control with, 86–87

  for real peace, 52–54

  de Gasperi, Alcide, 27

  de Gaulle, Charles, 27, 32, 108, 196, 239, 252, 288, 309

  on China, 241–42, 244, 246

  on Japan, 235

  on U.S. politics, 301

  Deng Pufang, 242

  De
ng Xiaoping, 40, 68, 242, 245

  goals of, 254–55

  Gorbachev compared with, 250

  leadership style of, 248–55

  power transferred to Zhao by, 252–253

  on Sino–Soviet relations, 261

  on Taiwan issue, 259

  Western criticisms of, 251

  dependency theory, 290

  de Soto, Hernando, 291

  détente, policy of, 56–58, 62, 99, 152

  deterrence, policy of, 51, 56–57, 62–65, 66–97

  doctrine of flexible response and, 201–3

  doctrine of mutually assured destruction and, 79–82

  NATO and, 201–3, 210–15

  nuclear superiority and, 71–80, 117, 198, 201, 210

  role of strategic defense in, see Strategic Defense Initiative

  U.S. requirements for maintenance of, 82–87, 314

  Dickens, Charles, 265

  Diem, Ngo Dinh, 123, 258

  diplomacy:

  nuclear, 73–75, 102–3, 190–91

  personal, 188–89

  Soviet-U.S. competition and, 102–3

  for war in Afghanistan, 138–42

  for war in Nicaragua, 133, 135–37

  see also negotiation

  disarmament, total, 308

  as answer to nuclear dilemma, 67–68, 70–71

  risks of, 68–69

  DNA research, 310

  Dobrynin, Anatoly, 177

  Dubek, Alexander, 146–47, 149, 154

  Duell, Charles H., 14

  Dulles, John Foster, 72–73

  Duvalier, Jean-Claude, 126

  Eastern Europe, 101–2, 208

  economic problems of, 149–51

  encouraging reforms in, 153–55, 163

  Soviet imperialism vs. nationalism in, 150–51

  Soviet-U.S. competition in, 145–55

  see also specific countries

  economic aid:

  to Africa, 279–80

  to contras, 109, 132–37

  to El Salvador, 104, 123

  to Israel, 277

  Japanese programs for, 232, 234, 238–39

  to Latin America, 292

  NATO and, 216–17

  to Pakistan, 104, 140, 274–75

  to Philippines, 271, 277

  principles for distribution of, 296–97

  Soviet-U.S. competition and, 103–5

  economic power:

  Japan and, 223

  NATO and, 198, 218–19

  negotiating leverage from, 180–82, 184, 218–19

  Eden, Anthony, 252

  Egypt, 103, 276–78

  Eisenhower, Dwight, 110, 204–5, 279, 301, 312

  nuclear diplomacy of, 73–74, 102–103

  Elizabeth I, Queen of England, 65

  Ellsberg, Daniel, 113

  El Salvador, 122, 293

  critical U.S. interests in, 131–32, 135

  U.S. economic aid to, 104, 123

  Energy Department, U.S., 116

  Engels, Friedrich, 292

  Erhard, Ludwig, 252

  Ethiopia, 279–80, 293

  European Defense Community, 214

  European Economic Community, 225

  extended deterrence, 82–83

  Falklands War, 214

  first-strike vulnerability, 77–78, 82–83, 87–88, 314

  SDI and, 77, 91

  START agreement and, 93–97, 169–170

  flanking actions, 177–78, 184

  flexible response, doctrine of, 201–3

  Ford, Gerald, 58

  Foreign Economic Policy Boards, 182

  foreign policy:

  capabilities of democracies in, 64–65

  China and, 260–62

  idealism central to, 306

  new initiatives in, 23

  for real peace, 52–54

  Soviet-U.S. negotiations and, 172–174

  Four Modernizations, 248

  France, 18, 237–38, 301, 306, 309

  NATO and, 73, 195–96, 204–5, 214–217

  Suez crisis and, 73, 204–5

  Third World and, 281–82

  Frederick II (the Great), King of Prussia, 53

  Free Trade Union Institute (FTUI), 299

  Fukuda, Takeo, 226, 252

  Fuller, Lon, 320

  Galloway, Joseph, 183–84

  gamesmanship, negotiation and, 170

  Gandhi, Indira, 45, 273

  Gang of Four, 248, 250

  Gaza Strip, 278–79

  George III, King of England, 128

  Germany, Federal Republic of (West), 195–96, 203, 237–38

  China compared with, 245

  new NATO role of, 211–12, 214–15

  Social Democratic Party of, 200, 211–12

  Germany, Nazi, 16–17

  Germany, Weimar Republic of, 305–306

  Ghana, 281

  Gierek, Edward, 154

  Glasnost, 39–40, 47–48, 150, 158, 250

  Glassboro summit, 186, 191

  Golan Heights, 277

  Gomulka, Wladyslav, 153–54

  González, Felipe, 196

  Good Neighbor Policy, 292

  Gorbachev, Mikhail, 50, 60, 72, 78, 102, 230

  Afghani war and, 35–36, 138, 140, 142

  aggressive foreign policy of, 44–45, 99–100, 109

  arms-control negotiations of, 71, 91–93, 95, 97, 164, 169–71, 191–192, 203, 218

  Deng compared with, 250

  domestic policies of, 33–35, 37–43, 45–48, 54–55, 150, 158, 180, 218, 250, 313, 315, 320

  Eastern European satellites and, 150–51

  emergence of, 26–27, 65

  as formidable adversary, 29–33

  goals of, 47, 54–55

  internal and external obstacles to, 34–37, 41–43, 157

  NATO and, 200, 207–8, 211, 218

  negotiating skills of, 162, 164–65, 169–70, 172, 175, 184, 188–89

  sincerity of, 54

  trade negotiations and, 180–81, 218

  Gottfried, Paul Edward, 303

  Grant, Ulysses S., 172

  Great Britain, 18, 237–38, 305–6

  China and, 259

  Labour Party of, 200

  NATO and, 73, 195–96, 200, 206, 217, 219

  Suez crisis and, 73, 204–5

  Third World and, 265, 268, 272–273

  U.S. covert assistance to, 111–12

  Great Leap Forward, 242, 248, 254

  Grenada, U.S. invasion of, 20

  Gruenther, Alfred, 73

  Gunga Din (Kipling), 265

  Haig, Alexander, Jr., 204

  Han Xu, 249–50

  Hegedüs, András, 148–49

  Helsinki accords, 55, 167

  Hirohito, Emperor of Japan, 236

  Hitler, Adolf, 16, 49, 52, 114, 157, 301, 305

  Honduras, contra base camps in, 133, 135

  Hong Kong, 259, 268–69

  Hoover, Herbert, 242

  Houphouet-Boigny, Felix, 281–82

  House of Representatives, U.S., see Congress, U.S.

  Howard, Michael, 200

  Hoxha, Enver, 154

  Hua Guofeng, 244

  human rights issues, 33, 47

  linking arms-control agreements to, 179–80

  as negotiable, 166–67

  Sandinistas and, 134

  Third World and, 298

  Hungary, 153–54

  Soviet invasion of, 147–49, 205

  Hussein ibn Talal, King of Jordan, 56

  Hu Yaobang, 251, 253

  ideological power:

  in Eastern Europe, 101–2, 151–53

  in Soviet Union, 155–56, 158–59

  Soviet-U.S. competition and, 101–2

  U.S. influence derived from, 305–6, 316–18

  Ikeda, Hayato, 226, 252

  India, 243, 265

  democratic government of, 273–74

  Pakistani feuds with, 267, 272–75

  Indonesia, 271–72

  Ind
o–Pakistani war, 56, 177

  industrial pollution, 153

  Industrial Revolution, 19

  INF Treaty, 88, 96–97, 230

  NATO and, 169–70, 210–12

  zero-zero proposal in, 169–70

  Iran, 267

  Chinese arms deals with, 260–61

  Soviet-Afghani war and, 138

  Soviet-U.S. clash over, 75, 117

  U.S. covert operations in, 109–10

  Iran-contra affair, 109, 112, 119, 173, 308

  Iranian Revolution, 294–95

  Iran–Iraq war, 119–20

  Iraq, 260–61

  Islamic fundamentalism, 267

  revolutionary change and, 293–95

  Israel:

  Arab conflict with, 56, 103, 267, 275–79

  U.S. ties with, 119, 276–79

  Italy, 16–17, 37

  Ivory Coast, 281–82

  Jackson-Vanick Amendment, 57, 180

  Japan, 16–17, 37, 60, 79, 104, 187, 195, 218, 221–40, 266

  birth of democracy in, 222–23

  China and, 231, 233, 242, 260

  defense spending policy of, 224, 227–32, 234–35, 238–40

  economic emergence of, 221–23, 233–34, 308–9, 313

  global responsibilities of, 23, 229, 234–35, 238–40

  internationalist state of mind needed by, 235, 236–40

  leadership of, 235–36

  obstacles in U.S. alliance with, 236–239

  reasons for rearmament of, 229, 231–32

  Self-Defense Forces of, 231

  Soviets challenged by, 35

  Soviet-U.S. negotiations and, 181

  U.S. trade imbalance with, 224–27, 238, 256

  in Western alliance, 223, 226, 229, 235–38, 314

  Jefferson, Thomas, 305

  John Paul II, Pope, 317

  Johnson, Lyndon B., 191, 239

  Johnson, Paul, 121, 315

  Johnson, Samuel, 273–74

  Joint Chiefs of Staff, 191

  Jordan, 278–79

  Kadar, Janos, 154

  Kahn, Herman, 310–11

  Kampelman, Max, 183

  Kansai Airport project, 225

  Kazakhstan, 50, 157

  Kean, Thomas, 263

  Kellogg-Briand Pact, 28

  Kennan, George F., 171

  Kennedy, John F., 48, 301

  nuclear diplomacy of, 74, 190–91

  Khmer Rouge, 143, 270, 293

  Khomeini, Ayatollah Ruhollah, 119–120, 258, 293, 295

  Khrushchev, Nikita, 29–30, 65, 159, 199, 257, 306

  aggressive foreign policy of, 43–45, 48

  Eastern European satellites and, 148, 155, 205

  Gorbachev compared with, 31–33, 37–38, 40–41, 43

  nuclear diplomacy and, 73–74, 77, 190–91

  in Soviet-U.S. negotiations, 175, 190–91

  Kim Il-Sung, 269

  King, Martin Luther, Jr., 281

  Kipling, Rudyard, 265

  Kirk, Russell, 319

  Kishi, Nobusuke, 226

  Kissinger, Henry, 44

  Arab–Israeli conflict and, 276, 278

  as negotiator, 177, 183

  Kissinger Commission, 292

  Kitchen Debate, 306

  Kohl, Helmut, 35