16 June 1999:
Attends the inauguration of his successor, President Thabo Mbeki, Parliament, Pretoria.
Appendix D
Map of South Africa, c. 1996
When South Africa’s first democratically elected government came to power in 1994, the government reorganised its ten Bantustans, or homelands, and the four existing provinces into nine smaller fully integrated provinces as shown on this map.
The four provinces that existed from 1910–94 were reorganised into the new provinces as follows:
Old provinces
New provinces
Cape Province
Eastern Cape
Northen Cape
Western Cape
Natal
KwaZulu-Natal
Orange Free State
Free State
Transvaal
North West
Limpopo
Mpumalanga
Gauteng
Of the ten Bantustans, only Ciskei and Qwaqwa had geographically coterminous areas of land. The other eight consisted of between three and forty-four scattered blocks.
Bantustan
Language grouping
New provinces
Bophuthatswana*
Tswana
Free State
Northern Cape
North West Province
Ciskei*
Xhosa
Eastern Cape
Gazankulu
Tsonga
Limpopo
Mpumalanga
KaNgwane
Swazi
Mpumalanga
KwaNdebele
Ndebele
Mpumalanga
KwaZulu
Zulu
KwaZulu-Natal
Lebowa
Sotho
Limpopo
QwaQwa
Sotho
Free State
Transkei*
Xhosa
Eastern Cape
Venda*
Venda
Limpopo
* Four of the Bantustans had been declared ‘independent’ by the apartheid state between 1976 and 1981.
Notes
Many of Nelson Mandela’s speeches cited below can be viewed on the Nelson Mandela Foundation’s website.
Visit https://www.nelsonmandela.org/content/page/speeches.
All interviews conducted by Padraig O’Malley are from the O’Malley Archive and can be viewed on the Heart of Hope website, which is hosted by the Nelson Mandela Foundation. Visit https://www.nelsonmandela.org/omalley/index.php/site/q/03lv00017.htm.
ABBREVIATIONS
ANCLH: ANC Luthuli House
AP: Associated Press
NASA: National Archives of South Africa
NCOP: National Council of Provinces
NEC: National Executive Committee (of the ANC)
NM: Nelson Mandela
NMF: Nelson Mandela Foundation
NMPP: Nelson Mandela’s Private Papers
SABC: South African Broadcasting Corporation
SAPA: South African Press Association
TRC: Truth and Reconciliation Commission
PREFACE
1 All quotations from NM’s speech to the Fiftieth National Conference of the ANC, Mafikeng, 16 December 1997.
CHAPTER ONE: THE CHALLENGE OF FREEDOM
1 Ralph Waldo Emerson, ‘Self-Reliance’, in Essays (Boston: 1841). Republished in 1847 as Essays: First Series.
2 ‘SA is Rendered Lawless and Ungovernable’, City Press, 18 April 2015.
3 NM, Long Walk to Freedom: The Autobiography of Nelson Mandela (London: Abacus, 1994; citations from 2013 edition), p. 626.
4 C. L. R James, preface to The Black Jacobins (London: Secker & Warburg, 1938).
5 NM, ‘The Presidential Years’, p.1, NMF, Johannesburg, 1998.
6 NM, ‘The Presidential Years’, p. 1.
7 Niël Barnard, Secret Revolution (Cape Town: Tafelberg, 2015), p. 245.
8 NMF, press release, ‘Ahmed Kathrada Remembers Reuniting With Madiba After His Release’, 13 February 2015.
9 NM, ‘The Presidential Years’, p. 1.
10 NM, Long Walk to Freedom, p. 651.
11 NM, ‘The Presidential Years’, p. 1.
12 NM, ‘The Presidential Years’, pp. 1–2.
13 NM in conversation with Richard Stengel, Johannesburg, c. April/May 1993, CD 61, NMF, Johannesburg.
14 Valli Moosa, interview by Tony Trew, Cape Town, 8 September 2014.
15 NM, Long Walk to Freedom, p. 751.
16 Václav Havel, source unknown.
17 Barbara Masekela, interview by Tony Trew, Cape Town, 28 August 2014.
18 NM, ‘The Presidential Years’, p. 7.
19 NM, ‘The Presidential Years’, pp. 7–8.
20 Hugh Macmillan, The Lusaka Years: The ANC in Exile in Zambia 1963–1994 (Johannesburg: Jacana Media, 2013), p. 258.
CHAPTER TWO: NEGOTIATING DEMOCRACY
1 Robin Denselow, When the Music’s Over: The Story of Political Pop (London: Faber and Faber, 1990), p. 276.
2 NM, address to a rally in Cape Town on his release from prison, Cape Town City Hall, Cape Town, 11 February 1990.
3 Zoë Wicomb, ‘Nelson Mandela’, New Yorker, 16 December 2013.
4 NM, Long Walk to Freedom, p. 690.
5 Scott Kraft, ‘ANC President Tambo Returns to SA After a 30-Year Exile’, Los Angeles Times, 14 December 1990.
6 NM, interview by James Lorimer and Des Latham, Mandela’s home, Vilakazi Street, Orlando West, Soweto, 15 February 1990, Paddi Clay collection.
7 NM, Long Walk to Freedom, p. 706.
8 NM, ‘The Presidential Years’, p. 2.
9 NM, ‘The Presidential Years’, p. 3.
10 Sydney Mufamadi, interview by Tony Trew, Johannesburg, 29 May 2015.
11 Ibid.
12 Ibid.
13 NM in conversation with Richard Stengel, Johannesburg, c. April/May 1993, CD 61, NMF, Johannesburg.
14 Ibid.
15 Ferdi Hartzenberg, interview by Padraig O’Malley, 25 August 1992, O’Malley Archive, Nelson Mandela Foundation.
16 Jessie Duarte interviewed by John Carlin, Frontline, PBS Frontline website.
17 NM, ‘The Presidential Years’, p. 3.
18 Ibid.
19 NM, televised address to the nation on the murder of Chris Hani, 13 April 1993.
20 Wilson Ngqose, interview by Mandla Langa, Johannesburg, 17 December 2016.
21 Agostinho Neto, ‘Haste’, Sacred Hope, translated by Marga Holness (Dar es Salaam: Tanzania Publishing House, 1974).
22 NM, speech to the Angolan National Assembly, Luanda, 29 April 1998.
23 Chris Hani, in They Shaped Our Century: The Most Influential South Africans of the Twentieth Century (Cape Town: Human & Rousseau, 1999), in NM, ‘The Presidential Years’, p. 3.
24 One such poll was Markinor’s November 1992 survey sampling African, coloured and Indian communities in metropolitan areas and whites nationally.
25 NM, ‘The Presidential Years’, p. 4.
26 NM, ‘The Presidential Years’, p. 8.
27 Weekly Mail, 30 April 1993.
28 NM, ‘The Presidential Years’, p. 9.
29 Hermann Giliomee, The Afrikaners: Biography of a People (London: C. Hurst & Co, 2003), p. 646.
30 Georg Meiring, interview with Hermann Giliomee, 11 November 2002, in Hermann Giliomee,
The Afrikaners: Biography of a People, p. 646.
31 Martin Luther King, Jr, ‘Nobel Lecture: The Quest for Peace and Justice’, 11 December 1964.
32 NM, ‘The Presidential Years’, p. 9.
33 Ibid.
34 Joseph R. Gregory, ‘P. W. Botha, Defender of Apartheid, is Dead at 90’, New York Times, 1 November 2006.
35 Hugh Robertson, ‘Intrigue Over “New” Offer to the Alliance’, Daily News, 2 March 1994.
36 NM, ‘The Presidential Years’, p. 9.
37 Scott MacLeod, ‘Nelson Mandela: I Am No Prophet’, TIME, 26 February 1990.
38 NM, ‘The Presidential Years’, pp. 8–9.
39 NM, ‘The Presidential Years’, p. 9.
40 NM, ‘The Presidential Years’, pp. 9–10.
41 NM to Winnie Mandela in Kroonstad Prison, 1 February 1975, in Conversations With Myself (London: Macmillan, 2010), p. 212.
42 Niël Barnard, Secret Revolution, pp. 24–5.
43 NM, ‘The Presidential Years’, p.10.
44 Carl von Clausewitz, On War (Berlin, 1832).
45 Jonathan Hyslop, ‘Mandela on War’, in The Cambridge Companion to Nelson Mandela, edited by Rita Barnard (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2014), p. 179.
46 NM, ‘The Presidential Years’, p. 10.
47 Constand Viljoen, interview by Tony Trew, Pretoria, 19 September 2015.
48 Martin Challenor, ‘Victory for Alliance’, Daily News, 22 February 1994.
49 Princeton Lyman, Partner to History: The US Role in South Africa’s Transition (Washington, DC: United States Institute of Peace, 2002) pp. 171–9; Accord on Afrikaner Self-Determination, 23 April 1994, O’Malley Archive.
50 NM, ‘The Presidential Years’, p. 10.
51 Bill Keller, ‘The South African Vote: The Overview; More Bombings Rattle South Africans’, New York Times, 26 April 1994.
52 James Baldwin, No Name in the Street, (London: Michael Joseph, 1972), p. 82.
CHAPTER THREE: A FREE AND FAIR ELECTION
1 David Yutar, ‘No-show Troopies may face prosecution’, The Argus, 12 May 1994.
2 Johann Kriegler, interview by Tony Trew, Johannesburg, 2 February 2016.
3 Ibid.
4 Ibid.
5 S. Mbiti, African Religions and Philosophy (London: Heinemann, 1969).
6 NM, ‘The Presidential Years’, pp. 12–13.
7 Robert Mattes, Hermann Giliomee and Wilmot James, Launching Democracy in South Africa: The First Open Election, April 1994, edited by R. W. Johnson and Lawrence Schlemmer, April 1994 (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1996), p. 129.
8 Johannes Rantete, The African National Congress and Negotiated Settlement in South Africa (Pretoria: J. L. Van Schaik, 1998), p. 243.
9 NM, ‘The Presidential Years’, pp. 13–14.
10 ‘“Dirty Tricks” Election Row’, The Argus, 8 April 1994.
11 Ibid.
12 Thabo Mbeki, interview by Joel Netshitenzhe and Tony Trew, Johannesburg, 17 December 2014.
13 NM, ‘The Presidential Years’, pp. 14–15.
14 NM, ‘The Presidential Years’, p. 15.
15 Charles Oulton, ‘South African Elections: Huddleston Casts His Vote and Rejoices’, Independent, 26 April 1994.
16 Paul Taylor, ‘Historic Election Begins in South Africa,’ Washington Post, 27 April 1994.
17 NM, Long Walk to Freedom, p. 742.
18 NM, ‘The Presidential Years’, pp. 15–16.
19 NM, ‘The Presidential Years’, p. 15.
20 This was said by Judge Johann Kriegler as chair of the Independent Electoral Commission; Peter Harris, Birth: The Conspiracy to Stop the ’94 Election (Cape Town: Umuzi, 2010), pp. 267–75.
21 F. W. de Klerk, The Last Trek – A New Beginning: The Autobiography (New York: St Martin’s Press, 1999), p. 336.
22 NM, victory speech upon the ANC winning the 1994 election, Carlton Hotel, Johannesburg, 2 May 1994.
23 NM, addressing guests during celebrations following the ANC election victory, Carlton Hotel, Johannesburg, 2 May 1994.
24 Jessie Duarte, interview by Tony Trew, Johannesburg, 15 July 2014.
25 Chris Streeter, interview by Tony Trew, Pretoria, 21 January 2015.
26 ‘Time Now to Begin Anew: Mandela Joins Peace Prayers’, Cape Times, 9 May 1994.
27 Jessie Duarte, interview by Tony Trew, Johannesburg, 15 July 2014.
28 NM, Long Walk to Freedom, pp. 401–2.
29 Walter Sisulu, ‘We Shall Overcome!’, Reflections in Prison, edited by Mac Maharaj (Cape Town: Zebra Press and Robben Island Museum, 2001), p. 85.
30 Pixley ka Isaka Seme, ‘Native Union’, Imvo Zabantsundu, 24 October 1911, in Sheridan Johns III, Protest and Hope 1882–1934, vol. 1 of From Protest to Challenge: A Documentary History of African Politics in South Africa 1882–1964, edited by Thomas Karis and Gwendolen M. Carter (Stanford, CA: Hoover Institution Press, 1972), p. 71.
31 NM, ‘The Presidential Years’, p. 40.
32 Sydney Mufamadi, interview by Tony Trew, Johannesburg, 30 April 2015.
33 Ibid.
34 Ibid.
35 Ibid.
36 Barbara Masekela, interview by Tony Trew, Cape Town, 28 August 2014.
37 NM, address to the people of Cape Town on his election as president of South Africa, City Hall, Cape Town, 9 May 1994.
38 Jessie Duarte, interview by Tony Trew, Johannesburg, 15 July 2014.
39 NM, statement at his inauguration as president of the democratic Republic of South Africa, Union Buildings, Pretoria, 10 May 1994.
40 Adrian Hadland, ‘Let’s Build a Great SA’, Business Day, Wednesday, 11 May 1994.
41 ‘F. W. de Klerk: Mandela Held My Hand for All to See’, City Press, 6 December 2013.
42 Adrian Hadland, ‘Let’s Build a Great SA’, Business Day, Wednesday, 11 May 1994.
43 NM, speech at the luncheon following his inauguration, Cape Town, 10 May 1994, SABC, SABC Archive, SABC Information Library, Johannesburg.
CHAPTER FOUR: GETTING INTO THE UNION BUILDINGS
1 Jessie Duarte, interview by Tony Trew, Johannesburg, 15 July 2014.
2 Fanie Pretorius, interview by Tony Trew, Pretoria, 11 July 2014.
3 President’s office staff, interviews by Sahm Venter, October 1994.
4 William Ernest Henley, ‘Invictus’, A Book of Verses (London, 1888).
5 NM, ‘The Presidential Years’, pp. 27–9.
6 NM, ‘The Presidential Years’, pp. 22–3.
7 Barbara Masekela, interview by Tony Trew, Cape Town, 28 August 2014.
8 Ahmed Kathrada in conversation with Tony Trew and Joel Netshitenzhe, Johannesburg, 2 December 2014.
9 Jakes Gerwel, president’s office submission to the Presidential Review Commission, 25 September 1997.
10 NM, ‘The Presidential Years’, p. 19.
11 NM, ‘The Presidential Years’, pp. 19–20.
12 Jakes Gerwel, interview by Aziz Pahad, 21 July 2010.
13 Memo from director general, Office of the President, state expenditure, November 1997, Gerwel Papers (private collection).
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