10. GW corresponded with Lewin between 11 January 1977 and 9 June 1982. They became good friends and following Lewin’s death in 1984, his wife Sylvia wrote to GW. She pointed out that Lewin had been ‘truly distressed by what he considered gross injustice to you’.
11. GW corresponded with Monroe between mid-August 1979 and 6 April 1982.
12. ‘The Literature of Spies and Codebreakers in the Second World War, A Layman’s Guide’, a paper and presentation by William Bundy.
13. Annals of the History of Computing, Volume 4, Number 4.
14. Cryptologia, Volume 6, Number 2.
15. See Bibliography for details of Stengers’s paper.
Chapter 10: Persecution and Putting the Record Straight
1. See for example Bertrand, Kozaczuk, Garlinski and Stengers.
2. Brian Randell, ‘The Colossus’, paper presented at the International Research Conference on the History of Computing, Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory, University of California, 10–15 June 1976.
3. TNA HW14/13.
4. Peter Hilton, ‘Reminiscences of Bletchley Park, 1942–1945’, A Century of Mathematics in America, Part 1, c. 1985.
5. Many historians regard an earlier biography of Stephenson by H. Montgomery Hyde as a more accurate account of his wartime work.
6. A novelty song by Frank Silver and Irving Cohn from the 1922 Broadway revue Make It Snappy.
7. According to Bayly, Willy’s real name was Watson and he aspired to Travis’s job. BP staff lists show a Captain W. Watson working in the Office of Deputy Director (Service), Commander Travis.
8. See Bibliography for details of Randell’s papers.
9. Brian Randell, ‘Report on Colossus’, Computing Laboratory, Newcastle University, 1976.
10. Apparently, amongst many of its staff, the letters NSA stood for ‘Never Say Anything’ or ‘No Such Agency’.
11. Body of Secrets review, Bruce Schneier, 2001, http://www.schneier.com/essay-103.html.
12. William (Bill) Casey served as US Director of Central Intelligence from 1981 to 1987. In this capacity he oversaw the entire United States intelligence community and personally directed the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA).
13. This is close to the format of the second edition of The Hut Six Story, published in 1997. The publisher, Mark Baldwin, replaced Part Four with Welchman’s last paper ‘From Polish Bomba to British Bombe’, without any knowledge of Welchman’s letter to Denniston.
14. See Bibliography for details of Kozaczuk and Kasparek’s book.
15. GW corresponded with Lisicki between 22 August 1982 and 14 March 1985.
16. Kozaczuk’s 1979 book was published in English in 1984, translated by Christopher Kasparek. This 2004 edition by Kozaczuk and Jerzy Straszak, replaces the original appendices, including Rejewski’s papers, with six new ones.
17. Captain Kenneth (‘Pinky’) MacFarlan was the British liaison officer at PC Bruno, the Polish–French intelligence station which operated at the Château de Vignolles in Gretz-Armainvilliers, some forty kilometres east of Paris, from October 1939 until 9 June 1940. According to MacFarlan’s daughter, he remained in regular contact with Bertrand after the war until Bertrand’s death in 1976.
18. Jean Howard quotes Gadd in a paper she wrote for the proposed ‘Preparations for D-Day’ TV programme.
19. Herivel subsequently published the letters in his own book about BP in 2008.
20. Webster subsequently rejected all approaches by others to tell his story and died in 1990. After his wife died in 2007 his children decided to ask GCHQ for permission to publish. In April 2010, permission was granted and a copyright license issued to enable it although GCHQ still retained copyright.
21. GW claimed it was to save time and money but Diana, now a sprightly ninety-year-old said it felt a bit more cloak and dagger than that.
22. A copy of the Marychurch letter GW received can be found in Appendix 5.
Epilogue
1. The name seems to have originated in the American comic strip Li’l Abner and refers to the job no one wanted: to be the inside man at the Skunk Works.
2. CERN was conceived at the end of the Second World War when European science was no longer the crème de la crème. A research laboratory was created which would not only unite European scientists but would also allow them to share the increasing costs of nuclear physics facilities. It was at CERN that an independent contractor, in the second half of 1980, proposed a project based on the concept of hypertext, to facilitate sharing and updating information among researchers. The contractor’s name was Tim Berners-Lee and, in 1989, his original CERN proposal resulted in the creation of the World Wide Web.
3. PARC, formerly Xerox PARC, is a research and development company in Palo Alto, California, with a distinguished reputation for its contributions to information technology and hardware systems. Founded in 1970 as a division of Xerox Corporation, PARC has been responsible for such well-known and important developments as laser printing, ethernet, the modern personal computer, graphical user interface (GUI), object-oriented programming, ubiquitous computing, amorphous silicon (a-Si) applications, and advancing very-large-scale-integration (VLSI) for semiconductors.
4. Hinsley and Stripp, see Bibliography.
5. Statement by Margaret Thatcher about Their Trade is Treachery, Hansard, March 1981, col. 1079 et seq.
6. TNA PREM 19/910.
Appendix 2: Enigma and the Bombe in Depth
1. TNA HW 25/3.
2. This summary of the rationale used in the development of the bombe was provided to the author by John Herivel.
3. TNA HW 25/27.
4. BP wartime handwritten report, BP Trust Archive.
Bibliography
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Christopher Andrew
David Kahn
Dennis Babbage
Bruce Lee
Benjamin de Forest (Pat) Bayly
Ronald Lewin
Ralph Bennett
Philip Lewis
Joan Bright
Tadeusz Lisicki
William Bundy
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