by James Oakes
Thirteenth Amendment ratification in, 481
conservatism, abolitionism’s ties to, 40–41
Constitution, U.S.:
amendments to, 437, 454, 481
antislavery interpretation of, 6–7; see also antislavery constitutionalism
antislavery movement’s assumptions about, xi, xxiii, 1–2, 3–6, 12–14, 22, 498; see also federal consensus
attainder ban under, 158–59, 232, 234–35, 526
Border States’ protection under, 103–4, 171, 172, 173, 174, 188, 236, 257
citizenship language in, 358
Civil War’s purpose under, 115, 116, 129
commerce clause of, 20
Confederacy’s status under, 93, 96, 103–4, 230, 234
emancipation’s legality under, 41, 110, 115, 118, 120, 122, 131–33, 134–36, 172, 174, 176, 200, 227–28, 230, 240, 311, 312, 333, 343, 347–50, 351–52, 359, 517
Fourteenth Amendment to, 359
law of nations in, 7, 21, 22, 29, 30, 37, 40, 41, 134, 140, 351
Lincoln’s assumptions about, 1, 5, 45, 46, 47, 312, 313, 455
Lincoln’s views on, 76–77
natural law in, 7, 9, 13, 17, 18, 21–22, 25, 29, 35, 140, 348, 350–51, 504
property rights in, 8–9, 13, 14, 16–17, 18, 27, 43, 44, 45, 57, 76, 233, 448
radical abolitionists’ view of, 5, 6, 21, 24–26, 27–28, 33, 347, 348, 432, 454, 499, 549
Republican assumptions about, 1, 2, 25, 42, 43, 54, 78, 438, 440, 506
slavery language of, 3, 6, 9, 18, 19–20, 46, 47, 55–56, 76–77, 120, 274
slavery’s protection in, xi, 1–8, 12–14, 22, 57, 68–69, 72–73, 74, 96, 103–4, 112, 116, 176, 312, 436; see also federal consensus
slaves’ status in, 6, 8–9, 12–14, 16–17, 18, 19–21, 23–24, 48, 108, 118, 120–22, 127, 140, 236, 349–50, 351–52, 397, 449
war powers in, xii, 37, 39, 40, 134–35, 225, 230, 232, 348, 351, 525
see also fugitive slave clause; Thirteenth Amendment
Constitutional Convention, U.S.:
Madison’s notes on, 19
slavery compromises at, x–xi, 2, 444
containment, xi–xii, 8, 256–300
Border States’ role in, xii, 145, 146, 257, 282–88, 291, 292, 485
Border States’ subjection to, xii, 67, 145, 146, 257, 289–93, 300
Civil War’s strengthening of, 257, 288–93, 300
colonization proposals for, 277–82
District of Columbia’s role in, 269–77
federal consensus nonviolation of, 25, 31, 40, 54, 260, 267–68
in gradual abolition strategy, xii, 31, 33, 42, 67, 68, 82, 111, 145, 146, 260, 485
on high seas, 261–65
limitations of, 42, 257
Lincoln’s position on, 75, 260
opposition to, 59, 60, 267
origins of, 25, 26, 40
premises of, 31, 33–34, 256–57, 258–61, 507
Republican expectations for, xii, 52, 53–54, 59, 145, 146, 257, 291, 292
in secession opposition argument, 258–59
in territories, 265–69
wartime feasibility of, 146
contraband camps, 324, 396, 416–21, 547
abuse in, 418
conditions in, 417, 419–20
slave families in, 414
contraband policy, 259
Butler’s role in, 93, 95–99, 100, 101–3, 104, 105, 106, 107–8, 238, 327, 328, 368, 377, 401, 511, 513, 514
Confederate response to, 107
congressional debate on, 101, 104, 110–11, 112–18; see also Congress, U.S., First Confiscation Act in; Congress, U.S., Second Confiscation Act in
conservative opposition to, 113–15, 118, 128
District of Columbia application of, 190
enticement prohibition of, 100, 198, 203, 320
implications of, 103
limitations of, 242
Lincoln’s support of, xviii, 99, 101, 103, 105, 110, 112, 283, 337
Louisiana implementation of, 220–23, 245–49, 250, 251, 319
in Maryland, 146
navy’s adoption of, 100–101
property dilemma of, 102–3, 104, 107–8, 118
Sea Islands implementation of, 198–99, 200, 203, 206, 328
self-emancipation basis of, 196, 368–69, 521
slaves’ reaction to, 104–5, 106–7
slaves’ status under, 101, 139, 200, 201, 203, 205, 212, 220, 221, 222, 225
Union army disagreement on, 104, 111–12, 113, 167, 168, 172, 178–79, 209–13, 222–23, 245–49, 318–27, 366, 486–87
War Department’s instructions on, 99–100, 139, 193, 198, 199, 203, 212, 215, 218, 513
see also emancipation, military, Border State applicability of; First Confiscation Act; Second Confiscation Act
Conway, Moncure, 283
Corwin, Thomas, 74
Cowan, Edgar, 138, 187, 226, 231, 232, 435, 525
Cox, Samuel, 123, 267, 268
Creole, 22–25, 194
Creswell, John A. J., 454
Crittenden, John J., 73, 128, 133–34, 287
Crittenden-Johnson resolution, 128–31, 143
Cuba:
abolition in, x
slavery in, 396
slave trade with, 262, 263
territorial dispute over, 262, 264
Curry, J. L. M., 57, 59
Curtis, Benjamin, 349
Curtis, Samuel, 468
Daily Illinois State Register, 60, 508
Daily True Delta, 60
Davies, Thomas, 112
Davis, Garrett, 272, 279, 451, 452
Davis, Henry Winter, 149, 465
Davis, Jefferson, 460, 545
Border State actions of, 151, 161, 163
Butler’s 1860 support of, 91
Confederate leadership by, 61
Emancipation Proclamation response of, 346
privateer policy of, 71
re-enslavement policy of, 424
slaveholders’ appeals to, 87–88
slave property position of, 43–44, 57–58
slave rebellion view of, 399
territorial slavery position of, 265
Declaration of Independence, 345, 451
natural law in, 7, 13
Declaration of the Rights of Man, 441
DeForest, John W., 247
Delano, Columbus, 256
Delaware, xii, 148
abolition in, 487
abolition resistance in, 191, 285, 297, 470, 485–86
black enlistment in, 388, 463, 486, 543
fugitive slave law enforcement in, 90
gradual abolition proposal for, xiii, 53, 283–85, 485–86
slavery in, 103
see also Border States
Democratic Party, U.S.:
Butler’s allegiance to, 90, 91
1860 nominating convention of, 47, 91
1860 split in, 47, 266
federal consensus position of, 42–43, 44, 267, 285, 286–87, 452
in Free Soil coalition, 91
in Maryland, 149
in Maryland abolition debate, 466
McClellan’s loyalty to, 112
in Missouri, 150, 151
Republican party members from, 51, 150
slavery position of, 29, 43–44, 47–48
slaves’ image in, 84, 85
Democrats, northern:
Civil War position of, xxi, xxiii, 108–9, 114–15, 188, 240, 267, 331, 447, 453, 472, 474–75
colonization position of, 279–80
contraband policy opposition of, 113, 114, 115
disagreement among, 81
District of Columbia abolition opposition by, 273, 274, 331
divisions among, 472
in 1864 election, 338, 469, 470, 471–72, 474–75, 476
emancipation opposition by, 113, 114, 115, 137, 138, 240, 331, 347–48, 424, 433, 435, 549
Emancipation Proclamation opposition of, 347–48, 435,
446
emancipation warnings of, 55
First Confiscation Act opposition by, 137, 138, 446
fugitive slave bill opposition by, 188, 189, 331
Lincoln’s criticism by, 60, 78–79, 109, 114–15, 285, 473
Lincoln’s Delaware proposal rejection by, 285
McClellan’s 1864 nomination by, 469, 474–75
military emancipation’s acceptance by, 310, 311
peace proposal of, 439, 472, 473, 477
postwar scenarios of, 280, 422, 449–50, 451
“property in man” position of, 47, 447, 448–49, 450, 452
racial views of, 81, 285, 447, 449–50, 451, 475, 476, 497
re-enslavement predictions of, 280, 435, 549
Republican antislavery opposition of, 60, 78–79, 108–9, 110, 114–15, 188, 267, 331, 338, 438, 443, 446, 508
secession position of, 60, 79, 81, 497
Second Confiscation Act opposition of, 240, 331, 446
slavery position of, 47, 81, 108–9, 110, 114–15, 188, 267, 331, 448, 452, 471–72
states’ rights position of, 447, 448, 452, 477
territorial slavery position of, 43, 267, 331
Thirteenth Amendment position of, xxii, xxiv, 435–36, 439, 445, 446–56, 470, 471, 472, 476, 477, 479, 480, 481
West Virginia statehood position of, 299, 331
see also Border State congressmen
Denison, George, 248, 252, 253, 254
Diven, Alexander, 48
Dix, John A., 142, 177, 178, 179–80, 182, 193
Dixon, James, 115–16, 117
Dodge, G. M., 182
dogs, 404, 407, 413
Doherty, W. H., 211
Douglas, Stephen A., 45, 508, 518
Douglass, Frederick, xiii, 124, 244
black enlistment argument of, 376
constitutional interpretation of, 5, 6, 347, 348
Emancipation Proclamation reaction of, 346
Lincoln’s assessment by, xviii, xix
Lincoln’s criticism by, 310, 348
Lincoln’s meetings with, xxi, 473–74
Republican Party loyalty of, xix
Dred Scott v. Sandford, 44, 45, 47, 53, 56, 76, 77, 264, 355–56, 360–61, 447
Driver John, 408
Dumond, Dwight Lowell, xv
Du Pont, Samuel Francis, 197
Eaton, John, 324, 325, 329, 417
Eldridge family, 382, 383
elections, U.S.:
of 1848, 29
of 1856, 44, 154
of 1862, 330, 533–34
elections, U.S., of 1860:
Democratic nominating convention for, 47, 91
Lincoln’s nomination in, 46, 47, 518
Missouri voting in, 518
Republican victory in, 50, 51, 52, 54, 72, 266, 442
slaves’ interest in, 88–89
elections, U.S., of 1864, 470–76
in Border States, 477–78
Democrats’ campaign in, 338, 469, 470, 471–72, 474–75, 476
Lincoln’s strategy in, 472–74
Lincoln’s victory in, 476
Republican platform in, 338, 471
as Republican referendum, 470–71, 472, 476, 487
unionist split in, 469
Eliot, Thomas, 228–30, 231, 264, 525, 529
Ellsworth, Oliver, 3
emancipation, legislative, 228, 230, 454–56, 525, 550
see also Congress, U.S., military emancipation role of
emancipation, military, 8, 34–42
abolition’s distinction from, 349, 400
Adams’s defense of, 36–39, 40, 41, 240, 348
black enlistment’s connection to, 377, 380, 381–90, 391, 428, 435, 457, 475, 542
blacks’ status following, 204
Border State applicability of, 143, 146, 166–71, 183, 257, 290, 313, 319, 433; see also Border State policy, on fugitive slaves
Border State effects of, xiv, 289, 291–93, 306, 366–67, 377, 386–87, 390, 391, 421, 433, 435, 438
Border State opposition to, 113, 114, 115, 128–29, 138, 240, 433, 435
Border State resistance to, 366, 367, 418, 433
Butler’s defense of, 108
Civil War’s necessitation of, 49, 50, 62, 67–69, 71, 74, 79–81, 108, 109–10, 111, 114, 115–18, 120, 124, 127–28, 129, 136, 200, 240, 243, 247–48, 312, 317, 331, 332, 337–38, 392
colonization proposals for, 279, 306
Confederacy’s characterization of, 398–99
Confederate countermeasures against, 396, 397–416, 422–27
congressional debates over, 41
congressional opposition to, 113–15, 118, 121–22, 125, 126–27, 128–29, 130, 131, 132, 133–34, 136–38, 240, 300, 433
congressional role in, 137, 138, 159, 212, 225, 230, 233, 362, 431–37
conservative origins of, 40–41
constitutionality of, 41, 110, 115, 118, 120, 122, 131–33, 134–36, 172, 174, 176, 200, 227–28, 230, 240, 311, 312, 333, 343, 347–50, 351–52, 359, 517
costs of, 428
demographics of, 414
duration of, 482, 553
enticement ban under, 100, 139, 180, 193–94, 198, 203, 220, 320, 368, 464
enticement’s use in, 100, 194, 343, 344, 365–66, 372–76, 381–84, 385, 387, 391, 401, 402, 414, 415, 427, 464, 474
Frémont’s order on, 157–59, 160, 162, 163–65, 166, 175–76, 182, 184, 187, 200, 283, 332, 337, 417, 468, 519, 533
general, see Emancipation Proclamation; Preliminary Proclamation; Second Confiscation Act
Halleck’s implementation of, 183
historical memory of, 207–8, 329–32, 335, 337–39, 515
historical precedents for, xii, 36, 38, 348
Hunter’s orders on, 213–14, 327, 337–38
judicial invalidation of, 353
legal theory on, xii, 37, 135, 345–52, 362
Lieber code on, 350–52
limitations of, xiv, 42, 206, 215, 217–18, 298, 306, 349, 392, 393–429, 436, 438, 442–43; see also re-enslavement
Lincoln’s legal role in, 225, 227, 228, 229, 231, 232, 335–36, 362
Lincoln’s position on, 41, 158, 176, 201, 216–17, 237–38, 250, 283, 284, 289, 290, 302, 303, 304, 305, 311, 312, 313, 332–33, 337–38, 343, 352, 362, 368, 390, 428, 455, 459
moral aspect of, 345
northern Democrats’ acceptance of, 310, 311
northern Democrats’ opposition to, 113, 114, 115, 137, 138, 240, 331, 347–48, 424, 433, 435, 549
political aspect of, 159, 187, 212, 215
Republican policy shift toward, 62, 224, 241, 242, 243, 247, 249, 291–93, 298, 300, 302, 303, 305, 330–31, 438
Republican position on, 41, 49, 50, 67–69, 71, 82, 110, 115–18, 125–26, 127–28, 129, 130, 131, 132–33, 134–36, 137, 143–44, 174, 175, 176, 228, 230, 231, 232, 235, 311, 321, 322, 345, 362, 428
results of, xiv, 143, 144, 207, 210, 213, 214, 239, 255, 313, 327–28, 329, 337, 363–67, 373–74, 375–90, 405, 414, 415, 419, 420, 421–22, 427–28, 438, 443, 475, 547
scope of, 143, 225
slaves omitted from, 395–96, 405, 410, 415–16, 421, 427, 436, 474, 540
southern position on, 44
Union implementation of, xiii, xiv, xviii, 111, 143, 207
see also contraband policy; Emancipation Proclamation; First Confiscation Act; Preliminary Proclamation; Second Confiscation Act; self-emancipation
Emancipation Proclamation, xviii, 282, 340–92
areas exempted from, 253, 255, 299, 343, 362–67, 387, 389, 390, 543
assumptions of, 345–62
black citizenship arguments in, 357–59, 360, 361, 362, 390–91, 426
black enlistment provision of, 341, 344, 360–62, 376–81, 391, 463
Border State effects of, 366–67, 386–87, 390, 391, 438, 464
cabinet review of, 341
Confederate opposition to, 399–400
constitutionality of, 343, 347–48, 351–52
content of, 342–45, 346–47
criteria for use of, 343, 362–63
distribution of, 370–71, 383, 415, 474
effects of, xiii–xiv, 190, 363–67, 373–74, 375–90, 391, 392, 414, 419, 428, 457
enforcement of, 336, 340–41, 344, 367–76, 405, 410, 430–37, 444, 455, 456, 457, 458; see also Thirteenth Amendment
enticement policy in, 100, 194, 343, 344, 365–66, 372–76, 387, 391, 414
folklore of, 303–4, 329–39, 532, 540
general emancipation nature of, 336, 340, 341, 344, 410
historical context of, 390–91
Kentucky’s opposition to, 423, 486, 487
language of, 346–47, 533
legal defense of, xii
limitations of, 349, 392, 436, 442, 446, 480
Lincoln’s doubts about, 340–41, 369–70
Lincoln’s signing of, 342
military emancipation preceding, 207, 329, 335, 337, 367, 390
northern Democrats’ opposition to, 347–48, 435
Preliminary Proclamation’s quotation in, 343
reaction to, 345–46, 347–48, 359
skeptics’ view of, 336, 367
state endorsement of, 455, 456, 458, 461
timing of, 329–30, 333, 334, 335, 338, 342, 393, 532
Union army’s implementation of, 350–52
War Department’s instructions on, 368, 370, 371, 387
see also Preliminary Proclamation
Emerson, Ralph Waldo, 333–34, 335
Equal Rights League, 359–60
Europe:
American proslavery foreign policy toward, 262
Caribbean abolition by, 67
Confederacy’s status in, 341
freedom principle in, ix–x, 441
Evarts, Edmund, 365
Evening Star, 276
Ewell, Benjamin, 94
Farnsworth, John F., 449
Farragut, David, 218, 393
federal consensus, 2–8
abolitionists’ interpretation of, 4–5, 7, 9, 13, 22, 25, 28, 31, 32, 39, 40, 130
compensation’s legality under, 284, 286–87
containment’s nonviolation of, 25, 31, 40, 54, 260, 267–68
Democratic position on, 42–43, 44, 267, 285, 286–87, 452
early acceptance of, 2–4
Emancipation Proclamation’s nonviolation of, 349
emancipation’s enforcement under, 431
Republican position on, 42, 43, 54, 74, 228, 260, 267–68, 286, 312, 432, 438, 445, 448, 455, 456
repudiation of, 431, 437–45, 448, 455
South’s reliance on, 4, 43–44, 445
Ferebee, L. R., 210–11
Fessenden, William Pitt, 273, 297, 516, 517
Field, George, 80
Fifteenth Tennessee Colored Regiment, 383
First Confiscation Act, xiii, xviii, 225, 236