by James Oakes
Border State applicability of, 143, 146, 175–79, 182–83, 185, 186
compensation question concerning, 139, 176
congressional debate on, 108, 109, 110, 118–22, 124–28, 130, 131–38, 144, 226
conservative opposition to, 121–22, 125, 126–27, 128, 132, 133–34, 136–38
criteria for use of, 137, 138, 139, 140–41, 142–43, 157, 158, 159, 176–77, 185, 186–87, 218, 220, 221, 222, 225, 304
emancipation powers under, 225
emancipation provisions of, 119–22, 125–28, 130, 131, 133–37, 138, 144, 196, 337
enticement ban under, 139, 193–94
Halleck’s interpretation of, 183
historical misunderstanding of, 515
House debate on, 133–36, 137–38
legal procedures in, 119, 126, 158, 222, 304, 516
limitations of, 143, 215–16, 218, 442, 446
Lincoln’s position on, 137, 141–42, 158, 176, 201, 216, 283
passage of, 137–38, 144
property rights under, 119, 122, 126
presidential proclamation requirement of, 362
Republican support of, 110, 126
results of, 143, 144, 207, 337, 457
self-emancipation requirement of, 193–94, 196; see also army, Union, enticement ban on
Senate debate on, 118–22, 124–28, 130, 131–33, 138, 144
signing of, 138, 144, 283, 292, 337
Union army’s application of, 119, 139–40, 142–43, 175–79, 182–83
War Department instructions on, 138–39, 140, 141–43, 144, 146, 157, 174–75, 176, 193, 197, 198, 199, 203, 212, 215, 218, 221, 225, 283, 337, 513
see also contraband policy; emancipation, military, Frémont’s order on
First South Carolina Volunteers, 378, 379
Flanders, Benjamin, 255, 385
Fletcher, Thomas, 478
Florida:
Black Codes in, 490–91
Hunter’s abolition declaration in, 214
loyalty oaths in, 470
secession of, 61, 64
Second Seminole War emancipation in, 38
slavery in, 27
Thirteenth Amendment ratification by, 485
Fort Donelson, 218, 318, 393
Fort Henry, 218, 318, 393
Fort Pickens, 111
Fort Pulaski, 142, 213, 327
Fortress Monroe, 93–100
contraband policy formulation at, 95–100, 104–5, 193, 196, 327, 511, 514
runaway slaves at, 95–96, 97–98, 100, 104–5, 106–7, 139, 140, 203
slave population around, 94–95
Union army’s occupation of, 94
Fort Sumter, 41, 79, 81, 92, 151, 304, 337
Foster, J. G., 385
Founders:
law of nations’ importance to, 7, 29, 37
slavery position of, x–xi, 13, 17–18, 28, 46, 442, 443–45
Thirteenth Amendment’s linkage to, 441
see also Constitution, U.S.; Constitutional Convention, U.S.
France:
Caribbean abolition by, x
Haiti’s recognition by, 264
Fredericksburg, 330, 393
free blacks:
citizenship of, 76, 353–62, 390–91, 426, 434, 451, 537
colonization proposals for, 277, 279–80
enlistment attempts by, 376–77
in Fortress Monroe area, 95
fugitive slaves masquerading as, 168
North’s protections for, 63, 73, 170, 354–55
re-enslavement of, 423–24
Southern discrimination against, 489–91
Southern violence against, 489
Union army enlistment of, xiv, xvii, 132, 239, 341, 344, 360–62, 374, 376–84, 385–88, 391, 394, 399, 411, 414–16, 418, 420, 421, 427–28, 435, 451, 457, 463, 475, 542, 543; see also black soldiers
Union army protection of, 183, 186, 343, 344; see also contraband camps
voting rights for, 285
in Washington, D.C., 275
see also African Americans
Freedman’s Village, 420
Freedmen and Southern Society Project, 421
freedom:
abolitionists’ presumption of, x, 7, 9, 22–34, 35, 140, 194, 452
African Americans’ expectations for, 491, 492
American attributes of, 207
Constitution’s assumption of, see Constitution, U.S., natural law in
Democrats’ view of, 452
European political theory of, ix–x, 441
on the high seas, 257, 261–65, 266, 267, 268, 269, 271, 328, 438
Republican presumption of, 187, 266, 452
see also slaves, constitutional status of
free labor, 421
conscription’s conflict with, 384–85, 542
as contraband camp alternative, 420
on Louisiana plantations, 251, 252–54, 327–28, 337, 369, 375, 385
in Mississippi Valley, 324–25, 327
in North, xvii
Republican support for, 281–82
Sea Islands experiment in, 201–2, 204, 206, 385, 542
Free Soil Party:
antislavery position of, xv, 28–29, 30, 266
Butler’s association with, 91
constitutional assumptions of, 4, 28
Free State movement, 461
free states, xii, 30, 51, 261
slave states voting as, 297, 478, 486
see also North; West Virginia
Frémont, Jessie Benton, 153
Frémont, John C., 153–59
antislavery position of, 154
criticism of, 156, 165–66
Lincoln’s dismissal of, 166
military emancipation order of, 157–59, 160, 162, 163–65, 166, 175–76, 182, 184, 187, 200, 283, 332, 337, 417, 468, 519, 533
Missouri command of, 152, 155–59, 161, 165–66, 468
prewar career of, 153–54
French, Mansfield, 206
French Revolution, 422
Frisbie, H. N., 385
Fry, Speed Smith, 418, 487
Fugitive Slave Act of 1793, 16
Fugitive Slave Act of 1850:
Border State application of, 173–74
Crittenden resolution on, 73
District of Columbia enforcement of, 276
Lincoln’s position on, 53, 75, 76, 355, 356–57, 538
northern opposition to, 195, 354–55, 356
repeal of, 434, 435, 538, 549
Republican position on, 33, 51, 58, 66, 75, 76, 113, 174, 259, 276, 434, 435
Second Confiscation Act’s overruling of, 238
southern position on, 96
see also slaves, runaway
fugitive slave clause, 2
congressional legislation on, 186–89, 210, 211
District of Columbia enforcement of, 189–90, 275–76
enforcement debate over, 6–7, 31, 33, 44, 63, 75, 76, 77–78, 113, 141, 146–47, 166, 173, 174–75, 179, 186, 187–89, 191, 258, 259, 275–76, 300, 328, 354, 355, 356–57, 438; see also North, personal liberty laws in
genesis of, 194–95
Lincoln’s position on, 63, 75–76, 78, 141, 146, 316, 355, 356–57, 511
southern position on, 31, 44, 57, 75, 77, 398
Union army enforcement role under, 90, 113, 141, 143, 146–47, 166, 172, 173, 174–75, 177, 179–81, 186, 187–89, 191, 196, 210, 238, 251, 257, 259, 275–76, 290, 316, 319, 323, 331, 434
wording of, 120
see also slaves, runaway
Fuller, Richard, 207
Gamble, Hamilton R., 151, 152, 155, 156, 157, 469
Garrison, William Lloyd:
constitutional assumptions of, 3, 6, 289, 348
containment strategy of, 256–57, 507, 528
Lincoln’s meetings with, xxi
radicalism of, 26–27
Gay, Sydney Howard, 308, 312
Gayle, George, 88
Georgia:
Black Codes in
, 490
black enlistment in, 388
civil rights petitions in, 491
Hunter’s abolition declaration in, 214
Hunter’s military emancipation orders in, 213–14
proslavery laws in, 403
re-enslavement in, 424
secession of, 61, 64
Sherman’s march through, 374, 421, 475
slave refugeeing in, 406
Thirteenth Amendment ratification by, 484
Gerry, Elbridge, 2
Gettysburg, 395, 427
Ghent, Treaty of, 36, 261
Giddings, Joshua:
Adams’s relationship with, 36, 41
antislavery resolutions of, 24–26, 347
constitutional assumptions of, 4, 25, 39, 47
on fugitive slave policy, 259
self-emancipation explanation of, 194–95
Gilmer, John, 62, 63, 64
Gilmore, Quincy, 323
Glisson, O. S., 100–101
Goodell, William, 5, 27
government, U.S.:
abolition constraint on, xi, 1, 2–8, 12, 313; see also federal consensus
in Creole rebellion incident, 23–24
fugitive slave clause enforcement by, 7, 31, 33, 44, 75, 76, 78, 90
proslavery foreign policy of, 262, 529
Second Seminole War emancipations by, 38
slavery’s protection by, 23, 24, 27, 30, 35, 80, 261–62
southern influence on, 27, 28, 30, 31, 32, 33, 35, 51, 54, 57, 69, 72, 80, 442
territorial slavery bans by, ix, 12–13
see also Congress, U.S.; Republican Party, U.S.; Union
Granger, Gordon, 483
Grant, Ulysses S.:
black soldiers under, 379, 380, 381, 428
enticement policy of, 371, 372, 375
fugitive slave policy of, 178, 179, 184, 318, 319, 320, 321–22, 324, 368, 369, 370
labor policies of, 321–22, 324, 325, 368
Lee’s surrender to, 482
military setbacks of, 393
military victories of, 218, 318, 393, 394
in Virginia battle, 472
western army command of, 321, 371, 372
Great Britain:
American slave emancipation by, 23, 36, 38, 261, 264
antislavery law in, ix, 9, 352; see also Somerset case
Caribbean abolition by, x
international slave trade suppression by, 262, 263, 264, 501
wartime emancipation by, 36, 38, 261
Greeley, Horace, 55, 288, 311–13, 332–33, 334–35, 473, 507
Green, Richard, 170
Grotius, Hugo, 37
Groves v. Slaughter, 4, 20–21
Guadeloupe, 422–23
Hahn, Michael, 255, 461, 462
Haiti, 261, 264, 265, 277, 280–81, 422, 529
Haitian revolution, x, 264, 398, 399
Hale, John P., 5, 116, 130, 228, 296, 297, 431–32
Hall, Samuel, 389–90
Hall, T. E., 418
Halleck, Henry W., 37, 179, 181, 183, 184, 185, 186, 189, 318–19, 321, 322, 324, 332, 350, 370, 373, 378–79, 380, 520, 535
Hamlin, Hannibal, 341
Harney, William S., 104, 172
Hartford Evening Press, 55
Hatton, William, 404
Hays, Charles, 363–64
Henderson, John Brooks, 432, 435, 436
Henry, John, 373
Heyward, Charles, 405–6
Hickman, John, 232
Hicks, Thomas H., 149
Higginson, Thomas Wentworth, 378, 542
high seas:
disputes over, xii, 9, 23, 24, 25, 33, 35, 44, 48
free status of, 257, 261–65, 266, 267, 268, 269, 271, 328, 438
slave rebellions on, 22–25, 34–35, 194, 261, 264
slavery’s protection on, 23, 24, 27, 35, 261–62
Hilton Head, S.C., 197, 199
Holman, William S., 115, 240, 549
Holmes, Lucius, 289
Holt, Joseph, 162, 366, 423
Hooker, Joseph, 178–79
House of Representatives, U.S.:
Border State policy in, 186–89, 288
Crittenden resolution in, 130
District of Columbia abolition bill in, 274
1840s antislavery resolutions in, 24–26
First Confiscation Act in, 108, 133–36, 137–38
fugitive slave bill in, 186–89
fugitive slave resolution in, 112–13, 141
military emancipation support in, 113, 118
prewar federal consensus resolution in, 1
Republican majority in, 476
Second Confiscation Act in, 226, 228–31, 302
territorial slavery ban in, ix, 267–68, 269
Thirteenth Amendment in, xxiv, 439, 447, 454, 470, 476, 477, 479–80
West Virginia statehood bill in, 298–99
Hovey, Alvin P., 320–21
Howard, Jacob M., 441, 442
Howe, John, 156
Howe, Timothy O., 451
Hughes, Louis, 411–14, 546
Hughes, Matilda, 412, 413
Hunter, David, 142, 165, 213–18, 283, 289, 327, 337–38, 378, 385, 542
Hurlbut, Stephen A., 372–73, 420, 426, 460, 547
Ile à Vache, 280–81
Illinois, Thirteenth Amendment ratification in, 481
Indianapolis Daily Journal, 67, 68
Indians:
Confederate treaties with, 397, 487–88
“removal” of, 281
Iowa, black soldiers’ recruitment by, 389
Iowa State Register, 56, 69
Jackson, Claiborne F., 151, 152, 518
Jackson, Thomas “Stonewall,” 313, 314
Jamaica, abolition in, x
Jamestown, Va., 93
Jay, William, 24, 194, 346, 347, 511
Jay Treaty, 36
Jefferson, Thomas:
federal consensus view of, 3
Lincoln’s admiration of, 46, 345
racial arguments of, 277–78
slavery’s protection by, 261
Thirteenth Amendment’s linkage to, 441
in Virginia democracy, 293
Johnson, Andrew, 128, 129, 387, 464, 467, 481, 482, 483–84, 485, 489
Johnson, Bradley T., 150
Johnson, Reverdy, 249, 250, 435–36, 527
Johnson, Thomas, 88–89
Johnston, Joseph E., 123, 402–3, 475
Journal of Commerce, 336
Justinian Code, 351
Kansas, 116
slave refugeeing in, 295–96
Kearny, Stephen Watts, 153
Kelley, William D., 267, 444, 453
Kentucky, xii
abolition in, 487
abolition resistance in, 191, 485, 486–87
black enlistment in, 387, 388, 415, 463, 543
civil rights petitions in, 491
Confederate invasion of, 148, 159–63, 519
Emancipation Proclamation’s effect in, 363–64
Emancipation Proclamation’s exemption of, 364, 543
emancipation resistance in, 366, 367, 418, 423, 433, 486, 487
First Confiscation Act in, 146, 175
Frémont’s emancipation order in, 159, 160, 162, 163, 519
fugitive slave law enforcement in, 90, 423, 487
fugitive slave policy in, 167, 173, 179, 182, 319, 487
fugitive slaves escaping to, 182, 423
re-enslavement in, 366, 423, 487
secessionism in, 147, 148, 160, 162, 167, 175
slave conscription in, 366
slavery in, 103, 160, 161
Thirteenth Amendment in, 487, 488
Union army presence in, 148, 160, 161, 162, 175
unionism in, 160, 161, 162
see also Border States
Kentucky Statesman, 58, 59
Kidd, Alfred W., 403
King, Rufus, 13, 501
Lablanche, Babbillard, 245–46
Lam
on, Ward, 189, 190
Lane, Isaac, 370–71
Lane, James K., 116, 129, 177, 196, 295, 296, 297, 298
Latin America, military emancipation in, 38
Law, John, 240
law, martial, 157–59, 183, 214
law, natural, 7, 9, 13, 17, 18, 21–22, 23, 24, 25, 29, 35, 140, 194, 261, 348, 350–51, 504
law of nations, 7, 21, 22, 23, 29, 30, 35, 37, 40, 41, 96, 134, 140, 261, 351
Law of Nations, The (Vattel), 135
Lawrence, Larkin, 15, 16
Lawrence, Matilda, 15–17, 23, 502
laws of war, xii, 37, 40, 96–97, 118, 120, 122, 133–36, 158–59, 175, 176, 225, 229, 234, 237, 326, 348, 351, 424, 517
Lee, Robert E., 302, 313–14, 395, 472, 475, 482
Lee, William H., 87–88
Leggett, William, 19
Letcher, John, 399
Lewis, J. Vance, 364
Liberator, The, 289
Liberia, 261, 264, 265, 278, 309
Liberty Party:
antislavery position of, xv, 26–28, 30
constitutional assumptions of, 4, 27–28
military emancipation position of, 39
Lieber, Francis, 350–52, 353, 354, 359, 537
Lieber code, 350–52
Lilley, William, 214, 524
Lincoln, Abraham:
abolitionist appeals to, 79–80, 307–8, 311
abolitionist criticism of, xxi, 163–65, 217, 283, 348
abolition role of, xvii, xviii
antislavery policies of, xii, xiii, xiv, xvii, xviii, xx, 52–53, 55, 315, 368, 393, 472–73; see also Border State policy, Lincoln’s position on; Emancipation Proclamation; Preliminary Proclamation
antislavery position of, xvi, xx, xxi, xxii, 22, 45–47, 48, 52, 53, 57, 62–64, 73, 74–78, 79, 114, 217, 250, 283, 284–85, 291, 292–93, 310, 312, 330, 332–34, 337–38, 346, 356, 390, 459, 473, 480
assassination of, 339, 483
attainder position of, 158–59, 232, 234, 526
black citizenship position of, 76, 355–57, 359
black enlistment position of, 372, 377, 380, 387, 415, 428, 457, 464, 533
black leaders’ meeting with, 308–10
Butler’s relationship with, 93
civilian rule principle of, 159, 187, 215, 216
Civil War position of, xvi, 114, 129, 311, 312, 315, 337, 391–92, 453, 473
colonization position of, 280, 282, 305, 306, 308, 309, 310, 315, 387, 529
compensation position of, 211, 275, 284, 285, 286, 290, 305, 315, 485, 501, 531
Confederacy’s assessment by, 397
Confederate prisoner exchange cessation by, 380
constitutional assumptions of, 1, 5, 45, 46, 47, 312, 313, 455
containment position of, 75, 260
contraband camp concerns of, 417, 418, 420
in contraband policy formulation, xviii, 99, 101, 103, 105, 110, 112, 283, 337
cooperationists’ view of, 72