by James Oakes
Protestant church, schisms within, xvii
Pufendorf, Samuel von, 37
race:
abolitionists’ views on, 277, 278
Jefferson’s views on, 277–78
Lincoln’s statements on, 308–10
Louisiana’s actions on, 462
northern Democrats’ views on, 81, 285, 447, 449–50, 451, 475, 476, 497
northern views on, 279, 282, 310, 476
Republican views on, 274, 310, 447, 450–51, 497
Sherman’s views on, 320, 374
Union army policies on, 379–80, 415
Randall, James Garfield, 515
Rawlins, John, 321
Raymond, Henry J., 288, 497
Rebellion Record, 142
Reconstruction, 489–92
Johnson’s policies for, 481, 483, 489
Lincoln’s views on, 454, 458, 459, 461–62, 467, 483, 536
radical, 432, 454
Redpath, James, 277
re-enslavement, 422–27
of black soldiers, 380, 424, 426, 434, 549
Border State congressmen’s predictions of, 353, 354
in Border States, 366, 423, 427, 430, 434
citizenship’s prevention of, 353, 354–60, 426, 434, 451
Confederate policy on, 354, 380, 423–24, 425, 426
of free blacks, 423–24
implications of, 424
Lincoln’s position on, 200–201, 313, 353, 359, 422, 423, 424, 425, 426, 427, 457, 474
northern Democrats’ predictions about, 280, 435, 549
Preliminary Proclamation’s language on, 353
Republican concerns about, 201, 205, 206, 353–54, 424
states’ rights to, 353, 354, 422, 425, 429
strategies against, 385, 397, 420, 426, 434–35, 443
Wade-Davis Bill’s prohibition of, 455
Republican Banner, 72
Republican Party, U.S.:
abolition proposals in, 431
abolition role of, xiv, xvii, xviii, xix, xx, xxi–xxii
antislavery policies of, x, xi–xiii, xiv, xvii, xviii, xx, xxi–xxii, xxiii, 8, 25, 43, 49, 50, 51–52, 55, 58–61, 65, 72, 73, 74, 82–83, 172, 239, 241, 242, 243, 247, 249, 257, 259, 271, 278–79, 281–82, 300, 305, 327–28, 338, 386, 438, 440, 446, 515; see also abolition, gradual; containment; contraband policy; emancipation, military; First Confiscation Act; Second Confiscation Act; Thirteenth Amendment
antislavery position of, xv, xvi, xvii, xviii, xix, xx–xxii, xxiv, 43, 48, 51, 55–57, 63–64, 73, 79–83, 108, 109–10, 114, 115–18, 134, 165, 179–81, 200, 239, 266, 268, 273, 291, 321, 328, 330–31, 335, 346, 439, 447, 448, 449, 450–51, 453, 471, 499; see also emancipation, military, Republican position on
black citizenship position of, 451
black enlistment position of, 377
Border State policy of, 146, 166, 172, 185–89, 279, 287–88, 291–93, 298, 300, 438
Butler’s opinion of, 92
Civil War position of, 80–81, 108, 109–10, 111, 112, 114, 115–18, 129–31, 136, 200, 224, 240, 242, 243, 247–48, 267, 312, 328, 331, 332, 391–92, 447, 453, 471, 517
colonization support in, xii, 55, 239, 273, 274–75, 277, 278–79, 280–82
congressional majority of, 72, 101, 257, 266, 447
constitutional assumptions of, 1, 2, 25, 42, 43, 54, 78, 438, 440, 506
District of Columbia abolition position of, 51, 59, 257, 271–73, 274, 275–76, 300
divisions within, xx, 50–51, 81, 108, 110, 117, 127, 231–32, 235, 297
Douglass’ loyalty to, xix
1856 election gains of, 44
1860 election victory of, 50, 52, 54, 72, 266, 442
1862 election losses of, 330, 533–34
in 1864 election, 338, 470–71, 472, 476, 487
emancipation enforcement proposals in, 431–37, 439
federal consensus position of, 42, 43, 54, 74, 228, 260, 267–68, 286, 312, 432, 438, 445, 448, 455, 456
foreign policy of, 261–65, 300, 438
former Democrats in, 51, 150
free labor position of, 281–82
Frémont’s 1856 nomination by, 154
fugitive slave position of, 25, 33, 51, 58, 66, 75, 76, 113, 141, 146, 166, 174–75, 179–81, 185–89, 190, 191, 211, 232, 259, 275–76, 300, 434, 435, 438
legislative emancipation support in, 230
Lincoln’s 1860 nomination by, 46–47
Lincoln’s disagreements with, xx–xxi, 51, 165, 455, 473
Lincoln’s loyalty to, xix–xx, 63–64, 73, 82
McClellan’s disagreement with, 318
moral arguments of, 101, 272, 436, 449, 450–51
northern Democrats’ opposition to, 60, 78–79, 108–9, 110, 114–15, 188, 267, 331, 338, 438, 443, 446, 508
northern support of, 285, 341
“property in man” position of, 45, 47, 48, 55–57, 61, 66, 73, 75, 101, 108, 120, 121, 397, 447, 449
racial views of in, 274, 310, 447, 450–51, 497
radical wing of, 33, 52, 66, 79–80, 109, 110, 117, 127, 129, 143, 196, 199, 200, 228, 230, 268, 273, 276, 284–85, 296, 297, 298, 332, 432
Reconstruction debate in, 489
re-enslavement concerns of, 201, 205, 206, 353–54, 424
secessionist conciliators among, 65–66, 509
secessionist criticism of, 58–61, 346, 438
secession opposition of, 66, 69, 108, 509, 517
secession scenarios of, 49, 50, 62, 67–69, 71–73, 79–81, 82, 96, 196, 331–32
Seward’s importance in, 64
slaveholders’ targeting by, 225, 240, 242–44
slave loyalty view of, 224, 225, 244–45
slave rebellion scenario of, xvii, 52, 66, 70–71, 79, 80, 84–85, 196, 249
slavery’s weakness presumed by, xiii, 30, 49–50, 51, 52, 53–55, 65, 69, 83, 144, 196, 215, 242, 247, 260, 331–32, 374–75, 438, 443
southern unionism belief of, 224, 240, 242, 250, 453
territorial slavery position of, 48, 51, 58, 65–66, 200, 257, 265–69, 300, 398, 438
West Virginia statehood position of, 295–99
see also Lincoln, Abraham; Union Party
Reynolds, William, 201–2, 204
Rhode Island:
abolition in, 10
Thirteenth Amendment ratification in, 481
Rice, John, 243
Richmond, Va., 94, 224, 306
Richmond Enquirer, 59
Riddle, Albert, 123–24
Riley, John W., 16
Roanoke Island, 208, 209
Robertson, George, 486
Robinson, James, 486
Rogers, J. B., 324
Rome, ancient, 396
Rosecrans, William, 372, 478
Ross, Leonard F., 184–85
Ruiz, José, 34, 35
Russell, William Howard, 81–82, 85–86, 104, 124, 509
St. Louis, Mo., 150
Saulsbury, Willard, 188, 280, 422, 448
Savage, Jack, 408–9
Saxton, Rufus, 378, 379
Schofield, John M., 168, 468
Schurz, Carl, 215, 217, 284–85
Scott, Winfield, 92, 97, 99, 172, 501
Screven, John, 406
Sea Islands, 197–208, 363, 399, 425
abolitionist scheme on, 202–7, 214, 327
black enlistment attempt in, 378, 385, 542
children on, 206
contraband policy in, 198–99, 200, 203, 206, 328
free labor experiment in, 201–2, 204, 206, 385, 542
Lincoln’s views on, 201
plantations in, 197–98
re-enslavement fears in, 354
self-emancipated blacks on, 202, 203, 204, 205, 206–7
slave population in, 198
Treasury Department administration of, 199, 201, 202, 207, 283
Union occupation of, 142, 197, 407
white abandonment of, 199
Sears, Alfred, 384
secession, xii, xx, 4
9–83, 458
arguments for, 58–59, 60–61
Border State supporters of, 90, 92, 147–48, 149–50, 151–52, 153, 155, 156, 157, 160, 161, 162, 167–68, 175, 458, 459
Butler’s position on, 92
causes of, 56–57, 58, 78, 89, 265, 291, 346, 397
consequences of, 62, 72, 74, 78, 80, 96, 112, 134, 140, 195–96, 200, 257, 259, 266, 326, 352, 437
containment argument against, 258–59
cooperationist arguments against, 72, 74
1850 threats of, 31, 195
Lincoln’s compromise proposal on, 75–76, 356–57
Lincoln’s views on, 62, 69, 77, 78, 141, 259, 517
of Louisiana, 61, 64, 220
nationwide debate over, 50; see also Union, sectional compromise proposals for
northern Democrats’ view of, 60, 79, 81, 497
progress of, 61, 64, 79
Republican conciliatory position on, 65–66, 509
Republican opposition to, 66, 69, 108, 509, 517
Republican scenarios concerning, 49, 50, 62, 67–69, 71–73, 79–81, 82, 96, 196, 331–32
Seward’s proposals on, 263
of South Carolina, 50, 58, 60, 61, 200
of Tennessee, 79, 319
of Virginia, 79, 96, 112, 294
see also Civil War, U.S.; Confederacy; Reconstruction
Second Confiscation Act, xviii, 224–55, 331
black enlistment provision of, 239
Border State application of, 233, 234, 469, 539
colonization provision of, 239, 280
congressional debate on, 216, 223, 224, 226–33, 234–36, 249, 302, 303, 304, 422
criteria for use of, 223, 225, 231, 232, 233, 238, 239, 326, 362, 363, 369, 539
emancipation powers under, 225, 227, 228, 229, 230, 231, 232, 362
emancipation provisions of, 229–31, 232–33, 235, 326–27
fugitive slave provisions of, 232, 238, 239, 259, 434
historical significance of, 329, 335
in House of Representatives, 228–31, 302
Kentucky’s violation of, 423
legal procedures in, 233, 234, 325, 326, 327
legislative slowness of, 226
limitations of, 349, 442, 446
Lincoln’s position on, 233–34, 235, 251, 290, 539
in Louisiana, 238, 245–55, 363
opposition to, 240–42
policy shift represented by, 241, 242, 243, 247, 249, 302, 303
Preliminary Proclamation’s language from, 251, 305, 315, 316, 326–27, 335
presidential proclamation requirement of, 225, 227, 231, 237, 303, 304, 308, 332, 335, 362; see also Emancipation Proclamation; Preliminary Proclamation
property provisions of, 229, 232–33, 234–35, 238
Republican support for, 231, 236, 303, 539
results of, 239, 255, 363, 457
self-emancipation basis of, 369
in Senate, 226–28, 231, 290, 298, 302
signing of, 226, 235–36, 239, 249, 304, 308
Union army implementation of, 248, 249, 251–54, 317, 321–23, 324
in Union-occupied areas, 225, 238, 239, 251, 327, 331, 344, 363
in unoccupied areas, 225, 227, 331
Second Seminole War, 38
Sedgwick, Charles D., 243
self-emancipation, 35, 140, 192–223, 225, 368–69, 398, 521
antislavery movement’s definition of, 194–95, 522
Civil War’s effect on, 196
criteria for, 200, 201, 203, 205, 212, 218, 221, 225, 344
First Confiscation Act’s requirement of, 193–94, 196; see also army, Union, enticement ban on
in Georgia, 214
historical meaning of, 194
limitations of, 242
in North Carolina, 208–11
northern position on, 194, 195, 196
during Peninsula Campaign, 211–13
in Sea Islands, 197–208, 363, 399
Senate, U.S.:
black citizenship proposal in, 451
Border State policy in, 186–89, 288
District of Columbia abolition bill in, 272, 273
First Confiscation Act in, 108, 118–22, 124–28, 130, 131–33, 138, 144
Free Soilers in, 29
fugitive slave bill in, 186–89
Johnson resolution in, 129–30
military emancipation support in, 113, 118, 128, 130, 131
Second Confiscation Act in, 226–28, 231, 290, 298, 302
slave-trade treaty in, 263, 331, 438
Sumner’s election to, 29, 91
territorial slavery ban in, 268–69
Thirteenth Amendment in, 435–36, 439, 440–42, 443, 447, 454
Wade-Davis Bill in, 550
West Virginia statehood bill in, 295–98, 304
Seward, William H., 76, 84, 149, 189, 303, 501
abolition scenarios of, 66–67
conciliation arguments of, 65–66, 509
constitutional arguments of, 21, 29–32
“higher law” speech of, 29–30, 39–40, 504, 507
military emancipation position of, 39–40
Preliminary Proclamation position of, 306–7, 308, 315, 533
Republican Party status of, 64
slavery’s weakness presumed by, 30–31, 54, 64–65, 306
in slave-trade treaty negotiations, 262–63
Thirteenth Amendment role of, 479, 484, 485, 487, 488
Shannon, Thomas B., 445
Sharkey, William, 484
Shaw, Lemuel, 14
Shaw, Robert Gould, 373
Shenandoah Valley, 475
Sheridan, Philip, 475
Sherman, John, 71, 127–28, 130–31, 232, 322, 325, 433, 435, 456
Sherman, Roger, 19
Sherman, Thomas W., 142, 197, 198–99, 201
Sherman, William Tecumseh:
contraband camps under, 417
enticement policy of, 374, 388
fugitive slave policy of, 173, 179, 319–20, 322, 325, 415
Preliminary Proclamation’s application by, 325–27, 328
racial views of, 320, 374
southern marches of, 374, 388, 409, 410, 421, 475, 482
Shiloh, 393
Sigel, Franz, 156
slaveholders:
Civil War’s disruption of, 405, 409, 410, 427
colonization position of, 277
Confederacy’s compensation of, 402
Confederacy’s protection of, 398, 403
Emancipation Proclamation’s effect on, 373–74, 375–76, 391
Emancipation Proclamation’s suppression by, 370, 415, 474
enlistment reprisals by, 414–15
First Confiscation Act’s distinction between, 137, 138, 139, 141, 177, 185, 220, 222
fugitive slave clause insistence of, 194–95
in Louisiana, 220, 221, 222
non-slaveholders’ conflict with, 401
police system of, 86, 87–88, 89, 147, 208, 401, 403–5, 407–9
political power of, 401, 458, 459, 464–65, 468
postwar response of, 482
rebellion concerns of, 85–88, 398–99, 404
refugeeing by, 295–96, 318, 390, 405–6, 407–8, 412, 413, 460, 545
Republican targeting of, 225, 240, 242–44
slave abandonment by, 141, 199, 238, 324
Union army interactions with, 169–70, 181, 183–84, 189, 190, 365–66
Union army’s threat to, 88
Virginia political power of, 293–94
see also South
slavery:
abolitionists’ presumptions about, x, 30–31, 33–34, 145, 196, 485
American history of, 93
in ancient Rome, 396
Border State congressmen’s position on, 108–9, 110
in Border States, 103–4, 145, 146, 148–49, 150, 151, 160, 161, 172–73, 174, 287–88
in Brazil, 396
British law on, ix, 9, 352; see also Somerset case
Butler’s early position on, 91–92
as Civil War cause, 80, 108, 110, 114, 115, 116, 169, 200, 240, 242, 243, 267, 291, 337, 391–92, 447, 453, 471; see also Civil War, U.S., antislavery origins of
collapse of, 375–76
Confederacy’s basis in, 397–98, 400
Confederacy’s policing of, 403–5, 407–9
congressional “gag rule” concerning, 36–37, 39, 348
constitutional language on, 3, 6, 9, 18, 19–20, 46, 47, 55–56, 76–77, 120, 274
constitutional limitation of, 4–5
constitutional protections for, xi, 1–8, 12–14, 22, 57, 68–69, 72–73, 74, 96, 103–4, 112, 116, 176, 312, 436; see also federal consensus
constitutional recognition of, 2
in Cuba, 396
Democrats’ position on, 29, 43–44, 47–48
economic arguments against, x–xi, 31, 52
federal policies against, ix, xi–xiii, xiv, xvii, xviii, xx, xxi–xxii, xxiii, 6, 7–8, 12–13, 17, 22, 25; see also antislavery movement, political, federal policies of; Lincoln, Abraham, antislavery policies of; Republican Party, U.S., antislavery policies of
federal property ban on, 59, 63, 266, 267, 268
federal protection of, 23, 24, 27, 30, 35, 80, 261–62
Founders’ position on, x–xi, 13, 17–18, 28, 46, 442, 443–45
Frémont’s position on, 154
Grant’s position on, 184
international context of, xvii
legality of, 9, 17, 18, 23, 24, 25, 27
Lincoln’s moral dilemma concerning, xvi, 311–12
Lincoln’s position on, xvi, xx, xxi, xxii, 22, 45–47, 48, 52, 53, 57, 62–64, 73, 74–78, 79, 114, 217, 250, 283, 284–85, 291, 292–93, 310, 312, 330, 332–34, 337–38, 346, 356, 390, 459, 473, 480
under martial law, 214
in Mississippi Valley, 219
moral arguments against, xi, 45, 77, 78, 101, 171, 258, 272, 347, 436, 449, 450–51
natural law’s opposition to, 7, 9, 13, 17, 18, 21–22, 23, 24, 25, 29, 35, 140, 194, 261, 348, 350–51, 504
northern Democrat position on, 47, 81, 108–9, 110, 114–15, 188, 267, 331, 448, 452, 471–72
northern opposition to, xi, 79, 124, 165, 249, 285, 307, 308, 311, 317, 331, 341, 401, 475
political economy of, xvii
post–Civil War endurance of, xiv, 353, 395–97, 421–22, 424, 425, 427–29, 430–31, 438, 440, 442, 443, 444, 446–47, 448, 453, 474; see also re-enslavement
Republican position on, xv, xvi, xvii, xviii, xix, xx–xxii, xxiv, 43, 48, 51, 55–57, 63–64, 73, 79–83, 108, 109–10, 114, 115–18, 134, 165, 179–81, 200, 239, 266, 268, 273, 291, 321, 328, 335, 346, 439, 447, 448, 449, 450–51, 453, 471, 499; see also emancipation, military, Republican position on
Republican presumptions about, xiii, 30, 49–50, 51, 52, 53–55, 65, 69, 83, 144, 196, 215, 242, 247, 260, 331–32, 374–75, 438, 443