The Vaccine Race
Page 59
Benoit vaccine, 154, 198, 209–12, 232
Berg, Paul, 240
Berliner, Robert, 250
Berman, Elizabeth Popp, 313
Bernard, Claude, 175
Bernhard Nocht Institute, 201
Best, Charles, 273
Beyers, Bob, 277
Billingham, Rupert, 40, 44
biotechnology industry, 276–78, 314–17
Birth Control Federation of America, 210
Blackburn, Elizabeth, 326–29, 332
Blake bottles, 54
blood plasma transfusions, 122
Bookchin, Debbie, 99
Boone, Charles, 219, 220, 223, 291, 297
Boston Children’s Hospital, 23
Boston Lying-In Hospital, 25
Boston School for the Deaf, 256–57
Böttiger, Margareta, 93–94, 128, 356
Boué, André, 155, 156
Boué, Joëlle, 155, 156
Boveri, Theodor, 47
Boyer, Herbert, 277–78, 312, 315, 315n, 316
British Medical Journal, 105, 138–39, 146–47, 159
Bromma Airport, 4
Bronowski, Jacob, 204
Bronx High School of Science, 141
Brooks, Donald S., 275, 284–86
Buescher, Edward, 140, 256
Burkitt, Denis, 45
Burnet, Frank Macfarlane, 45, 320–21
Burney, Leroy, 102–3
Burroughs Wellcome, 213, 221–22, 230, 238, 244, 256, 259
Buser, Fritz, 128–29
business and biology, 271–74, 277, 312–17
Buterbaugh, Noel, 293
Butler, N. R., 146–47
Butler, Robert, 300, 301
Byers, Brook, 312
Califano, Joseph, 301, 313
California Proposition 14, 268–69
Cambridge University, 326
Camden County College, 360
cancer
Eddy’s research, 96–98, 100
Hayflick’s research, 42, 69–75, 74n, 77, 90–91, 101, 323n, 325, 330, 331–32
SV40 virus and, 96–98, 108–9, 198
viral role in, 44–48, 53, 56, 58–59, 75, 96–98, 125–26
Capitol Region Life Line, 266
cardiac catheterization, 186–87
Carp, Richard, 120
Carrel, Alexis, 57–58, 63, 66–68
Carson, Rachel, 90
Carter, Jimmy, 313, 315–16, 317
cataracts, 1, 133–34, 136–37, 146, 183–84
cataract surgery, 1, 184–85, 338
Catholic Children’s Bureau, 118
Catholic Medical Association, 334
CDC (Communicable Disease Center)
Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices, 340
Epidemic Intelligence Service, 143
Kennedy and, 68
Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 156, 306
name change, 143n
rabies, 167, 170, 172–73, 305–6, 346
rubella vaccination risks for pregnant women, 233, 233n
cells
birth and death, 3
“passage,” 63–64
population doubling levels, 63–64, 274
terminology, 63–64
Cell Associates, 272, 273, 274–76, 278–80, 283–84, 288–89, 318
cell banks, 6, 310–11, 349. See also American Type Culture Collection
Cell Culture Fund, 271–72
cell division, 57–68
cell immortality, 57–58, 66–68
cell lines, 41–42, 46–47, 57–63
of Hayflick, 59–70, 78–80, 81, 83–85, 88–89, 101–2, 104, 125
HeLa, 41, 41n, 42–43, 47n, 58, 70
“cell strains,” 70
Cendehill vaccine, 229, 231–32, 237–38
DBS approval, 253
Plotkin’s vaccine compared with, 232–33, 234, 237, 257, 261
trials, 225–26, 254–55, 256, 258
Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, 250
Center for Gerontological Studies, 317–18
Center for Medical Progress, 352
Center for Study of Responsive Law, 247
Central Regional Junior High School, 182
Chakrabarty, Ananda, 314, 315
Charo, Alta, 349
CHAT polio vaccine virus, 104n
Chavez, Cesar, 268–69
Chemical Feast, The (Turner), 247
Chicago World’s Fair (1893), 28
chicken-heart cells, 57–58, 63, 66–67, 75
chicken pox, 24–25, 68, 307, 343
chicken pox vaccine, 307–8, 309, 335, 340, 343, 349
Children of God for Life, 333–35, 339–40, 353
Children’s Hospital Medical Center (Oakland), 300–301, 355
Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, 37, 123, 141, 181, 188, 196, 259
chloramphenicol, 100, 195
chromosomal aberration and cancer, 46–48
chromosomes, 69–70, 74, 324–25
Clark, Benjamin, 194, 196–97, 204, 206–7
Claxton, Isabelle, 334
Cleveland Metropolitan General Hospital, 143
Climax Company, 14, 15, 17, 18
Clinton State Farms, 106–8, 109–10, 117, 359
Cobbs Creek Park, 13
Cohen, Barbara, 31, 44, 144
Cohen, Stanley, 276–78, 312, 315, 315n, 316
Colley, Lois, 206–7
Columbia University, 160, 316
Commonwealth Serum Laboratories, 238
congenital rubella syndrome (CRS), 138, 139n, 146–47, 148–49n, 157n, 161, 186
Congressional hearings, 247–50, 353
Connaught Laboratories, Ltd., 283–84, 299
contamination, 2, 40–41, 91–92, 289–90, 310
Cooper, Teddy, 16
Cope, Edward Drinker, 29
Coriell Institute for Medical Research, 279, 310, 355
Cornfeld, David, 181
Cox, Herald, 98–99
Creating the Market University (Berman), 313
Crick, Francis, 44, 324, 325
Cristofalo, Vincent, 152, 241–42, 244, 278, 294
Curtin, Chris, 282, 284
Cutter incident, 2, 95–96, 100, 121
cytochalasin B, 322–23
cytomegalovirus (CMV), 354, 359
Daleiden, David, 352–53
Damiane, Sister, 176
D’Arienzo, Mrs., 187–88
Davis, Stafford, Kellman & Fenwick, 294
DBS (Division of Biologics Standards), 121–27. See also Murray, Roderick
Investigational Exemption for a New Drug, 177–78, 190–91, 205–6
polio vaccines, 95–96, 97, 100, 109, 110–11, 121, 122, 250–51
Senate hearings, 246–50, 285
prisoner experiments, 122–24
rubella vaccines, 154–55, 177–78, 190–91, 231, 235, 237, 253
Dechert, Robert, 208
Defendi, Vittorio, 32
Dement, William, 240
Diamond v. Chakrabarty, 314–15
diphtheria, 8, 14, 22, 225
diploid cells, 46, 70, 74–77, 78
Diplovax, 246, 251–52, 274–75
DNA, 44, 324–25
DNA polymerase, 324–25
Doherty, Peter, 32
Dolbey and Company, 16
Dole, Robert, 313–14
donor compensation, 349–50
Donovick, Dick, 287
Dostoevsky, Fyodor, 19
Downstate College of Medicine, 142
Duden, Jess, 336, 337
Dudgeon, Alastair, 145, 146–47, 153–54
Dugas, Richard, 281, 282, 284, 286
Dunnebacke, Thelma, 41
Earle, Wilton, 58, 62, 126
Earp, Kathy, 360
Ebeling, Albert, 58, 66
Ebola vaccine, 351–52
Ebola virus, 68, 201–2, 351–52
ECHO-11 virus, 140, 158
Eddy, Bernice, 95–101
background of, 95
Cutter incident, 95–96, 100
SE polyoma virus, 46, 96
SV40 virus and polio vaccine, 97–101, 110–11, 248
update on, 356–57
Einstein, Albert, 14
Eisenhower, Dwight D., 51–52, 65
Eli Lilly and Company, 97, 167
Eliot, T. S., 23, 39
Elkins, William, 71–74
Ellerman, Vilhelm, 45
embryonic stem cell research, 70, 314, 333
Enbrel, 352
encephalitis, 135, 149, 161, 179, 336
Enders, John, 23–26, 111
Ernholm, Eva, 3, 85–88, 357
“Ethics and Clinical Research” (Beecher), 195–96
Experimental Cell Research, 77, 78, 321
Experimental Gerontology, 357
experimentation on prisoners, 122–24, 124n, 179
Farquhar, John, 193, 194, 227
Farris, Edmond, 28–29, 38
FDA (Food and Drug Administration), 64, 95, 190, 250, 260, 305, 348
Federal Technology Transfer Act of 1986, 314n
Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology, 76–77
Feinberg School of Medicine, 342
Fenwick, William, 293, 294–95, 318
Ferlauto, Bob, 206, 228–30, 238, 253
Fernandes, Mario, 168, 173–74, 304, 349
fetal tissue research, 48–49, 53–56, 352–53
fibroblasts, 55–56, 59–60, 70, 78, 83, 307, 328, 329
filoviruses, 201
Filterable Viruses (Rivers), 21
Finkbine, Sherri, 90
Finlayson, John, 125
Flack, Agnes, 107
Fleming, Alexander, 20
Fleming, Dean, 166
Fogh, Jørgen, 41
formaldehyde, 34–35
Fort Benning, Georgia, 17
Fort Dix, New Jersey, 140, 153, 154, 161, 190
Fort Ord, California, 254–55, 256
Fortune, 330
Fox Chase Cancer Center, 47
Franklin, Benjamin, 17, 27
Franklin School of Science and the Arts, 112
Fredrickson, Donald, 279–80, 301
Freedom of Information Act (FOIA), 288, 296, 300, 310, 311
Frosch, Paul, 20
Futcher, Bruce, 328–29
Gall, Joseph, 326
Gallo, Robert, 32
gamma globulin, 182–83, 184
GAO (Government Accountability Office), 248
Gard, Sven, 4, 21, 80–83, 84, 93–94, 127, 235
Gartler, Stanley, 42–43, 47n
Genentech, 277–78, 315, 315n
General Electric, 314
gene-splicing, 277–78, 315, 315n
Georgetown University, 98, 225
German measles. See rubella
Geron, 329–30, 331, 357
Gey, George, 58, 62, 66, 76
Ghodssi, Mehdi, 302
GI Bill, 17, 18
Giese, Jeanna, 345
Gilbert Company, 15–16
Gilmartin, Ray, 334–35
Girardi, Anthony, 70, 354
Glass Bead Game, The (Hesse), 356
glaucoma, 149, 338
GlaxoSmithKline, 206n, 343, 359
Goldman, Robert, 342
Gottlieb, Max, 141
Graham, Elizabeth “Betsy,” 337–39, 358
Great Depression, 14–15, 50
Great Inflation of the 1970s, 313
Great Ormond Street Hospital (GOSH), 140–41, 145–47
Great Western Savings and Loan, 271, 272
Gregg, Norman McAlister, 133–38, 140, 148–49n
Greider, Carol, 327–29, 332
grey fox and rabies, 169–70
György, Paul, 114–15, 116
Hall, Robert, 44, 160
Hall, Stephen, 329
Hamburg State School and Hospital, 193–97, 206–8, 227, 228, 359
Hammett, Frederick J., 273–74
Hansemann, David Paul von, 47
haploid cells, 46
Harley, Calvin, 328–29
Harper, Margaret, 134
Harris, Fred R., 249
Harrison, Ross, 22, 57
Harvard Law School, 284, 286
Harvard Medical School, 72, 195
Harvard School of Public Health, 140
Hawaiian recruits, rubella vaccine study, 254–55, 256
Hayflick, Annie, 64, 223–24
Hayflick, Deborah, 30, 37, 108, 224
Hayflick, Edna Silver, 14–15
Hayflick, Elaine, 14
Hayflick, Joel, 29, 30, 37, 108, 223–24, 239, 292
Hayflick, Leonard
abortion opponents of, 265–70
aging research of, 243, 244, 273, 279, 300, 317, 321–24
Cell Associates and, 272, 273, 274–76, 278–80, 283–84, 288–89, 318
cell lines, 59–70, 78–80, 81, 83–85, 88–89, 101–2, 104, 125
early life of, 13–17
education of, 16–18, 19, 22–23
fetal tissue research, 48–56
John Scott Award, 353–55
lawsuit of, 296–97, 301, 312, 317–19
love affair with microbes, 19
marriage to Ruth, 26–27
at Oakland Children’s Hospital, 300–301
polio vaccine, 105–6, 107–10, 112, 120, 122, 126–27
Schriver investigation, 280–87, 296
Schriver report, 288–92, 296–97
rebuttals, 296–300
Senate hearings, 246, 248–50
at Stanford University, 216, 223–24, 238–45, 265, 271–73
resignation, 292–94
“The Serial Cultivation of Human Diploid Cell Strains,” 3, 72–78, 83, 89–90, 126, 152, 177, 243, 273, 320
at University of Florida, 317–18, 355
at University of Pennsylvania, 17–18, 19, 22–23, 26, 27, 29
at University of Texas Medical Branch, 29–30
update on, 357
viral role in cancer, 44–48, 56, 75
at Wistar, 3–7, 29–30, 37–38, 40–43, 49, 152, 215–16, 221
WI-1 cells and, 59–62, 63, 104, 104n, 107–8
WI-38 cells and. See WI-38 cells
Hayflick, Nathan, 14–15, 17–18
Hayflick, Rachel, 64, 223–24
Hayflick, Ruth Louise Heckler, 26–27, 272, 286
children and family life, 29, 30, 37–38, 42, 64, 239
move to Palo Alto, 223–24, 239
Hayflick, Susan, 42, 43, 108, 224
Hayflick limit, 59–77, 89–90, 120, 320–32
Blackburn and Szostak, 326–29
experiment and discovery, 3, 4, 57–77, 83
Hayflick and Moorhead paper on, 3, 72–78, 83, 89–90, 126, 152, 177, 243, 273, 320
Olovnikov’s theory, 324–26, 328
study of cellular aging, 321–32, 341–42
telomere length, 324–32
use of term, 45, 320–21
Health, Education, and Welfare Department, U.S. (HEW), 247, 250, 281, 286, 300, 301, 313, 351
HeLa cells, 41, 41n, 42–43, 47n, 58, 70
Heller, Jean,
351
Heller, John, 46
Henle, Werner, 123, 196
Henry Phipps Institute, 178
hepatitis, 48, 68
hepatitis A vaccine, 307, 308–9, 334, 343–44
hepatitis B, 2, 121, 124, 125
epidemic of 1942, 2, 122, 125
hepatitis B vaccine, 121–22
herpes simplex virus, 48, 214
Herrström, Eva, 81–83, 357–58
Hertz, Charlie, 227
Hesse, Hermann, 356
Hilleman, Maurice, 31
Hayflick’s WI-38 cells, 275, 285, 291–92, 294
rubella vaccines, 153–54, 155, 189, 198, 209–12, 225–26, 232, 257–58, 260, 309–10
Salk polio vaccine and Georgetown conference, 98–100, 101
Hippocratic oath, 122
Hiro, Y., 178
History of Love, The (Krauss), 13
HIV/AIDS, 20, 48, 147, 307, 356
Hobby, Oveta Culp, 96
Hoechst, 199
Hoffmann, Friedrich, 135
Holmes, Henry, 28
Hooper, Edward, 107
Hopps, Hope, 208, 297–98
Horstmann, Dorothy, 253–58, 260–61, 275, 339
Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania (HUP), 42, 46, 50–53, 59, 71–72, 79, 161
Hot Zone, The (Preston), 202
House Committee on Infant Lives, 353
How and Why We Age (Hayflick), 357
HPV-77 vaccine, 154, 250, 307
NIH Conference, 231–33, 234
Plotkin’s vaccine compared with, 232–33, 234, 237, 257, 260–61, 275
trials, 190–92, 205, 208–9, 210–12, 230–31
Hsu, T. C., 127
Hull, Robert, 97
Human Life International, 334
human-subject protections, 8, 350–52
Hungerford, David, 47
Hunterdon County Medical Center, 106
Huygelen, Constant, 229
Idiot, The (Dostoevsky), 19
Ikić, Drago, 128–29, 178, 213, 243, 274
immortality theory, 57–58, 66–68
Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks, The (Skloot), 41n
Imovax, 305, 306, 344
informed consent, 8, 124, 196, 227, 350
Ingalls, Theodore, 178, 181, 207, 256–57
Institute of Immunology, 128, 213, 243, 274, 284, 299
Institute of Medicine, 280, 356–57
Institut Mérieux, 129, 213, 230, 244, 256, 259, 274, 302–6, 309, 344
intranasal rubella vaccine, 179–80, 181, 228–29
inverted microscopes, 40
Investigational New Drug (IND), 230
Ivanovsky, Dmitry, 20
Jacks, Fred, 54–55
Jacob, Sister Mary, 118–19
Jacobs, J. P., 214
Jacobs, Leon, 275, 285–86, 291, 292, 300, 301
Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies, 358
jaundice, 122
Jervis, George, 36–37