Erbil, here
Ermolov, General Aleksei, here
Etemad, Dr Akbar, here
Ethiopia, here, here, here
Eto’o, Samuel, here
Ettel, Erwin, here
Euclid, here
Eudokia, here
Euler, Leonhard, here
eunuchs, here
Euripides, here
European Union, here, here
Eurovision Song Contest, here
Evelyn, John, here
Faisal I, King (of Iraq), here
Faisal II, King (of Iraq), here
Falkenhayn, General Erich von, here
al-Fārābī, Abū Nar, here
Farman-Farma, Prince, here, here
Farouk, King (of Egypt), here, here
fashion houses, here
fasting, here, here, here
Fatehpur Sikri, here
Fat Alī, Shah, here
Fāimid caliphate, here, here, here
fatwas, here
Ferdinand and Isabella (of Spain), here, here
Fez, here
Field of Blood, battle of the, here
financial crisis, fifteenth-century, here, here
Firdawsī, here
fire temples, Zoroastrian, here, here
fish, worship of, here
Fisher, Admiral Sir John, here, here
Fitzwilliam Museum, here
flagpole, world’s tallest, here
Fleischer, Ari, here
Florence, here, here, here, here
‘fool’s gold’, here
footwear, prices of, here
Ford, Gerald, here
Ford Foundation, here
Ford Motor Company, here, here
Fort Nassau, here
Fort Ross, here
Foster, Norman, here
‘Four Masters’, here
Foxconn, here
Fra Angelico, here
France
armed forces, here
fall of, here, here, here
First World War aims, here
and Red Line Agreement, here, here
relations with Persia, here
relations with Russia, here, here
Francis of Assisi, here
Franco-Prussian War, here
frankincense, here, here, here, here, here, here
Franks, General Tommy, here
Franz Ferdinand, Archduke, here, here, here, here
Fraser, Sir William, here
Fraser-Tytler, Sir Kerr, here
Frederick Barbarossa, Emperor, here
Frederick II, Emperor, here
French Revolution, here
Frobisher, Martin, here
Fulton, Missouri, Churchill’s speech at, here, here
furs, trade in, here, here
Furtado, Nelly, here
Fürth, here
Fusā, here, here, here
Gaddafi, Muammar, here
Galileo Galilei, here
galley-slaves, freeing of, here
Gama, Vasco da, here, here, here, here, here, here
Gamelin, General Claude, here
Ganjavī, Mahsatī, here
Gansu corridor, here, here
Gao, here
Gardane, Comte de, here
Gārgī Samhitā, here
Gates, Robert, here, here
Gaugamela, battle of, here
Gaul, here, here
Gazprom, here
Geneva Protocols, here
Genghis Khan, here, here, here, here, here, here
Genoa
and Black Sea trade, here
competition with Venice, here, here, here
decline of, here
destruction of Pisan fleet, here
and gold trade, here
plague in, here
rise of, here, here, here, here, here, here
George III, King, here, here
George V, King, here
George, Clair, here
Georges-Picot, François, here
Georgia, here, here
Gepids, here
Germany
agricultural production, here
and approach to First World War, here, here
develops siege mentality, here
food shortages, here, here
increased animosity towards, here
pact with Soviet Union, here, here, here, here, here, here, here
plague in, here
and Second World War defeat, here, here
unification, here
Getty, J. Paul, here, here
Ghassānids, here
Ghaznavids, here, here
Ghazni, here, here
Ghent, rise of, here
Ghous, Mullah, here
Ghuzz tribe, here, here, here
ginger, here, here, here, here, here, here, here
glaciers, advancing, here
gladiatorial combats, here, here
Gladstone, William Ewart, here
Glaspie, April, here
Glinka, Mikhail, here
globalisation, here, here, here
Gnosticism, here
Goa, here, here
Goebbels, Joseph, here, here, here
gold
and conquest of Americas, here, here
correction in price of, here
and fifteenth-century economic recovery, here
mining in Australia, here
Portuguese trade in, here
relative value of, here
Tian Shan deposits, here
Golden Horde, here, here
Goltz, General Colmar von der, here
Gorbachev, Mikhail, here
Gorchakov, Prince, here, here
Göring, Hermann, here, here
Gospel of St John, here
Goths, here, here, here
Gotland, here
Grand Canal (Chinese), here
Grand Tours, here
Granth Saheb, here
Granville, Lord, here
Great Wall of China, here, here
Greece, post-war, here
‘Greek fire,’ here
Greek language, here
Gregory VIII, Pope, here
Gregory IX, Pope, here
Gregory of Nazianzus, archbishop of Constantinople, here
Grey, Sir Edward, here, here, here, here
Griboyedov, Alexander, here
Gromyko, Andrei, here, here
Groningen University, here
Grotius, Hugo, here
Grozny, here
Guangzhou, here, here
Guantánamo Bay, here
Guderian, General Heinz, here
Gudleif, here
Guggenheim Museum (Abu Dhabi), here
guilds, here, here
Gujarat, here
Gulbenkian, Calouste, here
Gundeshāpūr, here, here, here
gunpowder, Chinese, here
guns, improvements in manufacture, here
Gutenberg, Johannes, here
Güyüg, Great Khan, here
Gytha, here
Haarlem, ceramics industry, here
adīth, here, here
Hadrian I, Pope, here
Hagia Sophia cathedral, here, here
Haifa, here, here, here, here
hair clasps, here
Hakluyt, Richard, here
Halder, General Franz, here, here, here
Halifax, Lord, here
halo, appears as common symbol, here
Hammurabi, King (of Babylon), here
Hamza, Dr Khidir, here
Han dynasty, here
Hangzhou, here
Hankey, Sir Maurice, here
Haqqani, Jalaluddin, here, here
Harald Hardrada (Haraldr Sigurðarson), here
Haraldr, commemorative rune-stone, here
Hardinge, Sir Arthur, here
Hardinge, Lord (Sir Charles), here, here, here
Harold II, King, here
asdai b.
Shaprū, here
Hāshim (great-grandfather of the Prophet), here
Hastings, battle of, here
Hawkins, Sir John, here
Hebrew, here, here, here, here
Hedeby, here, here
elbo, Rabbi, here
Helena (mother of Constantine), here
Hellenisation, of central Asia, here
Helmand irrigation scheme, here
Henderson, Loy, here
hennin (headgear), here
Henry III, King, here
Henry VIII, King, here
Henry the Navigator, here
Heraclius, Emperor, here, here
Herat, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here
Herat Convention, here
Herodotus, here, here
heroin, here
herring, here, here
Hewlett Packard, here
Hezbollah, here, here
Hickey, William, here
ijāz, depression of trade, here
Himmler, Heinrich, here
imyar, kingdom of, here, here, here
Hindu art, here
Hindu gods, here
Hinduism, here, here
Hindus, persecution of, here
al-īra, here
Hiroshima, here, here
Hispaniola, here, here
Hitler, Adolf
and buildings of Vienna, here
and invasion of France, here
and invasion of Soviet Union, here, here, here, here
and Islamic world, here
and Jews, here
and pact with Soviet Union, here, here, here
iyya the Great, Rabbi, here
Hobbes, Thomas, here
Hoepner, General Erich, here
Holocaust denial, here
Holy League, here
Homer, here, here
Homes & Gardens, here
Hong Kong, cession of, here
Honorius, Emperor, here
Horace, here
Hormuz, cosmopolitan city, here
Horns of Hattin, battle of the, here
horses, here, here, here, here, here
and Indian trade, here, here
tianma (heavenly or celestial horses), here
House, Edward, here
Houtman, Fredrik de, here
Huaewei, here
Huan, Emperor, here
Hudūd al-Ālam, here
Hülegü (Mongol warlord), here, here
Humāyūn, Emperor, here
Hungarian uprising, here
Huns, here, here, here, here
Hurley, General Patrick, here
usayn, Sharif, here, here
al-usaynī, Muammad, here, here
Hussein, King (of Jordan), here
Hussein, Saddam, here, here, here, here
invasion of Kuwait, here
and Iran–Iraq, war, here
US removal of, here, here, here
and US support, here, here, here, here
Huyghen van Linschoten, Jan, here
Huyser, General Robert, here
hybrid cars, here
Ibn Baūa, here, here
Ibn Falān, here, here, here
Ibn al-Haytham, here
Ibn Jubayr, here
Ibn Khaldūn, here
ibn Sīnā, AbūAlī usayn (Avicenna), here
ibn Yaqūb, Ibrāhīm, here
Ignat’ev, Nikolai, here
Īlkhānids, here, here, here
Incas, here, here
India
British domination of, here, here, here, here
British withdrawal from, here
and Chinese trade, here, here
Christian missionaries in, here
and Cold War, here, here
cultural flourishing, here
defence of, here, here, here
horse trade, here, here
independence movement, here
nuclear capacity, here
and Portuguese trade, here
rituals and processions, here
and Roman trade, here
rulers abstain from alcohol, here
Russian attitudes to, here
and spread of learning, here
travellers’ tales, here
Indian National Congress, here
indigo, here, here
industrial revolution, roots of, here
Innocent III, Pope, here
Innocent IV, Pope, here
intelligence leaks, here
interest rates, falling in fourteenth/fifteenth century, here
International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), here, here, here
International Monetary Fund, here
Iona, here
Ipi, Faqīr of, here
Iran
agricultural failures, here
and ‘axis of evil’, here
CIA-backed coup, here
and Cold War, here, here, here, here
defence of, here, here
and export of Islamic revolution, here, here
and founding of OPEC, here
German influence in, here, here, here
hostage crisis, here, here
increasing repression, here, here, here
Islamic revolution, here
military spending, here, here, here, here
and here/11 attacks, here
nuclear capacity, here, here, here, here
oil embargo, here
and oil reserves, here, here, here, here
post-war interests in, here, here
rapprochement with US, here, here
and religious minorities, here, here
and Tripartite Treaty, here
US supplies arms, here
and US support, here, here, here
Iran Air, orders Concordes, here
Iran–Iraq War, here, here, here, here
Iranian airliner, shooting down of, here
Iraq
and ‘axis of evil’, here
and Cold War, here, here, here, here, here
defence of, here, here
develops siege mentality, here
and feudalism, here
founding of, here, here
founding of Ba’ath party, here
and founding of OPEC, here
German influence in, here
and independence, here, here
invasion of Kuwait, here
military spending, here, here
nationalisation of oil industry, here
nuclear capacity, here, here, here, here
and oil reserves, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here
and pan-Arabism, here
post-war interests in, here, here
sanctions regime, here
under Qasim, here
US-led invasion, here
and US support, here, here, here
Iraqi Oil Company, here, here
Ireland, plague in, here
Ironside, Sir Edmund, here
irrigation, here, here, here, here, here, here
Isaac II, Emperor, here
Isfahan, here, here, here
Ishmael, here, here
Islam
and Bolshevism, here
and Communism, here
division into Sunnī and Shīa, here
division of world, here
early converts, here
early Islam and religious tolerance, here, here, here, here
Iberian hostility towards, here
internal divisions, here, here, here, here
and growth of markets, here
and Hitler, here
Khazars and, here, here
Mongols and, here
Muslim conquest of Central Asia, here
and ‘new Russians’, here
Protestant relations with, here, here
rise of, here, here, here, here
and spread of learning, here, here
and western curiosity, here
&nb
sp; Ismay, Lord, here
Israel, here, here, here, here, here
and arms to Iran, here
and Iran–Iraq War, here, here
lost tribes of, here, here, here
nuclear capacity, here
Israelite slaves, here
Italian city-states
decline of, here
rise of, here, here, here
Italy, unification of, here
Itamaracá, battle of, here
Ivan I, Grand Prince, here
Ivan IV, Tsar, here
Ivanishvili, Bidzina, here
ivory, here, here, here
Jabr, Ṣāli, here
jade, here, here
Jade Gate, here, here
Jaffa, here
Jahāngīr, Emperor, here
Jainism, here
Jalalabad, here, here, here, here, here
Japan, here, here, here, here
silver inflows and increased trade, here
Java, here
Jeddah, here
Jerash, here, here
Jerusalem
Arab conquest, here, here
British occupation, here
as Christian centre, here, here, here, here
Columbus and liberation of, here, here
and Crusades, here, here, here
fall of, here
Italian interests in, here
Persian conquest, here
and pilgrimages, here
Roman recovery of, here, here
and sack of Rome, here
Venetian interests in, here
Jesus Christ, here, here, here, here, here, here, here
crucifixion and anti-Semitism, here
divine nature of, here, here
images of, here
on Iranian stamps, here
Islam and, here, here
referenced in Talmud, here
and relics, here
Jewish émigrés, here, here
Jewish merchants, here, here, here, here
Jews
Babylonian exile, here, here
deportations and exterminations, here
and early Islam, here, here, here, here
forcible baptism of, here
Egyptian exile, here
immigration to Britain, here
and invasion of Soviet Union, here, here
leave Spain, here
persecution of, here, here
and Persian conquest of Jerusalem, here
and rise of anti-Semitism, here, here
and spread of Christianity, here
and spread of plague, here
Jibrīl (Gabriel), angel, here
Jin dynasty, here
Jin Ping Mei (‘The Golden Lotus’), here
João II, King (of Portugal), here
Jodl, General Alfred, here, here
John II, Emperor, here
John Chrysostom, archbishop of Constantinople, here
John of Damascus, here
John of Dasen, here
John of Montecorvino, here
John of Plano Carpini, here
John, Elton, here
Johnson, Lyndon B., here
Johor, here
Jones, Sir Harford, here
Jordan, here
Jordanes, here
Judaea, here, here
Judaism, here, here, here, here, here
compatibility with Islam, here, here
The Silk Roads: A New History of the World Page 86