The Silk Roads: A New History of the World

by Frankopan, Peter

  poppy cultivation, here

  porcelain, Chinese, here, here, here, here, here, here, here

  Portugal

  agreements with Spain, here, here, here

  and gold trade, here

  profits from spice trade, here

  and slave trade, here, here

  voyages of discovery and trade routes, here, here, here, here, here, here

  postal system, Russian, here

  Potosí mine, here, here

  Potsdam Conference, here

  Powell, Colin, here

  Powers, Gary, here

  Prague, here

  Prester John, here, here

  Princip, Gavrilo, here, here

  printing, invention of, here

  prisoners of war, here

  Priuli, Girolamo, here

  Procopius, here, here

  Propertius, here

  prostitutes, barbarian, here

  Ptolemy, here, here

  Pul-i Charki prison, here

  Pushkin, Alexander, here, here

  Putin, Vladimir, here

  Qābūs-nāma, here

  Qādisiyyah, battle of, here

  al-Qaida, here, here

  Qalhāt, here

  Qana’, here

  Qānūn al-Ṣuvar, here

  Qarakhānid Turks, here

  Qardagh, here

  Qasim, Abdul Karim, here, here

  Qianlong dynasty, here

  qibla, here

  Qing dynasty, here

  Qitai monitoring site, here

  Qom, here, here

  Querini, Vicenzo, here

  Quetta, here, here, here, here

  Quetzalcoatl, here

  quinto (tax), here

  Qurān, here, here, here, here, here

  influence on social structures, here

  teaching of, here

  text on Iranian stamps, here

  translations of, here

  Quraysh tribe, here, here, here, here, here

  Quuz, Sultan, here

  Qyzyl cave complex, here

  Rabban Sauma, bishop of Uighutia, here

  Rabbani, Mullah, here, here

  Rabīa Balkhī, here

  Rabin, Yitzhak, here

  Radek, Karl, here

  Radmichi, here

  RAF Habbiniyah, here, here

  Ragusa, here

  Rajmahal, here

  Rāmisht of Sīrāf, here

  Ramla, here

  Raphael, here

  rare earths, here

  al-Rashīd, Hārūn, here

  Rawlinson, Henry, here

  Raymond of Toulouse, here

  Rayy, here, here, here

  Razmārā, Alī, here

  Reagan, Ronald, here, here, here

  Red Army, purges of, here

  Red Line Agreement, here

  Redwood, Dr Boverton, here

  Reformation, here, here, here

  Reichenau, General Walther von, here, here

  relics, here, here

  Renaissance, here

  rendition, extra-judicial, here

  Reuter, Baron George de, here

  Rev-Ardashīr, here

  Reynald of Châtillon, here

  Reynolds, George, here

  Reza Khan, Shah, here, here, here

  Reza Pahlavi, Shah Mohammed, here, here, here, here, here

  Rhineland, anti-Semitism in, here, here

  Rhodes, here

  rhubarb, here

  Ribbentrop, Joachim von, here, here, here

  Ricci, Matteo, here

  Richard I, King, here

  Ridley, General Clarence, here

  Rijcksen, Jan, here

  Rimbert, bishop of Bremen, here

  River Yarmuk, battle of the, here

  Roberts, Field Marshal Lord, here, here

  Roger of Sicily, here

  Roman army, here

  Roman empire

  adoption of Christianity, here, here

  and Chinese silk, here

  conquest of Egypt, here

  decline and collapse, here, here, here, here

  and founding of Constantinople, here

  Persian alliance, here, here

  Persian campaigns, here

  Persian wars, here, here, here, here, here

  Prophet Muammad and, here

  relations with China, here

  rise of, here

  and slavery, here

  trade with India, here

  Romania, post-war, here

  Romanos IV Diogenes, Emperor, here

  Rome

  Altare della Patria monument, here

  as centre of Christianity, here

  and fall of Constantinople, here, here

  plague in, here

  and rise of tourism, here

  sack of, here, here

  Rommel, General Erwin, here, here

  Roosevelt, Archie, here

  Roosevelt, Franklin D., here, here, here

  Roosevelt, Kermit, here

  Rosenberg, Alfred, here

  Rostov-on-Don, here

  Rothschild, Baron Alphonse de, here, here

  Rotterdam, here

  Royal Air Force, here, here

  Royal Dutch/Shell, here, here

  Royal Navy, conversion to oil, here, here, here

  Rumaila oilfield, here

  Rumsfeld, Donald, here, here, here, here

  Rus’, see Viking Rus’

  Russia (Russian empire)

  abolition of serfdom, here

  anticipates end of world, here, here

  and approach to First World War, here, here

  artistic flourishing, here

  and Chechen terrorism, here

  collapse of government, here

  designs on Ottoman empire, here

  development of autocracy, here

  expansion of empire, here, here

  First World War aims, here

  and Indian trade, here

  invasion of Balkans, here

  and Jewish emigration, here

  military reforms, here

  Napoleonic invasion, here, here

  and ‘new Russians’, here, here

  and Persian oil exploitation, here

  postal system, here

  relations with Britain, here, here, here, here

  relations with Persia, here, here, here, here

  revolutions, here, here, here, here

  trade links with England, here

  Russia Company, here

  Russian language, here

  Russo-Chinese Bank, here

  Russo-Japanese War, here

  Rustichello, here

  Ryazan, here

  Ryrikovo Gorodische, here

  sable skins, trade in, here

  Sachsenhausen, here

  sacred fire, extinguishing of, here

  Sadat, Anwar, here

  Saddharmapundarīka (Lotus Sutra), here

  Safavid dynasty, here

  Sahara desert, here

  al-Said, Nuri, 4428

  St Augustine, here

  Saint-Etienne, here

  St Gregory, here

  St Jerome, here

  St John, Oliver, here

  St Paul, here

  St Petersburg Academy of Medicine, here

  St Thomas, here

  Saki (H. H. Munro), here

  Ṣalā al-Din al-Ayyubī (Saladin), here, here

  Salang tunnel and highway, here, here

  Salisbury, Lord, here

  Sallām, journey of, here

  Sallust, here

  Salona, here

  Salvian, here

  Samandar, here

  Sāmānid dynasty, here, here

  Samarkand, here, here, here, here, here

  Arab conquest, here, here

  improvements under Mughals, here, here

  improvements under Timur, here

  Mongol conquest, here

  Russian-controlled, here, here, here

  Samarra (Kuib
yshev), here, here

  Sameba Cathedral (Tblisi), here

  Sanaa, here

  sandalwood, here, here

  São Jorge da Mina, here

  São Tomé, here

  Sasanian dynasty, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here

  Sassetti, Filippo, here

  Saudi Arabia, here, here, here, here, here, here, here

  and founding of OPEC, here

  and hunt for bin Laden, here

  and ‘oil weapon’, here, here

  Savak (secret police), here, here, here, here

  Sazonov, Sergei, here

  Schlieffen, Count Alfred von, here, here

  Schmidt, Helmut, here

  Scotland, here, here

  Scowcroft, Brent, here

  Scwarzkopf, General Norman, here

  Scythians, here, here

  Scythopolis, here

  seals, Persian, here

  Sefer (sea captain), here

  Selden map, here

  Seleucia, here

  Seleucia-Ctesiphon, bishopric of, here

  Seleucus, here

  Selīm, Sultan, here

  Selimiye mosque (Edirne), here

  Seljuks, here, here

  Seneca, here

  Serbia, here

  serpents, flying, here

  Sevastopol, here

  Severliane, here

  Seville, here, here, here

  ‘Shah diamond’, here

  Shah Jahān, Emperor, here, here

  Shāhnāma, here

  Shahrbarāz, here

  Shakespeare, William, here, here, here

  Shamil, Imam, here, here

  Shamir, Yitzhak, here

  Shanghai Co-Operation Organisation, here

  Shāpūr I, King (of Persia), here, here

  Shāpūr II, King (of Persia), here

  Shaw Stewart, Patrick, here

  sheep, size of, here

  Shen Zhou, here

  Shi Ji (Historical Records), here

  Shim’on b. Yoai, Rabbi, here

  shipbuilding, here, here, here, here, here

  shipwrecks, here, here, here

  Shuja, Shah, here

  Shultz, George, here, here

  Siam, here

  Sicily, here, here, here, here, here

  Sidon, here

  Siemens, here

  Siena, here

  silk

  appears in Rome, here

  Chinese wearing of, here

  early development of trade, here

  increased production in China, here

  Mongols and, here

  Sogdians and trade in, here, here

  Timur and, here

  Uighurs and trade in, here

  Viking Rus’ and, here, here, here

  Silk Road website, here

  silver, here, here, here

  relative value of, here

  Sima Qian, here

  Sinagra, here

  Sinān, here

  Sindh, Arab conquest of, here

  Singapore, here

  Sīrāf, here

  Sistan, here, here

  Six-Day War, here

  Sizabul (Türk leader), here

  Slade, Admiral Sir Edmond, here, here

  Slagve, commemorative rune-stone, here

  slave trade, here, here, here, here

  African, here, here, here

  and castration, here

  and conquest of Americas, here

  decline of, here

  England and, here

  ghulām (slave troops), here

  Roman empire and, here

  Slavs, here, here

  smallpox, here, here

  smelting, decline of, here

  Smith, Adam, here

  Smolensk, here

  snakes, worship of, here

  Sogdian traders, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here

  Sol Invictus, cult of, here

  Somalia, here, here

  Somme offensive, here

  Song of Solomon, here

  Song Yingxing, here

  Sophocles, here

  Soqotra, here

  South Africa, here

  Soviet Union

  biological warfare programme, here

  and British hold over Persia, here

  Cold War interests, here, here, here

  collapse of, here

  food shortages and famine, here

  and gender equality, here

  and Iran–Iraq War, here

  and Iranian revolution, here, here

  Nazi invasion, here

  pact with Nazis, here, here, here, here, here, here, here

  resurgence and expansionism, here, here, here, here

  Stalin’s purges, here, here

  supply routes, here

  and Yom Kippur War, here

  space programme, American, here

  Spain

  agreements with Portugal, here, here, here

  blockade of Low Countries, here

  conquest of Americas, here

  economic mismanagement, here

  expulsion of Muslims, here

  forcible conversion of Jews, here

  Islamic, here, here

  relations with England, here, here, here

  voyages of discovery and trade routes, here, here, here, here, here

  Spanish Armada, here

  Spanish Company, here

  Speer, Albert, here, here

  Spetsnaz special forces, here, here

  Spice Islands, here, here, here

  spice trade, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here

  and Dutch colonies, here, here

  early development of, here, here, here

  Portuguese, here

  Venetian, here, here

  spingards, here

  Split, here

  Spring-Rice, Sir Cecil, here

  Sputnik, launch of, here

  Sri Lanka (Ceylon), here, here, here, here, here

  Stahl, Leslie, here

  Stalin, Josef, here, here, here, here

  and post-war world, here, here, here, here

  wartime conferences, here, here

  Stalingrad, battle of, here, here

  Standard Oil, here

  Staraya Ladoga, here

  Stathmoi Parthikoi, here

  Stein, Auriel, here

  steppe nomads, here, here, here, here

  adoption of Christianity, here

  competition with Viking Rus’, here

  lifestyle and trade, here

  religious beliefs, here

  threaten Persia and Rome, here, here

  see also Avars Huns Türks

  Stern, Avraham, here

  Stinger missiles, here

  Stoddart, Captain James, here

  Stolypin, Pyotr, here

  Strabo, here

  Straits of Gibraltar, here

  Strauss, Richard, here

  stupas, here, here

  submarine warfare, here

  Sudan, here

  Suevi, here

  Suez Canal, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here

  Suez Crisis, here

  sufis, here

  sugar, here, here, here, here, here, here, here

  Sulaymān the Magnificent, Sultan, here

  Sullivan, William, here

  Sultanabad, here

  Sulu, here

  Sumatra, here

  Surat, here

  Surnes, Alexander, here

  Susa, here

  Susiana, here

  Suzhou, here

  Sverdlovsk, here

  Sweden, plague in, here

  Swedish iron ore, here, here

  Sykes, Sir Mark, here

  Sykes–Picot agreement, here, here

  synagogues, here, here, here

  Syria

  civil war, here

  and Cold War, here, here, here

  and fall of France, here, here

&nb
sp; French-controlled, here, here, here

  increasing repression, here

  military spending, here

  and here/11 attacks, here

  and pan-Arabism, here

  post-war coup, here

  Tabriz, here, here, here

  Tacitus, here, here

  Taíno people, here

  Taiwan, here

  Taj Mahal, here

  Taklamakan desert, here, here

  Talas, battle of, here, here

  Taliban, here, here, here, here

  Talmud, here

  Tamil literature, here

  Tammuz nuclear facility, here

  Tang dynasty, here, here

  Taq Taq oilfield, here

  Tāq-i Bustān, here

  Taraki, Nur Muammad, here

  Tashkent, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here

  ‘Tatar’ cloth, here

  ‘Tatar Tonga’, here

  Tatars, see Mongols

  Taxila, here

  tea, here, here, here, here

  Teheran, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here

  anti-American demonstrations, here

  pro-Khomeini protests, here, here

  US embassy and hostage crisis, here, here, here, here

  Teheran Conference, here, here

  Telefunken, here

  Tengri (nomad deity), here, here, here

  Tenochtitlán, here

  Terevingian Goths, here

  Tertullian, here

  textile industry, development of, here

  Thanksgiving, feast of, here

  Theodore, here

  Theodosius II, Emperor, here

  Therapeutai sect, here

  Thessaloniki, sack of, here

  Thirty Years War, here

  Thrace, here

  Tian Shan belt, here

  Tibet, Christian missionaries in, here

  Tikrit, here

  Tilya Tepe graves, here

  Timbuktu, here

  Timoshenko, Marshal Semyon, here

  Timothy, Patriarch, here, here

  Timur, here, here, here

  Timurid dynasty, here, here

  Tinnīs, here

  Tipu Sultan, here

  Tiridates III, King (of Armenia), here

  Tirpitz, here

  Titian, here

  Titon, Maximilien, here

  Tlaxcalan, here

  Todt organisation, here

  Tóla, here

  Toledo, here

  topaz, here, here

  Tora Bora, here, here

  Tours, here

  TOW missiles, here

  Towcanelli, Paolo, here

  Townley, William, here

  Trajan, Emperor, here, here

  Trans-Caspian Railway, here, here

  Trans-Siberian Railway, here

  travellers’ tales, here

  Treaty of Alcáçovas, here

  Treaty of Gulistan, here, here

  Treaty of al-udaybiya, here

  Treaty of Nanking, here

  Treaty of Paris, here, here

  Treaty of Tordesillas, here, here

  Treaty of Versailles, here, here, here

  Treaty of Zaragoza, here

  Trinidad and Tobago, here

  Triple Entente, here

  Tripoli, here, here

  triumphal arches, here

  Trogir, here, here

  Trojan War, depicted on ewer, here