Schroen, Gary, 87
Secret Service, U.S., 2, 67, 68, 76
on 9/11, 23, 30, 39
Seligman, Martin E. P., 191, 193
Senate, U.S.:
Agriculture, Nutrition, and Forestry Committee of, 115
anthrax attacks on, 115, 173
Judiciary Committee of, 173
military commissions hearing in, 161, 173–74, 181–83
war on terror resolution in, 68–71
Sensitive Compartmented Information Facility (SCIF), 141
sensory deprivation, 192, 434
September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks, 16–17, 21–52
additional hijacking weapons found following, 84–85
aircraft grounding during, 26–27, 45, 84
aircraft shootdown order during, 31, 32, 34–36, 61
al-Qaeda’s admission to, 257–58, 267–69, 308–9
al-Qaeda’s plans for, 12, 16, 63–64, 242, 325, 340
al-Qahtani’s interrogation about, 422, 424, 425–26, 436–37, 441–42
anthrax attacks’ linkage to, 129
bin Laden’s reaction to, 51, 64
bin Laden’s statements about, 94–95, 104, 114–15
bin Laden’s warning about, 5–7
British reaction to, 40–41, 53–55
Bush’s first press statement about, 40
Bush’s Oval Office address following, 49–50, 54
casualties in, 39, 51
Combat Air Patrols during, 30–31
Congressional hearings on, 350–51, 368–70, 529
consequences of, 17, 508
government monitoring of, 21–27, 29–30, 31, 32, 33–35, 36–37, 40, 45, 47
INS screenings related to, 372
investigation of, 24–25, 32–33, 37–38, 45–46, 50, 53, 54, 64, 81, 255, 324–25
KSM’s plan for, 63–64
legal questions concerning, 35–36, 38, 46–48, 57
prior intelligence about, 7, 8–10, 13, 14, 350, 369, 508, 528–30
second anniversary memorial service for, 503–4, 508
societal effects of, 236–37
U.S. response to, 31, 41, 42, 46, 47–48, 49–51, 54–55, 81; see also war on terror
SERE Program, 191, 192–93, 195, 327–28, 330, 333, 375–76, 377, 403, 420, 473–74
Shahbaz Air Base, 80
Shanksville, Pa., 30
Sharon, Ariel, 91, 261
Shearman & Sterling, 311, 318, 335
Sheberghan, Afghanistan, 113
Sheikh Mohammed, Khalid, see Mohammed, Khalid Sheikh
Shelton, Hugh, 33, 74, 78
Sheppard Pratt Health System, 516, 517
Shiffrin, Richard, 327, 328, 330
Shiites, 185, 207
Shindand, Afghanistan, 113
Siemiatkowski, Zbigniew, 572
Singapore, Jemaah Islamiyah plot in, 347
SIPRNet, 295
SISDE, 126
SISMI, 126, 346, 405, 406, 407, 411, 412, 426–27
Situation Room, 9/11 monitoring in, 21–22, 23–24, 35, 36–37
slapping, 192, 195, 333, 337, 491
sleep deprivation, 192, 195, 279, 333, 378, 464
Sliney, Ben, 26–27
smallpox, 68, 75–77
Smith, Henry, 167, 168
Snow, Olympia, 70
Soloway, Colin, 175–76
Somalia:
naval patrols of, 229
in war on terror strategy, 123
Soufan, Ali, 253, 254, 255, 277, 278, 279, 280, 284, 332, 339–40, 342, 559
Souter, David, 310
Southern Command, U.S., 206, 238, 293, 367–68, 404, 415, 427, 449
Southern Prisoners’ Defense Committee, 212
South Korea, 237
Spain, in Iraq War, 493
Spann, Johnny Michael, 169–70, 171, 172
Spann, Shannon, 171–72
Spataro, Armando, 511
Special Forces, U.S.:
in Afghanistan War, 73, 78, 80, 138–39, 143, 147, 149, 177, 179, 180, 184, 186, 189
in Iraq War, 173, 497
Operational Detachment Alpha 555 of, 138
Operational Detachment Alpha 572 of, 179
Operational Detachment Alpha 585 of, 138
Operational Detachment Alpha 595 of, 138–39, 147, 149
Specter, Arlen, 69–70
Stabile, Michael, 508
Stabile, Michele, 508
Stafford Smith, Clive, 211–13, 235, 236–37, 311, 318
Stanford University, 506
State Department, U.S.:
on 9/11, 45
Afghanistan policy of, 188, 226
in detainee treatment debate, 187, 188, 220, 227
in Hamdi case, 303
human rights report of, 387
interrogation policy knowledge at, 282
Iraq weapons claims of, 488
in military commissions study, 122
in war on terror, 60, 78, 93
see also Powell, Colin
steel tariffs, 240–41
Stellar Wind, 100
legal questions about, 105, 106, 142
secrecy of, 104–5, 106, 141–42
standards for, 105–6
see also National Security Agency (NSA), surveillance by
Stevens, John Paul, 310
Stevens, Maureen, 100, 101
Stevens, Robert, 100–101, 107, 128
Straw, Jack, 54, 72, 142, 321, 322, 328, 329, 339, 485, 489
stress positions, 333, 337, 403, 428, 429, 435, 464, 491
strontium 90, 5
Sudan, 546, 547, 549
in war on terror strategy, 123
Sufaat, Yazid, 165–66, 221–22, 492
suicide bombers, 41, 394–95, 398
Sullivan, Theresa, 85, 86
Sun, 100, 115
Supreme Court, U.S.:
habeas cases in, 309, 310
military commissions precedent in, 84, 144–45
political nature of, 144–45, 310, 313–14
war on terror decisions by, 217, 511–12, 513
Suri, Abu Musab al-, 388
Sutton, Johnny, 304
Suzuki, Kosuke and Yuka, 396, 399
Sylvester, John, 204, 205–6
Syria:
Almalki’s arrest in, 272–74
Almalki’s arrival in, 271–73
Almalki’s release from, 511
Almalki’s status in, 102
Almalki’s torture in, 274–77, 349, 370, 375, 379–80, 389, 510
Arar’s release by, 509
Arar’s removal to, 374, 381–82, 385, 386, 387, 388, 389, 390, 418–19, 420–21
Bush’s position on, 51, 78
Canadian immigrants from, 125
children’s imprisonment in, 349
CIA renditions to, 277
El-Maati’s detention in, 153, 158
El-Maati’s planned trip to, 145–46, 147, 152–53
El-Maati’s status in, 102
El-Maati’s torture in, 161, 162–63, 165, 227–28, 272, 370, 389, 510
and Iraq War, 322
torture’s use in, 44, 387, 389
U.S. intelligence sharing with, 147, 163, 165, 272, 509
U.S. relations with, 382, 390, 509
T
Taft, William, IV, 188, 214, 215, 219, 220
Tajikistan, and Afghanistan War, 73
Taliban:
airstrikes on, 82, 113–14, 139, 141, 143, 146–47, 149, 168
bin Laden’s harboring by, 6, 41, 50, 73, 78, 90
cultural destruction by, 92
in eastern Afghanistan, 162
foreign, 169, 170, 174; see also Hamdi, Yaser; Lindh, John Walker
Guantanamo Bay interrogations of, 238
Kabul defeat of, 159, 163
Muslim recruitment to, 533
opposition to, 8, 14–15, 41–42, 64, 73, 201; see also Afghanistan War
Pakistani opposition to, 185
Pakistan’s relationship with, 50, 51
prisoners taken from, 168–71, 174–76, 186, 189
U.S. bounties offered for, 189, 245
Tanzania, U.S. embassy bombing in, 5, 63, 97, 103, 193
Tarnak Farms, 4, 243
Taylor, Tom, 434
Tenet, George, 171, 449
in Afghanistan War planning, 64, 65, 73, 74, 78, 146, 149
Al Jazeera interview obtained by, 309
and CIA interrogation policy, 282, 283
on Iraq’s al-Qaeda connection, 343, 344
Iraq War criticism by, 505
in Iraq War planning, 498, 499
and Italian rendition plot, 127
on 9/11, 45, 50
9/11 response strategy of, 56
in 1999 counterterrorism effort, 7
pre-9/11 warnings by, 8
in surveillance powers expansion, 97, 100, 105, 106
weapons of mass destruction intelligence withholding by, 477
terrorism:
Bush administration’s pre-9/11 actions on, 7, 8, 9–10, 37, 56–57, 529, 530
Bush’s first briefing on, 2–3, 76, 129
Bush’s U.N. statement on, 364
against “soft targets,” 347–48, 394
U.S. intelligence on, 92, 97; see also Central Intelligence Agency, Counterterrorist Center of
White House precautions against, 67–68
see also Islamic extremists; war on terror
Texas Tech University, 507
Thailand:
detention facility in, 253, 557
Hambali’s capture in, 492
Thani, Sheikh Hamad bin Khalifa al-, Emir of Qatar, 309
Thani, Sheikh Hamad bin Thamer al-, 309
Third Geneva Convention, 186, 187, 232, 310
Thomas, Blaine, 206–7, 295–99, 407
Thompson, Larry, 24, 25, 306, 308, 381–82, 529, 530
Thompson, Tommy, 75
Three Mile Island, 325
Tillman, Mark, 39
Tipton Three, 174, 175, 217, 511, 512
Tomahawk guided missiles, 113
Tora Bora, Afghanistan, 158, 159, 172, 173, 175, 176–77, 179, 180–81, 183, 184, 186, 543
Toronto Globe and Mail, 129
torture:
of al-Libi, 219, 233
of Almalki, 274–77, 349, 370, 375, 379–80, 389, 510
in al-Qahtani interrogation plan, 416, 419, 420
CIA’s use of, 280, 284–85, 321, 332, 337–38, 342–43
of El-Maati, 161, 162–63, 165, 227–28, 272, 370, 389, 510
ineffectiveness of, 256, 331–32, 343, 345, 376, 405, 417, 442, 449, 485
legal analysis of, 299–300, 319–21, 332–34, 337, 342, 378, 379, 403–4, 428, 438, 463–64, 476, 506, 562
Manchester Manual’s content on, 194, 293, 544, 551–52
Middle East governments’ use of, 44, 194, 218, 219, 387, 389, 416, 419, 420, 551, 552
of Omar, 480
psychological harm in, 331, 333, 379
severe pain in, 299–300, 319–20, 379
specific intent in, 320–21
U.S. statutes against, 280, 300, 319, 320, 321, 333, 334, 403, 404
of Zubaydah, 280, 284–85, 321, 337–38, 342, 348–49, 559
see also detainee treatment; interrogation policy
Touzani, Karim, 15
Treasury Department, U.S., 60, 78, 93
Tubb, Richard, 67, 68
Tulley, 164
Turkey:
and Afghanistan War, 73
al-Qaeda plot in, 8
and Iraq War, 241, 328
Turner/Plaza, 164
24, 416–17, 420
Tyson, Dave, 170, 171
U
Ummat, 94
Uniform Code of Military Justice, 403
United Airlines flight 93, 30, 32
United Airlines flight 175, 16–17
United Nations (U.N.):
Bosnian peacekeepers from, 135
Bush’s Iraq speech at, 357, 363–66
Iraq War authorization in, 458, 461, 462, 466, 468, 470, 471, 472, 473, 480, 485, 486, 489, 493, 494, 495, 496, 505
Iraq weapons inspections by, 244, 245, 261, 263, 352, 353, 355, 364, 366, 409–11, 421, 422, 445, 452, 454–55, 458, 459, 467–69, 471, 472, 476–77, 479, 480–81, 487–88, 519
new Iraq resolution in, 252, 322, 328, 329, 339, 353, 354, 355, 357, 363, 364, 365–66, 391–92, 393, 409, 411, 418, 421, 422, 458
1998 war crimes tribunal of, 187, 217n
prior Iraq resolutions in, 252, 263, 352, 489
in war on terror, 60
United Nations Convention Against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment, 300, 379, 389
United Nations Monitoring, Verification and Inspection Commission (UNMOVIC), 366
United States:
Advance Passenger Information System in, 373
antitorture statutes in, 280, 300, 319, 320, 321, 333, 334, 403, 404
Arar’s detention by, 370–74, 376–77, 380–82, 384–87, 388–90, 418, 510
and Bosnian counterterrorism operation, 119, 134, 135, 204–6, 215–16
Canadian border with, 42, 85, 418
Canadian intelligence sharing with, 84–85, 272, 349, 381, 384, 388
Canadian relations with, 418
communications records in, 99–100
death penalty in, 212
in El-Maati case, 147, 163, 165, 533
Iraq weapons intelligence of, 477
Karzai’s support from, 201
Libyan relations with, 116, 117
Manchester Manual’s importance in, 128n, 193, 194, 544, 551, 552
Middle East relations of, 51, 116
Northern Alliance relationship with, 8, 14, 56, 64, 73, 87, 137–38, 162
Pakistani relations with, 51, 91, 250, 389
post-9/11 al-Qaeda plots against, 147, 208, 325, 345, 491, 508, 562
post-9/11 transformation of, 17
Russian relations with, 51, 81, 392
steel tariffs in, 240–41
surveillance in, 95–96, 97–98, 99–100, 105, 504
Syrian intelligence sharing with, 147, 163, 165, 272, 509
Syrian relations with, 382, 390, 509
terrorist attacks on, 5, 31, 63, 103, 104, 116, 193, 345; see also September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks of
terrorist bounties offered by, 189, 245, 250, 483
terrorist cells in, 96
thwarted al-Qaeda attacks against, 7–8
weapons of mass destruction claims by, 445
USAMRIID, 133, 537
U.S.-Russia Working Group on Counterterrorism, 81
U-Tapao Royal Thai Navy Airfield, 253
Uzbekistan, in Afghanistan War, 73, 80–81
V
Veterans of Foreign Wars, 352
Vietnam War, 504
Vincent, William, 243
VX nerve agents, 76, 469
W
Wahhabism, 117
Walker, Mary, 455, 463, 464, 465, 466, 476
walling, 195, 333, 337, 491
War Crimes Act, 187
Yoo’s analysis of, 187
war on terror:
Addington’s influence on, 59, 80
allies in, 41, 60, 71, 72, 74, 78, 80, 81, 90, 91, 204, 229, 338, 355, 405
Arabic name confusion in, 94
Bush’s policy in, 49–51, 56, 71–72, 78, 82, 90, 91, 93, 114, 117, 118, 204, 216, 229
Bush’s resolve in, 129
Bush’s rhetoric in, 91
Cheney’s position on, 204, 353
CIA’s powers in, 74, 79, 127
components of, 60, 64
congressional authorization for, 57–58, 59–62, 65–67, 68–71, 139
congressional concerns about, 69, 70–71, 139
domestic action in, 60–61, 66, 69, 139–40
evidence in, 102, 119, 121, 123, 126, 135, 147, 163, 165, 205, 216, 223, 224, 227–28, 233, 272
, 277, 304, 370, 372, 384–85, 388, 389, 418, 510, 512
financial aspect of, 60, 78, 92–94, 95, 118, 132, 243
funding for, 57, 74, 87
intelligence gathering in, 60, 98, 102, 116–18, 119, 123, 132, 147, 163, 192, 203–4, 208, 219, 221–22, 227, 233, 238, 240, 242–43, 248, 250, 253, 254–55, 272, 276–77, 281, 282, 309, 322, 325, 332, 340, 344–45, 348–49, 351, 361, 363, 372, 394, 403, 405, 409, 421, 422–26, 430, 431, 444, 475, 480, 482–84, 491–93, 509, 520, 544
Iraq component of, 72, 79, 89, 123, 353; see also Iraq War
law enforcement powers in, 78, 79, 139, 140, 160
legal framework for, 47–48; see also detainee treatment; enemy combatants; interrogation policy; military commissions
legal questions in, 79, 80, 95, 105, 142, 508
Pakistan’s role in, 389; see also Pakistan, al-Qaeda arrests in
political disillusionment in, 504
presidential Memorandum of Notification in, 74, 79
presidential powers in, 47–48, 57, 65, 66, 67, 68–71, 122, 139–40, 156, 160, 161, 224–25, 309, 318, 334, 436, 438, 464, 465, 471, 476, 504, 506, 507, 512
secrecy in, 104–5, 106, 141–42, 227, 252, 282, 283
surveillance in, 60, 95–100, 104–7, 117, 134, 141–42, 180, 243, 248, 309, 351, 483
Syria’s role in, 382, 390, 509
threat matrix in, 203–4, 222, 508
U.S. strategy in, 55–56, 64, 71, 72, 73–75, 78–79, 89, 91, 123, 449
see also Afghanistan War
War Powers Resolution, 65, 66
Washington, D.C., as 9/11 target, 25, 29, 30, 32, 51
Washington Times, 227
waterboarding, 192, 195, 280, 283, 330–31, 337, 338, 348, 349, 403, 407, 416, 428, 464, 474, 475, 491, 559
legal analysis of, 283, 333–34
Watson, Dale, 9–10, 368, 528, 530
weapons of mass destruction:
al-Qaeda’s quest for, 3, 5, 128, 233, 279, 402, 494, 548
Bush’s U.N. statement on, 364
Cheney’s position on, 352–53, 410, 488
CIA National Intelligence Estimate on, 383–84, 392
Defense Department report on, 357–58, 383, 384
intelligence on, 392, 477, 487
in Iraq, 233, 234, 253, 261, 263, 321, 328, 329, 352, 357–58, 366, 383–84, 392, 393, 402, 445, 452, 453, 454, 458, 459, 471, 479, 494, 495, 504, 505, 519–20
Libya’s possession of, 116
see also biological weapons; chemical weapons; Iraq, U.N. weapons inspections in; nuclear weapons
Weess, John, 12, 13
West, Alan, 451–52
White, Adrian, 43, 44, 45
White House:
as 9/11 target, 23, 25
Bush’s 9/11 return to, 48
9/11 evacuation of, 21, 531
9/11 events in, 21–24, 25, 29–30, 32, 35, 36–37, 47
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