the FBI’s COINTELPRO: US Senate (26 Apr 1976), “Final report of the Select Committee to Study Governmental Operations with Respect to Intelligence Activities, United States Senate, Book II: Intelligence activities and the rights of Americans,” US Government Printing Office, p. 213, https://archive.org/details/finalreportofsel02unit.
US has spied on the Occupy: Michael S. Schmidt and Colin Moynihan (24 Dec 2012), “FBI counterterrorism agents monitored Occupy movement, records show,” New York Times, http://www.nytimes.com/2012/12/25/nyregion/occupy-movement-was-investigated-by-fbi-counterterrorism-agents-records-show.html. Beau Hodai (9 Jun 2013), “Government surveillance of Occupy movement,” Sourcewatch, http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Government_Surveillance_of_Occupy_Movement.
pro- and anti-abortion activists: Charlie Savage and Scott Shane (16 Dec 2009), “Intelligence improperly collected on U.S. citizens,” New York Times, http://www.nytimes.com/2009/12/17/us/17disclose.html.
peace activists: American Civil Liberties Union (25 Oct 2006), “ACLU uncovers FBI surveillance of Maine peace activists,” https://www.aclu.org/national-security/aclu-uncovers-fbi-surveillance-maine-peace-activists.
other political protesters: American Civil Liberties Union (29 Jun 2010), “Policing free speech: Police surveillance and obstruction of First Amendment-protected activity,” https://www.aclu.org/files/assets/Spyfiles_2_0.pdf. Linda E. Fisher (2004), “Guilt by expressive association: Political profiling, surveillance and the privacy of groups,” Arizona Law Review 46, http://www.arizonalawreview.org/pdf/46-4/46arizlrev621.pdf. US Department of Justice (Sep 2010), “A review of the FBI’s investigations of certain domestic advocacy groups,” http://www.justice.gov/oig/special/s1009r.pdf.
The NSA and FBI spied: Glenn Greenwald and Murtaza Hussain (9 Jul 2014), “Under surveillance: Meet the Muslim-American leaders the FBI and NSA have been spying on,” Intercept, https://firstlook.org/theintercept/article/2014/07/09/under-surveillance.
The New York Police Department: Associated Press (2012), “Highlights of AP’s Pulitzer Prize-winning probe into NYPD intelligence operations,” Associated Press, http://www.ap.org/media-center/nypd/investigation, and http://www.ap.org/Index/AP-In-The-News/NYPD.
Boston’s fusion center spied: Kade Crockford (25 May 2014), “Documents show Boston’s ‘antiterrorism’ fusion center obsessively documented Occupy Boston,” Privacy SOS, http://privacysos.org/node/1417. Carol Rose and Kade Crockford (30 May 2014), “When police spy on free speech, democracy suffers,” Cognoscenti, http://cognoscenti.wbur.org/2014/05/30/boston-regional-intelligence-center-carol-rose-kade-crockford.
the city teamed with IBM: Luke O’Neil (13 Aug 2014), “Beantown’s Big Brother: How Boston police used facial recognition technology to spy on thousands of music festival attendees,” Noisey, http://noisey.vice.com/blog/beantowns-big-brother.
Pentagon’s Counterintelligence Field Activity: Lisa Myers, Douglas Pasternak, and Rich Gardella (14 Dec 2005), “Is the Pentagon spying on Americans?” NBC News, http://www.nbcnews.com/id/10454316/ns/nbc_nightly_news_with_brian_williams-nbc_news_investigates/t/pentagon-spying-americans. Marcy Wheeler (24 Jul 2007), “Cunningham, CIFA, and Cheney, a new chronology,” Empty Wheel, http://www.emptywheel.net/2007/07/24/cunningham-cifa-and-cheney-a-new-chronology.
collecting data on the porn-viewing habits: Glenn Greenwald, Ryan Grim, and Ryan Gallagher (26 Nov 2013), “Top-secret document reveals NSA spied on porn habits as part of plan to discredit ‘radicalizers,’” Huffington Post, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/11/26/nsa-porn-muslims_n_4346128.html.
fake Facebook page: Chris Hamby (6 Oct 2014), “Government set up a fake Facebook page in a woman’s name,” Buzzfeed, http://www.buzzfeed.com/chrishamby/government-says-federal-agents-can-impersonate-woman-online.
School administrators installed spyware: William Bender (23 Feb 2010), “Lawyer: L. Merion is mum on number of webcam pictures,” Philadelphia Inquirer, http://articles.philly.com/2010-02-23/news/24957453_1_webcam-laptops-students.
This turned out to be a dead end: Eric Lichtblau and James Risen (23 Jun 2006), “Bank data is sifted by U.S. in secret to block terror,” New York Times, http://www.nytimes.com/2006/06/23/washington/23intel.html. Loek Essers (3 Jul 2014), “EU court orders more transparency over US-EU terrorist finance tracking program,” PC World, http://www.pcworld.com/article/2450760/eu-court-orders-more-transparency-over-useu-terrorist-finance-tracking-program.html. Monika Ermert (23 Oct 2013), “European Parliament: No more bank data transfers to US for anti-terror investigations,” Intellectual Property Watch, http://www.ip-watch.org/2013/10/23/european-parliament-no-more-bank-data-transfers-to-us-for-anti-terror-investigations.
far more commonly used: ACLU (7 Mar 2002), “How the USA-Patriot Act expands law enforcement “sneak and peek” warrants,” https://www.aclu.org/technology-and-liberty/how-usa-patriot-act-expands-law-enforcement-sneak-and-peek-warrants. Trevor Timm (26 Oct 2011), “Ten years after the Patriot Act, a look at the three most dangerous provisions affecting ordinary Americans,” Electronic Frontier Foundation, https://www.eff.org/deeplinks/2011/10/ten-years-later-look-three-scariest-provisions-usa-patriot-act.
surveillance against drug smugglers: The NSA has been sharing information with the DEA since the 1970s. James Bamford (2008), The Shadow Factory: The Ultra-Secret NSA from 9/11 to Eavesdropping on America, Doubleday, http://books.google.com/books?id=8zJmxWNTxrwC.
DEA staff were instructed: John Shiffman and Kristina Cooke (5 Aug 2013), “U.S. directs agents to cover up program used to investigate Americans,” Reuters, http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/08/05/us-dea-sod-idUSBRE97409R20130805. Hanni Fakhoury (6 Aug 2013), “DEA and NSA team up to share intelligence, leading to secret use of surveillance in ordinary investigations,” Electronic Frontier Foundation, https://www.eff.org/deeplinks/2013/08/dea-and-nsa-team-intelligence-laundering. John Shiffman and David Ingram (7 Aug 2013), “IRS manual detailed DEA’s use of hidden intel evidence,” Reuters, http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/08/07/us-dea-irs-idUSBRE9761AZ20130807.
NSA’s term is: NSA whistleblower Bill Binney described it thus: “. . . when you can’t use the data, you have to go out and do a parallel construction, [which] means you use what you would normally consider to be investigative techniques, [and] go find the data. You have a little hint, though. NSA is telling you where the data is . . . .” Alexa O’Brien (30 Sep 2014), “Retired NSA technical director explains Snowden docs,” Second Sight, http://www.alexaobrien.com/secondsight/wb/binney.html.
Dread Pirate Roberts: Brian Krebs (14 Oct 2014), “Silk Road lawyers poke holes in FBI’s story,” Krebs on Security, http://krebsonsecurity.com/2014/10/silk-road-lawyers-poke-holes-in-fbis-story.
surveillance intended to nab terrorists: Rob Evans and Paul Lewis (26 Oct 2009), “Police forces challenged over files held on law-abiding protesters,” Guardian, http://www.theguardian.com/uk/2009/oct/26/police-challenged-protest-files.
all sorts of minor criminal cases: Gordon Rayner and Richard Alleyne (12 Apr 2008), “Council spy cases hit 1,000 a month,” Telegraph, http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1584808/Council-spy-cases-hit-1000-a-month.html. Sarah Lyall (24 Oct 2009), “Britons weary of surveillance in minor cases,” New York Times, http://www.nytimes.com/2009/10/25/world/europe/25surveillance.html.
Israel, for instance: James Bamford (16 Sep 2014), “Israel’s NSA scandal,” New York Times, http://www.nytimes.com/2014/09/17/opinion/israels-nsa-scandal.html.
A system that is overwhelmingly powerful: This essay makes that point. Daniel Davies (23 Sep 2014), “Every single IT guy, every single manager . . . ,” Crooked Timber, http://crookedtimber.org/2014/09/23/every-single-it-guy-every-single-manager.
Hillary Clinton gave a speech: Hillary Rodham Clinton (21 Jan 2010), “Internet freedom,” Foreign Policy, http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2010/01/21/internet_freedom.
US State Department funds: US Department of State (2014), “Internet freedom,” http://www.state.gov/e/eb/cip/netfreedom/index.htm.
one of the defenses: British Broadcasting Corporation (2 Jun 2014), “‘We are being watched’ say Egyptians on social media,” BBC News, http://www.bbc.com/news/blogs-trending-27665568.
Indians are worried: Jayshree Bajoria (5 Jun 2014), “India’s snooping and Snowden,” India Real Time, http://blogs.wsj.com/indiarealtime/2014/06/05/indias-snooping-and-snowden.
Both China and Russia: Shannon Tiezzi (28 Mar 2014), “China decries US ‘hypocrisy’ on cyber-espionage,” Diplomat, http://thediplomat.com/2014/03/china-decries-us-hypocrisy-on-cyber-espionage. Xinhua News Agency (11 Jul 2014), “Putin calls US surveillance practice ‘utter hypocrisy,’” China Daily, http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/world/2014-07/11/content_17735783.htm.
Facebook’s Mark Zuckerberg: Mark Zuckerberg (13 Mar 2014), “As the world becomes more complex . . . ,” Facebook, https://www.facebook.com/zuck/posts/10101301165605491.
8: Commercial Fairness and Equality
Accretive Health is: Office of the Minnesota Attorney General (19 Jan 2012), “Attorney General Swanson sues Accretive Health for patient privacy violations,” Office of the Minnesota Attorney General, http://www.ag.state.mn.us/Consumer/PressRelease/120119AccretiveHealth.asp.
settled a Minnesota lawsuit: Tony Kennedy and Maura Lerner (31 Jul 2012), “Accretive is banned from Minnesota,” Star-Tribune, http://www.startribune.com/lifestyle/health/164313776.html.
companies use surveillance data: Kate Crawford and Jason Schultz (2014), “Big data and due process: Toward a framework to redress predictive privacy harms,” Boston College Law Review 55, http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2325784.
“Redlining” is a term: Marc Hochstein (26 Jun 2000), “Wells kills web link after Acorn sues,” American Banker, http://www.americanbanker.com/issues/165_119/-128168-1.html. Gary A. Hernandez, Katherine J. Eddy, and Joel Muchmore (Fall 2001), “Insurance weblining and unfair discrimination in cyberspace,” Southern Methodist University Law Review 54, http://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?collection=journals&handle=hein.journals/smulr54&div=91.
easier to do on the Internet: Bill Davidow (5 Mar 2014), “Redlining for the 21st century,” Atlantic, http://www.theatlantic.com/business/archive/2014/03/redlining-for-the-21st-century/284235.
Wells Fargo bank created: Michael Liedtke (22 Jun 2000), “Lawsuit alleges Wells Fargo uses Internet to promote discrimination,” Los Angeles Times, http://articles.latimes.com/2000/jun/22/business/fi-43532. Ronna Abramson (23 Jun 2000), “Wells Fargo accused of ‘redlining’ on the Net,” Computer World, http://www.computerworld.com/article/2596352/financial-it/wells-fargo-accused-of--redlining--on-the-net.html.
This practice is called weblining: Marcia Stepanek (3 Apr 2000), “Weblining,” Bloomberg Businessweek, http://www.businessweek.com/2000/00_14/b3675027.htm. Casey Johnston (10 Oct 2013), “Denied for that loan? Soon you may thank online data collection,” Ars Technica, http://arstechnica.com/business/2013/10/denied-for-that-loan-soon-you-may-thank-online-data-collection.
report on big data concluded: US Executive Office of the President (1 May 2014), “Big data: Seizing opportunities, preserving values,” http://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/docs/big_data_privacy_report_may_1_2014.pdf.
Uber’s surge pricing: Uber had to modify its pricing so as not to run afoul of New York State’s prohibitions against price-gouging during emergencies. Mike Isaac (8 Jul 2014), “Uber reaches deal with New York on surge pricing in emergencies,” New York Times, http://bits.blogs.nytimes.com/2014/07/08/uber-reaches-agreement-with-n-y-on-surge-pricing-during-emergencies. Peter Himler (12 Aug 2014), “UBER: So cool, yet so uncool,” Forbes, http://www.forbes.com/sites/peterhimler/2014/08/12/uber-so-cool-but-so-uncool.
different prices and options: Jennifer Valentino-DeVries, Jeremy Singer-Vine, and Ashkan Soltani (24 Dec 2012), “Websites vary prices, deals based on users’ information,” Wall Street Journal, http://online.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001424127887323777204578189391813881534. Michael Schrage (29 Jan 2014), “Big data’s dangerous new era of discrimination,” Harvard Business Review, http://blogs.hbr.org/2014/01/big-datas-dangerous-new-era-of-discrimination.
Depending on who you are: Emily Steele and Julia Angwin (4 Aug 2010), “On the Web’s cutting edge, anonymity in name only,” Wall Street Journal, http://online.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001424052748703294904575385532109190198.
other companies . . . are also adjusting prices: Jennifer Valentino-DeVries, Jeremy Singer-Vine, and Ashkan Soltani (24 Dec 2012), “Websites vary prices, deals based on users’ information,” Wall Street Journal, http://online.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001424127887323777204578189391813881534.
we all have a customer score: Pam Dixon and Robert Gellman (2 Apr 2014), “The scoring of America: How secret consumer scores threaten your privacy and your future,” World Privacy Forum, http://www.worldprivacyforum.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/04/WPF_Scoring_of_America_April2014_fs.pdf.
a series of recruiting ads: Jessica E. Vascellaro (7 Mar 2011), “TV’s next wave: Tuning in to you,” Wall Street Journal, http://online.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052748704288304576171251689944350.
Orbitz highlighted different prices: Dana Mattioli (23 Aug 2012), “On Orbitz, Mac users steered to pricier hotels,” Wall Street Journal, http://online.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001424052702304458604577488822667325882.
different offers based on: Bill McGee (3 Apr 2013), “Do travel deals change based on your browsing history?” USA Today, http://www.usatoday.com/story/travel/columnist/mcgee/2013/04/03/do-travel-deals-change-based-on-your-browsing-history/2021993.
Many sites estimate: Michael Fertik (15 Jan 2013), “The rich see a different Internet than the poor,” Scientific American, http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/rich-see-different-internet-than-the-poor.
women feel less attractive on Mondays: Lucia Moses (2 Oct 2013), “Marketers should take note of when women feel least attractive: What messages to convey and when to send them,” Adweek, http://www.adweek.com/news/advertising-branding/marketers-should-take-note-when-women-feel-least-attractive-152753. Kim Bates (4 Oct 2013), “Beauty vulnerability: What got lost in translation,” Adweek, http://www.adweek.com/news/advertising-branding/beauty-vulnerability-what-got-lost-translation-152909.
different ages and genders respond: Frank N. Magid Associates (2011), “How America shops and spends 2011,” Newspaper Association of America, http://www.naa.org/docs/newspapermedia/data/howamericashopsandspends_2011.pdf. Nielsen (8 Mar 2013), “Does gender matter?” http://www.nielsen.com/us/en/insights/news/2013/does-gender-matter-.html.
Lenddo is a Philippine company: Katie Lobosco (27 Aug 2013), “Facebook friends could change your credit score,” CNN, http://money.cnn.com/2013/08/26/technology/social/facebook-credit-score.
American Express has reduced: Carrie Teegardin (21 Dec 2008), “Card companies adjusting credit limits: For some, lowering based on where they shop,” Atlanta Journal-Constitution, https://web.archive.org/web/20110728060844/http://www.ajc.com/news/content/business/stories/2008/12/21/creditcards_1221.html.
the “panoptic sort”: Oscar H. Gandy Jr. (1993), The Panoptic Sort: A Political Economy of Personal Information, Westview Press, http://books.google.com/books?id=wreFAAAAMAAJ.
power to use discriminatory criteria: This paper discusses all the different ways companies can discriminate with big data. Solon Barocas and Andrew D. Selbst (14 Sep 2014), “Big data’s disparate impact,” Social Science Research Network, http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2477899.
High-end restaurants: Casey Johnston (13 Apr 2014), “When the restaurant you Googled Googles you back,” Ars Technica, http://arstechnica.com/staff/2014/04/when-the-restaurant-you-googled-googles-you-back.
If you allow your insurance company: Hilary Osborne (13 Aug 2012), “Aviva to trial smartphone car insurance technology,” Guardian, http://www.theguardian.com/money/2012/aug/13/aviva-trial-smartphone-car-insurance-technology. Randall Stross (25 Nov 2012), “So you’re a good driver? Let’s go to the monitor,”
New York Times, http://www.nytimes.com/2012/11/25/business/seeking-cheaper-insurance-drivers-accept-monitoring-devices.html. Brad Tuttle (6 Aug 2013), “Big data is my copilot: Auto insurers push devices that track driving habits,” Time, http://business.time.com/2013/08/06/big-data-is-my-copilot-auto-insurers-push-devices-that-track-driving-habits.
distributing Fitbits to its employees: Nancy Gohring (7 Jul 2014), “This company saved $300k on insurance by giving employees Fitbits,” CiteWorld, http://www.citeworld.com/article/2450823/internet-of-things/appirio-fitbit-experiment.html.
several schools are requiring: Lee Crane (5 Sep 2013), “Gym class is about to get even worse for the athletically dis-inclined,” Digital Trends, http://www.digitaltrends.com/sports/gym-class-is-about-to-get-even-worse-for-the-athletically-dis-inclined. Emily Miels (28 May 2014), “Heart rate monitors allow Memorial High School students to get the most out of their workouts,” Leader-Telegram, http://www.leadertelegram.com/news/front_page/article_ec2f0b72-e627-11e3-ac95-0019bb2963f4.html. Katie Wiedemann (14 Aug 2014), “Heart rate monitors now required in Dubuque P.E. classes,” KCRG, http://www.kcrg.com/subject/news/heart-rate-monitors-now-required-in-dubuque-physical-education-classes-20140814.
Hewlett-Packard analyzed: Joel Schechtman (14 Mar 2013), “Book: HP piloted program to predict which workers would quit,” Wall Street Journal, http://blogs.wsj.com/cio/2013/03/14/book-hp-piloted-program-to-predict-which-workers-would-quit.
Workplace surveillance is: This paper gives an excellent overview of workplace surveillance. Alex Roxenblat, Tamara Kneese, and danah boyd (8 Oct 2014), “Workplace surveillance,” Data and Society Research Institute, http://www.datasociety.net/pubs/fow/WorkplaceSurveillance.pdf.
our employer is the most dangerous: Ellen Messmer (31 Mar 2010), “Feel like you’re being watched at work? You may be right,” Network World, http://www.networkworld.com/article/2205938/data-center/feel-like-you-re-being-watched-at-work--you-may-be-right.html. Ann Bednarz (24 Feb 2011), “Pay no attention to that widget recording your every move,” Network World, http://www.networkworld.com/article/2200315/data-breach/pay-no-attention-to-that-widget-recording-your-every-move.html. Josh Bersin (25 Jun 2014), “Quantified self: Meet the quantified employee,” Forbes, http://www.forbes.com/sites/joshbersin/2014/06/25/quantified-self-meet-the-quantified-employee.
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