NSA surveillance is costing: These three aspects were discussed in this document. Danielle Kehl et al. (29 Jul 2014), “Surveillance costs: The NSA’s impact on the economy, Internet freedom and cyberspace,” Open Technology Institute, New America Foundation, http://www.newamerica.net/publications/policy/surveillance_costs_the_nsas_impact_on_the_economy_internet_freedom_cybersecurity.
the PRISM program: Barton Gellman and Laura Poitras (7 Jun 2013), “U.S., British intelligence mining data from nine U.S. Internet companies in broad secret program,” Washington Post, http://www.washingtonpost.com/investigations/us-intelligence-mining-data-from-nine-us-internet-companies-in-broad-secret-program/2013/06/06/3a0c0da8-cebf-11e2-8845-d970ccb04497_story.html.
US cloud companies were losing: David Gilbert (4 Jul 2013), “Companies turn to Switzerland for cloud storage following NSA spying revelations,” International Business Times, http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/business-turns-away-dropbox-towards-switzerland-nsa-486613.
moving their data outside the US: Ellen Messmer (8 Jan 2014), “NSA scandal spooking IT pros in UK, Canada,” Network World, http://www.networkworld.com/article/2173190/security/nsa-scandal-spooking-it-pros-in-uk--canada.html.
NSA revelations made executives: NTT Communications (28 Mar 2014), “NSA after-shocks: How Snowden has changed ICT decision-makers’ approach to the cloud,” http://nsaaftershocks.com/wp-content/themes/nsa/images/NTTC_Report_WEB.pdf.
Estimates of how much business: Daniel Castro (5 Aug 2013), “How much will PRISM cost the U.S. cloud computing industry?” Information Technology and Innovation Foundation, http://www.itif.org/publications/how-much-will-prism-cost-us-cloud-computing-industry. Andrea Peterson (7 Aug 2013), “NSA snooping could cost U.S. tech companies $35 billion over three years,” Washington Post, http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/the-switch/wp/2013/08/07/nsa-snooping-could-cost-u-s-tech-companies-35-billion-over-three-years.
Forrester Research believes: James Staten (14 Aug 2013), “The cost of PRISM will be larger than ITIF projects,” James Staten’s Blog, http://blogs.forrester.com/james_staten/13-08-14-the_cost_of_prism_will_be_larger_than_itif_projects.
Cisco reported: Christopher Mims (14 Nov 2013), “Cisco’s disastrous quarter shows how NSA spying could freeze US companies out of a trillion-dollar opportunity,” Quartz, http://qz.com/147313/ciscos-disastrous-quarter-shows-how-nsa-spying-could-freeze-us-companies-out-of-a-trillion-dollar-opportunity.
AT&T also reported: Anton Troianovski, Thomas Gryta, and Sam Schechner (30 Oct 2013), “NSA fallout thwarts AT&T,” Wall Street Journal, http://online.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001424052702304073204579167873091999730.
IBM lost sales in China: Wolf Richter (17 Oct 2013), “NSA revelations kill IBM hardware sales in China,” Testosterone Pit, http://www.testosteronepit.com/home/2013/10/17/nsa-revelations-kill-ibm-hardware-sales-in-china.html.
So did Qualcomm: Spencer E. Ante (22 Nov 2013), “Qualcomm CEO says NSA fallout impacting China business,” Wall Street Journal, http://online.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001424052702304337404579214353783842062.
Verizon lost a large German: Mark Scott (26 Jun 2014), “Irked by NSA, Germany cancels deal with Verizon,” New York Times, http://www.nytimes.com/2014/06/27/business/angered-by-nsa-activities-germany-cancels-verizon-contract.html.
There’s more: Stephen L. Carter (13 Feb 2014), “U.S. tech’s costly trust gap,” Bloomberg BusinessWeek, http://www.businessweek.com/articles/2014-02-13/nsa-snooping-backlash-could-cost-u-dot-s-dot-tech-companies-billions. Claire Cain Miller (22 Mar 2014), “N.S.A. spying imposing cost on tech firms,” New York Times, http://www.nytimes.com/2014/03/22/business/fallout-from-snowden-hurting-bottom-line-of-tech-companies.html.
wrote to the Obama administration: Ashley Lau (18 May 2014), “Cisco chief urges Obama to curb NSA surveillance activity,” Reuters, http://www.reuters.com/article/2014/05/18/cisco-systems-nsa-idUSL1N0O40F420140518.
the NSA intercepts: Sean Gallagher (14 May 2014), “Photos of an NSA ‘upgrade’ factory show Cisco router getting implant,” Ars Technica, http://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2014/05/photos-of-an-nsa-upgrade-factory-show-cisco-router-getting-implant.
Mark Zuckerberg said it best: Dominic Rushe (11 Sep 2013), “Zuckerberg: US government ‘blew it’ on NSA surveillance,” Guardian, http://www.theguardian.com/technology/2013/sep/11/yahoo-ceo-mayer-jail-nsa-surveillance.
trying to build a domestic cloud: Cornelius Rahn (13 Sep 2011), “Deutsche Telekom wants ‘German cloud’ to shield data from U.S.,” Bloomberg News, http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2011-09-13/deutsche-telekom-wants-german-cloud-to-shield-data-from-u-s-.html.
German courts have recently ruled: Allison Grande (20 Nov 2013), “Google’s policies violate German privacy law, court says,” Law 360, http://www.law360.com/articles/490316/google-s-policies-violate-german-privacy-law-court-says.
Facebook: Loek Essers (18 Feb 2014), “Facebook must comply with German data protection law, court rules,” PC World, http://www.pcworld.com/article/2098720/facebook-must-comply-with-german-data-protection-law-court-rules.html.
Apple: Loek Essers (7 May 2013), “Berlin court: Apple’s privacy policy violates German protection law,” Macworld, http://www.macworld.com/article/2038070/apples-privacy-policy-violates-german-data-protection-law-berlin-court-rules.html.
banning all US companies: Der Spiegel (5 Aug 2013), “NSA blowback: German minister floats US company ban,” Der Spiegel, http://www.spiegel.de/international/business/german-minister-on-eu-company-ban-for-privacy-violation-a-914824.html.
Data privacy is shaping up: Krista Hughes (27 Mar 2014), “Data privacy shapes up as a next-generation trade barrier,” Reuters, http://www.reuters.com/article/2014/03/27/us-usa-trade-tech-analysis-idUSBREA2Q1K120140327.
We also don’t know: Many US tech executives are worried about protectionism against their companies. Stephen Lawson (8 Oct 2014), “Jitters over US surveillance could break the Internet, tech executives warn,” IT World, http://www.itworld.com/security/440886/jitters-over-us-surveillance-could-break-internet-tech-leaders-warn.
stepping in to take advantage: Georg Mascolo and Ben Scott (Oct 2013), “Lessons from the summer of Snowden: The hard road back to trust,” Open Technology Institute, New America Foundation, http://www.newamerica.net/sites/newamerica.net/files/policydocs/NAF-OTI-WC-SummerOfSnowdenPaper.pdf. Mark Scott (11 Jun 2014), “European firms turn privacy into sales pitch,” New York Times, http://bits.blogs.nytimes.com/2014/06/11/european-firms-turn-privacy-into-sales-pitch.
hundreds of non-US companies: ProtonMail is a Swiss company that is offering e-mail services that are beyond the reach of the NSA. John Biggs (23 Jun 2014), “ProtonMail is a Swiss secure mail provider that won’t give you up to the NSA,” Tech Crunch, http://techcrunch.com/2014/06/23/protonmail-is-a-swiss-secure-mail-provider-that-wont-give-you-up-to-the-nsa.
A 2000 study found: Jonathan W. Palmer, Joseph P. Bailey, and Samer Faraj (Mar 2000), “The role of intermediaries in the development of trust on the WWW: The use and prominence of trusted third parties and privacy statements,” Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication 5, http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1083-6101.2000.tb00342.x/full.
customers were willing to pay more: Janice Y. Tsai et al. (Jun 2007), “The effect of online privacy information on purchasing behavior: An experimental study,” 6th Workshop on the Economics of Information Security (WEIS), Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, http://weis2007.econinfosec.org/papers/57.pdf.
there are exceptions: Cadie Thompson (7 Mar 2014), “Want privacy online? Start-ups bet users are ready to pay,” NBC News, http://www.nbcnews.com/tech/security/want-privacy-online-start-ups-bet-users-are-ready-pay-n47186.
not tracking its users: DuckDuckGo, http://www.duckduckgo.com.
Ello is a social network: Sharon Profis (26 Sep 2014), “10 things to know about Ello, the ad-free social network,” CNET, http://www.cnet.com/how-to/what-is-ello-the-ad-free-social-network.
10: Privacy
The most common misconception: This articl
e from 1979, for example, looks at privacy as a way to conceal facts about oneself in order to inflate one’s reputation. Richard A. Posner (1979), “Privacy, secrecy and reputation,” Buffalo Law Review 28, http://chicagounbound.uchicago.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2832&context=journal_articles.
this makes no sense: Daniel Solove regularly demolishes the “nothing to hide” argument. Daniel J. Solove (Nov/Dec 2007), “‘I’ve got nothing to hide’ and other misunderstandings of privacy,” San Diego Law Review 44, http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=998565. Daniel J. Solove (15 May 2011), “Why privacy matters even if you have ‘nothing to hide,’” Chronicle of Higher Education, https://chronicle.com/article/Why-Privacy-Matters-Even-if/127461.
Google CEO Eric Schmidt: Huffington Post (25 May 2011), “Google CEO on privacy (VIDEO): ‘If you have something you don’t want anyone to know, maybe you shouldn’t be doing it,’” Huffington Post, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2009/12/07/google-ceo-on-privacy-if_n_383105.html.
Schmidt banned employees: Elinor Mills (14 Jul 2005), “Google balances privacy, reach,” CNET, http://news.cnet.com/Google-balances-privacy,-reach/2100-1032_3-5787483.html. Randall Stross (28 Aug 2005), “Google anything, so long as it’s not Google,” New York Times, http://www.nytimes.com/2005/08/28/technology/28digi.html.
Facebook’s Mark Zuckerberg: Bobbie Johnson (10 Jan 2010), “Privacy no longer a social norm, says Facebook founder,” Guardian, http://www.theguardian.com/technology/2010/jan/11/facebook-privacy.
bought the four houses: Brian Bailey (11 Oct 2013), “Mark Zuckerberg buys four houses near his Palo Alto home,” San Jose Mercury News, http://www.mercurynews.com/business/ci_24285169/mark-zuckerberg-buys-four-houses-near-his-palo-alto-home.
few secrets we don’t tell someone: Peter E. Sand (Spring/Summer 2006), “The privacy value,” I/S: A Journal of Law and Policy 2, http://moritzlaw.osu.edu/students/groups/is/files/2012/02/5-Sand.pdf.
We use pseudonyms: Judith Donath (2014), The Social Machine: Designs for Living Online, MIT Press, https://encrypted.google.com?id=XcgmnwEACAAJ.
a remarkable naïveté: David Kirkpatrick (2010), The Facebook Effect: The Inside Story of the Company That Is Connecting the World, Simon and Schuster, https://www.facebook.com/thefacebookeffect.
Privacy is an inherent human right: Eben Moglen defines privacy in three parts: “First is secrecy, or our ability to keep the content of our messages known only to those we intend to receive them. Second is anonymity, or secrecy about who is sending and receiving messages, where the content of the messages may not be secret at all. It is very important that anonymity is an interest we can have both in our publishing and in our reading. Third is autonomy, or our ability to make our own life decisions free from any force that has violated our secrecy or our anonymity.” Eben Moglen (27 May 2014), “Privacy under attack: The NSA files revealed new threats to democracy,” Guardian, http://www.theguardian.com/technology/2014/may/27/-sp-privacy-under-attack-nsa-files-revealed-new-threats-democracy. George Washington University Law School professor Daniel J. Solove divides privacy into six parts: “(1) the right to be let alone; (2) limited access to the self; (3) secrecy; (4) control of personal information; (5) personhood; and (6) intimacy.” Daniel J. Solove (Jul 2002), “Conceptualizing privacy,” California Law Review 90, http://scholarship.law.berkeley.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1408&context=californialawreview.
Internet ethnographer danah boyd: danah boyd (2014), It’s Complicated: The Social Lives of Networked Teens, Yale University Press, p. 76, http://www.danah.org/books/ItsComplicated.pdf.
When we lose privacy: This dystopia has been explored in fiction. Dave Eggers (2013), The Circle, Knopf, http://www.mcsweeneys.net/articles/a-brief-q-a-with-dave-eggers-about-his-new-novel-the-circle.
You may know this feeling: Helen Nissenbaum (Fall 2011), “A contextual approach to privacy online,” Daedalus 11, http://www.amacad.org/publications/daedalus/11_fall_nissenbaum.pdf. Alexis C. Madrigal (29 Mar 2012), “The philosopher whose fingerprints are all over the FTC’s new approach to privacy,” Atlantic, http://www.theatlantic.com/technology/print/2012/03/the-philosopher-whose-fingerprints-are-all-over-the-ftcs-new-approach-to-privacy/254365.
Privacy violations are intrusions: George E. Panichas (May 2014), “An intrusion theory of privacy,” Res Publica 20, http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs11158-014-9240-3.
strong physiological basis for privacy: Peter H. Klopfer and Daniel I. Rubenstein (Summer 1977), “The concept privacy and its biological basis,” Journal of Social Issues 33, https://www.princeton.edu/~dir/pdf_dir/1977_Klopfer_Rubenstein_JSocIssues.pdf.
Surveillance makes us feel like prey: Peter Watts (9 May 2014), “The scorched earth society: A suicide bomber’s guide to online privacy,” Symposium of the International Association of Privacy Professionals, Toronto, Ontario, http://www.rifters.com/real/shorts/TheScorchedEarthSociety-transcript.pdf.
Studies show that we are: Sidney M. Jourard (Spring 1966), “Some psychological aspects of privacy,” Law and Contemporary Problems 31, http://scholarship.law.duke.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3110&context=lcp. Stephen T. Margulis (Jul 2003), “Privacy as a social issue and behavioral concept,” Journal of Social Issues 59, http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1540-4560.00063/abstract.
Surveillance strips us of our dignity: James Q. Whitman (Apr 2004), “The two western cultures of privacy: Dignity versus liberty,” Yale Law Journal 113, http://www.yalelawjournal.org/article/the-two-western-cultures-of-privacy-dignity-versus-liberty.
It threatens our very selves: Michael P. Lynch (22 Jun 2013), “Privacy and the threat to the self,” New York Times, http://opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/06/22/privacy-and-the-threat-to-the-self.
Oliver North learned this: They were subpoenaed in the Iran-Contra affair. Michael Tackett (14 Feb 1987), “Computer log tells Iran tale: Printouts give probers memos by key officials,” Chicago Tribune, http://articles.chicagotribune.com/1987-02-14/news/8701120148_1_nsc-staff-professional-office-system-profs.
Bill Gates learned this: Elizabeth Wasserman (17 Nov 1998), “Gates deposition makes judge laugh in court,” CNN, http://edition.cnn.com/TECH/computing/9811/17/judgelaugh.ms.idg.
100 female celebrities learned it: Bill Hutchinson (31 Aug 2014), “Jennifer Lawrence, other celebrities have nude photos leaked on Internet after massive hacking scandal,” New York Daily News, http://www.nydailynews.com/entertainment/gossip/jennifer-lawrence-celebrities-nude-photos-leaked-internet-article-1.1923369.
Some bars record the IDs: The company Servall Biometrics markets driver’s license scanners for this purpose. Servall Biometrics (2014), “ClubSecurity: ID scanners for bars and nightclubs,” http://www.servallbiometrics.com/index.php/products.
Charles Stross described this: Charles Stross (14 May 2007), “Shaping the future,” Charlie’s Diary, http://www.antipope.org/charlie/blog-static/2007/05/shaping_the_future.html.
We won’t forget anything: A Ted Chiang short story explores this idea. Ted Chiang (Fall 2013), “The truth of fact, the truth of feeling,” Subterranean Press Magazine, http://subterraneanpress.com/magazine/fall_2013/the_truth_of_fact_the_truth_of_feeling_by_ted_chiang.
Having everything recorded: Communication scholar Harold Innis first described the bias inherent in different forms of communication. He noted that some mediums preserved communication in time, while others worked across space. These properties led to different forms of control and social engagement. Harold Innis (1951), The Bias of Communication, University of Toronto Press, http://books.google.com?id=egwZyS26booC.
We misremember: The research here is fascinating. We even forget details of important events. Several researchers studied people’s memories of where they were when the space shuttle exploded, the O. J. Simpson verdict was announced, and the terrorist attacks of 9/11 occurred. John Neil Bohannon III (Jul 1988), “Flashbulb memories for the space shuttle disaster: A tale of two theories,” Cognition 29, http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/001002
7788900364. Heike Schmolck, Elizabeth A. Buffalo, and Larry R. Squire (Jan 2000), “Memory distortions develop over time: Recollections of the O. J. Simpson trial verdict after 15 and 32 months,” Psychological Science 11, http://psycnet.apa.org/psycinfo/2000-15144-007. Jennifer M. Talarico and David C. Rubin (Sep 2003), “Confidence, not consistency, characterizes flashbulb memories,” Psychological Science 14, http://911memory.nyu.edu/abstracts/talarico_rubin.pdf. Andrew R. A. Conway et al. (Jul 2008), “Flashbulb memory for 11 September 2001,” Applied Cognitive Psychology 23, http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/acp.1497/abstract.
Even minor infractions: Michelle Natividad Rodriguez and Maurice Emsellem (Mar 2011), “65 million need not apply: The case for reforming criminal background checks for employment,” National Employment Law Project, http://www.nelp.org/page/-/65_Million_Need_Not_Apply.pdf.
Losing the ephemeral: Wendy Hui Kyong Chun (Autumn 2008), “The enduring ephemeral, or the future is a memory,” Critical Inquiry 35, http://www.ucl.ac.uk/art-history/events/past-imperfect/chun-reading.
That’s just plain wrong: Bruce Schneier (27 Feb 2014), “NSA robots are ‘collecting’ your data, too, and they’re getting away with it,” Guardian, http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2014/feb/27/nsa-robots-algorithm-surveillance-bruce-schneier.
all sorts of NSA word games: Electronic Frontier Foundation (2013), “The government’s word games when talking about NSA domestic spying,” https://www.eff.org/nsa-spying/wordgames. Trevor Timm (14 Aug 2013), “A guide to the deceptions, misinformation, and word games officials use to mislead the public about NSA surveillance,” Electronic Frontier Foundation, https://www.eff.org/deeplinks/2013/08/guide-deceptions-word-games-obfuscations-officials-use-mislead-public-about-nsa.
The word “collect”: A 1982 procedures manual says, “. . . information shall be considered as ‘collected’ only when it has been received for use by an employee of a DoD intelligence component in the course of his official duties.” And “. . . data acquired by electronic means is ‘collected’ only when it has been processed into intelligible form.” US Department of Defense, Office of the Under Secretary of Defense for Policy (Dec 1982), “Procedures governing the activities of DoD intelligence components that affect United States persons,” DoD 5240-1R, p. 15, http://www.fas.org/irp/doddir/dod/d5240_1_r.pdf.
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